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Resisting Or Reinforcing the Neoliberal Present? : the LGBT Struggle For

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Resisting Or Reinforcing the Neoliberal Present? : the LGBT Struggle For Resisting or reinforcing the neoliberal present? : the LGBT struggle for democratic Titulo space in Uganda Guma, Prince Karakire - Autor/a; Autor(es) Buenos Aires Lugar IDEAs Editorial/Editor CODESRIA CLACSO 2015 Fecha Southern papers series. Working papers no. 24 Colección GLTB’S (Colectivo vinculado a gays/lesbianas/trans/bisexuales); Neoliberalismo; Temas Democracia; Movimientos sociales; Uganda; Doc. de trabajo / Informes Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/sur-sur/20150424024149/OPsursur-Guma.pdf" URL Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Derivadas CC BY-NC-ND Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar CLACSO SOUTHERN PAPERS SERIES #24 WORKING PAPERS Resisting or Reinforcing the Neoliberal Present? The LGBT Struggle for Democratic Space in Uganda Prince Karakire Guma 2015 CODESRIA Karakire Guma, Prince Resisting or reinforcing the neoliberal present? : the LGBT Struggle for Democratic Space in Uganda . - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : CLACSO, 2015. E-Book. - (Programa Sur-Sur ) ISBN 978-987-722-060-5 1. Estudios Culturales. I. Título CDD 306 CLACSO Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais Executive Secretary Pablo Gentili Academic Director Fernanda Saforcada Estados Unidos 1168 | C1101AAX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel. [54 11] 4304 9145 | Fax [54 11] 4305 0875 | <[email protected]> | <www.clacso.org> South-South Programme (Programa Sur-Sur) CLACSO Coordinator Karina Bidaseca #25 Assistant Alejandro González Álvarez CODESRIA Executive Secretary Dr. Ebrima Sall Head of Research Programme Dr. Carlos Cardoso IDEAs Executive Secretary Professor Jayati Ghosh Member Executive Committee Professor C.P. Chandrasekhar Opinions expressed in this document are the exclusive responsibility of the author and they do not necessarily agree with the position of CLACSO. © Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales Southern Papers Series ISBN 978-987-722-060-5 Sponsored by Swedish International Development Agency CODESRIA SOUTHERN PAPERS SERIES 5 Theme This paper provides context as well as impetus for the re-articulation of social movements and civil society activism as a way of resisting forces of exclusion, marginalization and dis-empowerment in the neoliberal present. Reflection It is the responsibility of any constitutional government to balance wishes of the dominant groups with the protection of minority groups, while protecting the constitution. While no society is insulated from the problem, the Global South, especially Africa exhibits perhaps the greatest intolerance for LGBT space and rights in neoliberal times. Suggestions and propositions It has therefore become imperative to allow space for civic activism and ad- vocacy of individuals and populations “without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948). Ultimately, this study is an attempt toward achieving this end. Abstract The ascendancy of neoliberal ideals and aspirations in Uganda has dramatically changed the citizenship terrain, leading to structural, tactical, and strategic ex- clusion and dis-empowerment. It has also drastically led to enormous shrinkage and fragility of democratic space. Consequently, different groups of collective identity, including lesbians and gay men, have for the last two or so decades created cohesive movements seemingly in opposition to neoliberalism. The LGBT struggle has over the last decade become more and more visible, often responding to neoliberal effects of exclusion and dis-empowerment in ways that reflect attributes of a critical movement. Of course, while this emerging movement is part of an apparent broader resistance to neoliberalism, it sometimes seems to serve the role of reinforcing neoliberal policies, discourses and practices. Prince Karakire Guma: Researcher with Social Economic Research and Development (SERD), Uganda. His research interests concern violence, citizenship, identity politics, protests and social movements in Africa – especially how they relate with violence and international relations in mod- ern times. He is a Harry Frank Guggeinham Foundation (HFGF) Young African Scholar, 2013/14. Email: [email protected] SOUTH-SOUTH COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMME Using the case study of Uganda’s gay/lesbian struggle for democratic space, I explore our understanding of how social movements and civil society activism act to resist and/or to reinforce the neoliberal present. Introduction The last decade has seen tremendous transformation in centers of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) political and socio-economic utility, with non- profits, bars and clubs occupying an immense part of LGBT life. What is even more phenomenal is the rate at which gay men and women have migrated to the capital city, Kampala. While data relating to the extent of such migrations is more difficult to quantify, or even ascertain, evidence can be inferred by consid- ering the proliferation of gay-owned and gay-friendly businesses and nonprofits in recent times. While Kampala may not necessarily be a unique agglomeration of counter-cultural phenomena in the region, the apparent trend is consistent in major African countries such as Zimbabwe, South Africa and Malawi where gays have generally migrated into different cities, occupying formerly abandoned urban spaces that do not necessarily share the counter-cultural uniqueness. This decade has also witnessed enormous structural, tactical, and strategic exclusion and dis-empowerment. In addition to The Penal Code Act (1950) which has since 1950 been used as a tool for and source of repression of people presumed to be homosexuals, President Museveni in 2005, signed a constitutional amendment that made same-sex marriages illegal (Republic of Uganda, 1995: 31[2A]). Compounding this whole scenario was the tabling of the Anti-Homosexuality Bill (2009). In the sections that follow, I seek to show how these events have drastically led to enormous shrinkage and fragility of democratic space in Uganda, and how through social movements and civil society activism LGBT are acting to resist and/or reinforce the neoliberal present. The subsequent section takes the reader through a review of the material and methods before proceeding to literature review, findings and discussion, and finally, conclusions. Material and methods This study is designed as sociological explanatory case study which follows the analytic technique of explanation building grounded in neoliberal theory. In this technique, the researcher analyzes the case study data by building an explana- tion about the case. Explaining a phenomenon involves stipulating a presumed set of causal links about it, or how or why something happened. Focusing on Uganda, the research not only lends itself to a detailed empirical study, but also on secondary and library-based sources – books, journals, monographs, reports and Internet sources. These sources were supplemented by contacts with identified Ugandan institutions, scholars and researchers who have vested interest and expertise on the broader subject of democracy, neoliberalism and citizenship. By using multiple sources of data, I was able to construct a more valid interpretation of events through a convergence of evidence. Framing the debate One critical element of living in a constitutional democracy is the recognition that there are certain rights that trump the general will. Such a recognition offers a dramatically different view from those of the dominant neoliberal approaches. In fact, while neoliberal forms of the state also carry with them SOUTHERN PAPERS SERIES 7 notions about democracy and how its constructed (Gaventa, 2010), such no- tions are rather ‘thin’ and ‘anaemic’, and are also ‘restricted’ and ‘delegative’ at best (Munck, 2005: 66). Notions of demoracy in a neoliberal context do not elaborate symbolic frames through which liberal democratic tenets can be actualized (Wacquant, 2009). It focuses not on the struggles of citizens, but on a uniform set of institutional designs and approaches such as elections, representation and the rule of law (Carothers, 1999). Such a view perceives citizens only as voters who express their consent from time to time, but leave governance to the elected rulers and informed elites (Gaventa, 2010: 61). Rather than seeing democracy in its ‘thicker’ and ‘deeper forms’ in which citizens mobilize and struggle to express their voice and claim their interests (Fung and Write, 2003), ‘the new democracy does not [necessarily] play the role expected by liberal theory as the protector of rights (Gaventa, 2010: 61). It is not surprising therefore that the civil society has been made to focus on ‘market participation as the route to empowerment’ in contrast to a more rights-based approach that includes activism. Consequently, discontenting groups such as minority groups have been tending more towards the private economy than public action. In other words, more and more of the functions of collective life have been removed from the democratic accountability of the public sphere, assigned or even transferred to private corporate
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