DOCSLIB.ORG

19710028469.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
19710028469.Pdf 1971028469 0 1971028469-002 ° - 9G45-70 _- USEof GROUND-TRUTHMEASUREMENTS to MONITORERTSSENSORCALIBRATION i i. TECHNICALREPORTNO.16 ' VOLUMEII OCTOBER 1970 CONTRACT NO. NAS 5-10343 ROMEO I_. SABATINI _EOI:_(31: I:_A BC I--I',:'VSK Y prepared for i[ NATIONALAERONAUTANDICSSPACEADMINISTRATION 60DDARDSPACEFLIGHTCENTER i_ GREENBELT,MARYLAND n H [_ ALLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC. VIRGINIA ROAD CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS _H inl nl ,,i, lln llll ii ii ,111 ,ill nnl niH inl i i i i n l i i ii ii • # PRI_EDING PAGE BLANK NOT _LM_ _._. j FOREWORD This report is Volume No. IIof three volumes containing studies of ERTS ,_. Data Management, Dissemination and Processing performed by personnel of ARA "" for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, ,__ _ ustunddeiesr Conreptroacrtted No.n inNASAlli5-103ed 4R3ese. archThe Awssociork atesdes, cribedInc. her(AeR.inA) isTeanchnicalextensioRneportof tNheo. ': ll, December 1969, entitled "Management, Processing and Dissemination of Sen- ,'i" _ sory Data for the Earth Resources Technology Satellite" by Merritt, et el. The $' current study involved an investigation of the use of ground-truth data to monitor " "_" I ERTS sensor calibrations. This monitoring can be conducted at the ERTS Data _i Center. The authors are indebted to Messrs. E. Merritt and P. Sherr for their review and editingof the report. g. | I r ! I % 1971028469-003 1971028469-004 \ r ABSTRACT The Earth Resource Technology Satellite (ERTS) sensors, i. e., the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and Multispectral Scanner (MSS), utilize light energy detectors and associated electronics that may be subject to changes in output for a given scene reflectance. On-board systems for monitoring system response have been provided. However, these monitoring systems are, themselves, subject to change. Additional procedures, therefore, are needed for monitoring of sensor calibration. A survey of potential ground-truth sites and a review of appropriate literature indicate that it will be possible to monitor ERTS sensor calibrations at the ERTS Data Center. Two alternate procedures are defined which will permit judgements to be made with regard to possible sensor degradation or malfunction. The first method, simpler from an analysis point of view, requires the periodic overflight of ground-truth sites by an aircraft with sensor systems similar to those on board ERTS. Such flights should be made concurrent with local ERTS passage. The second technique requires comparisons between radiance values mea- sured by the sensors on ERTS over ground-truth sites and those computed from radiation transfer models using known optical properties of the surfaces at the sites and of the atmosphere. The application of this technique requires repeated on-site measurements of those parameters which are of significance to the radiation trans- • ! fer process. However, it is possible to select sites in which these physical para- meters do not vary significantly in time. For such sites, frequent monitoring of i these parameters may not be necessary. A procedure combining both techniques is proposed. The concept of ground- .: truth sites is central to this procedure and hence ground-truth site requirements are discussed and site selections are presented. Prelaunch and postlaunch data require- ments over these sites are specified. Techniques for the computation of the radiance to be measured over test sites are discussed and sample calculations based on avail- -j able data are presented. The application of these data in real-time sensor calibration -! monitoring schemes is specified in detail. _] ] ] 1 iv le ii i ii / i 1971028469-005 4., I ._ TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD iii '_' | ABSTRACT iv 7_% I LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii _ LIST OF TABLES xi m ! SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1 .'- SECTION 2 SUMMARY 2 ": • SECTION 3 EXPECTED RADIANCE AT SATELLITE SENSORS 3 ._} I 3. 1 Spectral Characteristics of the RBV and MSS Sensor :_' Sy stem s 3 _- 3. Z Spectral Reflectance of Test-Site Covers 3 _?" I _. 3.3 Solar Elevation Angle and Atmospheric Optical Y_ I 3.4 STholaicrknessIrradiances and Atmospheric Transmissivities 4 _-, : for "Clean" (Rayleigh) and Turbid Atmospheres 5 _' I 3.5 Method of Calculations 6 3.6 Brief Discussion of Results IZ _ i 3, 6.1 Effects of Turbidity and Solar Elevation Angle lZ I 3.6. Z Effects of Reflectance Variation 14 _. ?' 3.6.3 Relative Contrast of the RBV and MSS Video 14 4 Comparison I 3.7 of the Calculated Radiances to Aircraft Spectrometer Measurements 15 I SECTION 4 4.SENSOR1 AircraftMONITTechnORINGique TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 311 4. Z Modeling Techniques 32 I 4.3 Test Site Selection and Ground Data Collection 33 4.3.1 Test Site Characteristics 33 p I 44,.3.3.3Z POnote-Sntitiale MeGrasuounrementsd-Truth Sites 3437 4.4 Suggested Sensor Calibration Monitoring Procedure 39 _s1 4.4. I Film Calibration Measurements 40 4.4.2 Digital Data Calibration Check 41 1 SECTION 5 4R.5ECODataMMENCDAlassiTIOficationNS File Entries 4443 REFERENCES 45 I APPENDIX A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF MAJOR GROUND TEST SITES 47 A. 1 Smoke Creek and Black Rock Deserts 47 ! V ! ............................................ i i H in ii i i i i iii in 1971028469-006 TABLE OF CONTENTS, contd. A. 2 Great Salt Lake Desert 57 A, 3 Sonoran Desert 64 REFERENCES 74 APPENDIX B REFLECTANCE CURVES 75 REFERENCES 84 APPENDIX C SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF TEST SITE SURFACE COVERS 85 C, 1 Semi-Desert and Desert Vegetation 85 C, 2 Soils 87 C. 3 Influence of Weathering on Surface Reflectance 93 REFERENCES 97 1971028469-007 I ! | /. :_ • LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS I ,i _.,. la Spectral Response for ERTS-A Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) 17 ?'_- lb Spectral Response for ERTS-A Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) 17 "'1" 2a Solar Elevation Angles at 9:30 AM at 30 ° , 40 ° and 50°N Latitude 18 Zb Solar Elevation Angles at 10:00 AM at 30 ° , 40 ° and 50°N Latitude 18 !2. 3 Air Masses for Different Solar Elevations 19 _ • 4 Solar Irradiance at the Earth's Surface for DifferentAtmosphere _ I (Rayleigh-Type) Optical Thicknesses 19 _ 5 Solar Irradiance at Sea Level for Different Air Masses for a _'_ • Turbid Atmosphere Z0 ! 6a TransmJ ssion for a RaEleigh Atmosphere at Solar Elevation Angles /" of 90° , 60 ° , 42 ° and 20 ° 21 _ I 6b Transmission for a Dry Turbid Atmosphere at Solar Elevation ._,, Angles of 90°, 60°, 42 °, and 20° with Aerosol Distributionas Shown and 0. 229 cm of Ozone 21 I 7 Transmission of Solar Radiation by Water Vapor 22 _.' •i 8 PatSenhsorof Solar Radiation Through the Atmosphere to the ERTS 22 "_). 9 Specific Intensity of Scattered Radiation from Atmosphere Alone _ I 10 fRoradiVaiewince ngAvatilablhe Naedirto RBV and MSS Channels from Atmosphere 33 Alone (RA) 23 I II Radiance Sensed by RBV at Nadir from Surfaces of 50% and 100% Reflectance - Rayleigh Atmosphere 24 I 17 ReadiaflecntceanceSense- Turbidd by RBAVtmoatsphNereadir fr(2omg/cSmu_");facesmoistuofre)50_0 and 100% Z4 Reflectance - Rayleigh Atmosphere 25 i 13 Radiance Sensed by MSS at Nadir from Surfaces of 50°/0 and 100% 14 Radiance Sensed by MSS at Nadir from _r2faces of 50°/o and 100_/0 1 I Reflectance - Turbid Atmosphere (2 g/cm moisture) 25 15 RBV No. 1.*Radiances for Typical Natural Surfaces - Turbid Atmosphere (2 g/cm moisture) 26 I 16 RBV No. 2. Radiances for Typical Natural Surfaces - Turbid Atmosphere (2 g/cm moisture) 26 I _ Illll Ill I Illllllllllllillll Ill I[I II I II Illl Ill I I I I I I I " . i 1971028469-008 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, contd. 17 RBV No. 3: Radiances for Typical Natural Surfaces - Turbid Atmosphere (2 g/cm = moisture) 27 18 MSS No. 1: Radiances for Typical Natural Surfaces - Turbid Atmosphere (2 g/cm _ moisture) 27 19 MSS No. 2. Radiances for Typical Natural Surfaces - Turbid Atmosphere (2 g/cm _ moisture) 28 t 20 MSS No. 3: Radiances for Typical Natural Surfaces - Turbid Atmosphere (2 g/cm _ moisture) 28 21 MSS No. 4: Radiancos for Typical Natural Surfaces o Turbid Atmosphere (2 g/cm _ moisture) 29 22 Aircraft Spectrometer Measurement of Solar Reflected Radiation over Gulf Stream at I000 meters (Solar Elevation Angle _-60c) 29 23 Aircraft Spectrometer Measurement of Solar Reflected Radiation over Heavy Fot-estedArea, Big Sur, California, from -_2-I/2 km (solar Elevation is 60°, May 23, 1968) 30 24 Aircraft Spectrometer Measurement of Solar Reflected Radiation Over a Mature Wheat Field, Kansas, from -_2-I/2 km (Solar Elevation _-60°, July) 30 25 Loc=tor Map of Major Test Sites (Courtesy of Jeppesen and Company, Denver) 35 } 26 Display of Reflectance for Each Spectral Band as a Function of Time and Site Location 42 A-1 Owyhee River Area Relief Map 50 A-2 Smoke Creek and Black Rock Desert Area Geological Map 51 I , A-3 Pyramid Lake, Smoke Creek and Black Rock Desert Area Relief Map 52 A-4 Smoke Creek and the Black Rock Desert Area as View by Nimbus I 53 _I A-5 Smoke Creek Desert Area Relief Map 54 -| " A-6 Aircraft View of Smoke Creek Desert Area 55 _J A-7 Aircraft View of Smoke Creek Desert Area 57 71 J A-8 Great Salt Lake Desert Area Relief Map 58 A-9 Great Salt Lake Desert Area as Viewed by Nimbus I 65 ] J ] viii iiiiiin in iii iiin I,HI I f I II I IIII I ,I Inl, II IIII ,11 i I 1971028469-009 • f LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, contd. A-I0 Great Salt Lake Desert Area Geological Map 60 A- 11 Structural Map of Northwestern Utah Showing Major Thrust and Tear Faults 51 t A- 12 Aircraft View of Great Salt Lake Desert Area 62 A- 13 Aircraft View of Great Salt Lake Desert Area 63 t A-14 Sonoran Desert and Sand Hills Area Relief Map 68 A-15 Sonoran Desert and Sand Hills Area as Viewed by Nimbus I 69 A-16 Sonoran Desert and Pinacate Volcanic Field as Viewed by ,.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mule Deer and Antelope Staff Specialist Peregrine Wolff, Wildlife Health Specialist
    STATE OF NEVADA Steve Sisolak, Governor DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE Tony Wasley, Director GAME DIVISION Brian F. Wakeling, Chief Mike Cox, Bighorn Sheep and Mountain Goat Staff Specialist Pat Jackson, Predator Management Staff Specialist Cody McKee, Elk Staff Biologist Cody Schroeder, Mule Deer and Antelope Staff Specialist Peregrine Wolff, Wildlife Health Specialist Western Region Southern Region Eastern Region Regional Supervisors Mike Scott Steve Kimble Tom Donham Big Game Biologists Chris Hampson Joe Bennett Travis Allen Carl Lackey Pat Cummings Clint Garrett Kyle Neill Cooper Munson Sarah Hale Ed Partee Kari Huebner Jason Salisbury Matt Jeffress Kody Menghini Tyler Nall Scott Roberts This publication will be made available in an alternative format upon request. Nevada Department of Wildlife receives funding through the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. Federal Laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex, or disability. If you believe you’ve been discriminated against in any NDOW program, activity, or facility, please write to the following: Diversity Program Manager or Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nevada Department of Wildlife 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mailstop: 7072-43 6980 Sierra Center Parkway, Suite 120 Arlington, VA 22203 Reno, Nevada 8911-2237 Individuals with hearing impairments may contact the Department via telecommunications device at our Headquarters at 775-688-1500 via a text telephone (TTY) telecommunications device by first calling the State of Nevada Relay Operator at 1-800-326-6868. NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE 2018-2019 BIG GAME STATUS This program is supported by Federal financial assistance titled “Statewide Game Management” submitted to the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Josie Pearl, Prospector on Nevada's Black Rock Desert
    JUNE, 1962 40c • • • • . Author's car crossing the playa of Black Rock Desert in northwestern Nevada. On Black Rock Desert Trails When Dora Tucker and Nell Murbarger first began exploring the Black Rock country in northwestern Nevada they did not realize what a high, wide and wild country it was. On the Black Rock a hundred miles doesn't mean a thing. In the 10,000 square miles of this desert wasteland there isn't a foot of pavement nor a mile of railroad— neither gasoline station nor postoffice. Antelopes out-number human beings fifty to one. There's plenty of room here for exploring. By NELL MURBARGER Photographs by the author Map by Norton Allen S AN illustration of what the want to! Ain't nothin' there!" is known as "the Black Rock country," Black Rock country affords Thanking him, we accepted his re- the desert from which it derives its in the way of variety and con- port as a favorable omen and headed name actually is a stark white alkali trast, we made a J 50-mile loop trip out into the desert. Almost invariably playa, averaging a dozen miles in out of Gerlach last June. Our previous we find our best prowling in places width and stretching for 100 miles exploring of the region had been mostly where folks have told us there "ain't from Gerlach to Kings River. Merging in the northern and eastern sections, nothin'." imperceptibly with the Black Rock on so we hadn't the slightest idea of what Rising precipitously from the dead the southwest is the section known as we might find in the southern part.
    [Show full text]
  • North American Deserts Chihuahuan - Great Basin Desert - Sonoran – Mojave
    North American Deserts Chihuahuan - Great Basin Desert - Sonoran – Mojave http://www.desertusa.com/desert.html In most modern classifications, the deserts of the United States and northern Mexico are grouped into four distinct categories. These distinctions are made on the basis of floristic composition and distribution -- the species of plants growing in a particular desert region. Plant communities, in turn, are determined by the geologic history of a region, the soil and mineral conditions, the elevation and the patterns of precipitation. Three of these deserts -- the Chihuahuan, the Sonoran and the Mojave -- are called "hot deserts," because of their high temperatures during the long summer and because the evolutionary affinities of their plant life are largely with the subtropical plant communities to the south. The Great Basin Desert is called a "cold desert" because it is generally cooler and its dominant plant life is not subtropical in origin. Chihuahuan Desert: A small area of southeastern New Mexico and extreme western Texas, extending south into a vast area of Mexico. Great Basin Desert: The northern three-quarters of Nevada, western and southern Utah, to the southern third of Idaho and the southeastern corner of Oregon. According to some, it also includes small portions of western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming. Bordered on the south by the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts. Mojave Desert: A portion of southern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah and of eastern California, north of the Sonoran Desert. Sonoran Desert: A relatively small region of extreme south-central California and most of the southern half of Arizona, east to almost the New Mexico line.
    [Show full text]
  • Wilderness Study Areas
    I ___- .-ll..l .“..l..““l.--..- I. _.^.___” _^.__.._._ - ._____.-.-.. ------ FEDERAL LAND M.ANAGEMENT Status and Uses of Wilderness Study Areas I 150156 RESTRICTED--Not to be released outside the General Accounting Wice unless specifically approved by the Office of Congressional Relations. ssBO4’8 RELEASED ---- ---. - (;Ao/li:( ‘I:I)-!L~-l~~lL - United States General Accounting OfTice GAO Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-262989 September 23,1993 The Honorable Bruce F. Vento Chairman, Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands Committee on Natural Resources House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: Concerned about alleged degradation of areas being considered for possible inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System (wilderness study areas), you requested that we provide you with information on the types and effects of activities in these study areas. As agreed with your office, we gathered information on areas managed by two agencies: the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land Management (BLN) and the Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service. Specifically, this report provides information on (1) legislative guidance and the agency policies governing wilderness study area management, (2) the various activities and uses occurring in the agencies’ study areas, (3) the ways these activities and uses affect the areas, and (4) agency actions to monitor and restrict these uses and to repair damage resulting from them. Appendixes I and II provide data on the number, acreage, and locations of wilderness study areas managed by BLM and the Forest Service, as well as data on the types of uses occurring in the areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-Water Resources-Reconnaissance Series Report 20
    - STATE OF NEVADA ~~~..._.....,.,.~.:RVA=rl~ AND NA.I...U~ a:~~::~...... _ __,_ Carson City_ GROUND-WATER RESOURCES-RECONNAISSANCE SERIES REPORT 20 GROUND- WATER APPRAISAL OF THE BLACK ROCK DESERT AREA NORTHWESTERN NEVADA By WILLIAM C. SINCLAIR Geologist Price $1.00 PLEASE DO NOT REMO V~ f ROM T. ':'I S OFFICE ;:: '· '. ~- GROUND-WATER RESOURCES--RECONNAISSANCE SERIES .... Report 20 =· ... GROUND-WATER APPRAISAL OF THE BLACK ROCK OESER T AREA NORTHWESTERN NEVADA by William C. Sinclair Geologist ~··· ··. Prepared cooperatively by the Geological SUrvey, U. S. Department of Interior October, 1963 FOREWORD This reconnaissance apprais;;l of the ground~water resources of the Black Rock Desert area in northwestern Nevada is the ZOth in this series of reports. Under this program, which was initiated following legislative action • in 1960, reports on the ground-water resources of some 23 Nevada valleys have been made. The present report, entitled, "Ground-Water Appraisal of the Black Rock Desert Area, Northwe$tern Nevada", was prepared by William C. Sinclair, Geologist, U. s. Geological Survey. The Black Rock Desert area, as defined in this report, differs some~ what from the valleys discussed in previous reports. The area is very large with some 9 tributary basins adjoining the extensive playa of Black Rock Desert. The estimated combined annual recharge of all the tributary basins amounts to nearly 44,000 acre-feet, but recovery of much of this total may be difficult. Water which enters into the ground water under the central playa probably will be of poor quality for irrigation. The development of good produci1>g wells in the old lake sediments underlying the central playa appears doubtful.
    [Show full text]
  • Rnnr 59 Rnnr 59
    RNNR_59 RNNR_59 TERRY KATZER, HYDROGEOLOGIST 2-11-2018 EDUCATION B.S. in Geology - Mackay School of Mines - University of Nevada, Reno, 1953-1958 Twelve units of graduate hydrogeology - University of Nevada, Reno, 1964-1966 Many technical and administrative short courses Professional Affiliations Geological Society of America (Hydrology Division, Program Manager, 1924), Inactive Colorado River Water Users Association, Inactive National Water Well Association, Inactive American Water Works Association (Water Management Committee member, 1987-90, Co-chair 1989-1990), Inactive American Water Resources Association, Inactive Nevada Water Resources Association, Active Sewage and Waste Water Committee, Advisory to the Board of Commissioners, Clark County, Nevada (member 1986-1990, Chairman 1988). EXPERIENCE BY DATE I became familiar with drilling and collecting core samples in 1960 while working for a mineral exploration company in Nevada. The company had interests in not only Nevada, but also Canada and Southeast Alaska. I sited holes, logged and split core from many holes in those areas. When I went to work for the U.S. Geological Survey I found myself back in Alaska on a drill rig in the Aleutian Islands. In addition to other duties I spent a great deal of time on one hole in Amchitka; it was for the second of three nuclear shots. Returning to Nevada for the USGS I sited and sampled water wells for the Native Americans near McDermit. It was the first time I worked with a Cable Tool Rig and a Mud Rotary Rig. I was a project member on the USGS Geothermal Investigations in the Fallon area that were drilled with a Mud Rotary Rig.
    [Show full text]
  • Brxs R43.Pdf
    MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE KUMlVA PEAK 38-BV 60"OUADRANGLE INTRODUCTION Parallel Survey. Descriptions of mines and prospects within the auadranale were made bv HI! 11 91 51. Lincoln 11 9231. The Kumiva Peak 30' by 60' Quadrangle lies about 40 ~anderburg-(1936). ~vertdn11947). onh ham i1969); miles north of Reno in western Nevada. The southern and Johnson (1977). Descriptions of the geology of the boundary is the 40th parallel and the western boundary, Washoe County portion of the quadrangle were included in the 120th meridian, lies about % mile west of the Nevada- the work by Bonham (1969); Johnson (I9771 described California state line. Portions of Washoe and Pershing the geology of the Pershing County part of the quadrangle. Counties, the northern half of Pyramid Lake, and a large During 1984-85, the Nevada Bureau of Mines and part of the Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation ail lie within Geology conducted a mineral inventory of the Sonoma- this quadrangle. Gerlach Resource Area for the Bureau of Land Management The John Fremont end Kit Carson party traveled through and, as part of that project,many mines andprospects in the central portion of this area in early January 1844. The the Kumiva Peak 30' by 60' Quadrangle were examined Fremont party discovered and named Pyramid Lake and and sampled. Field data were collected by Jack Quade, passed along its eastern shore on their way south. The J. V. Tingley, R: B. Jones, and L. J. Garside. In 1986, earliest mining activity, gold and silver prospecting, began T. L. T. Grose reported on several prospects in the about 1670 in Cottonwood Canyon in the northern Fox southern part of the quadrangle and, in 1967, J.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Nevada Reno Determination of Timing Of
    University of Nevada Reno J Determination of Timing of Recharge for Geothermal Fluids in The Great Basin Using Environmental Isotopes and Paleoclimate Indicators A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, in geology by Paul K. Buchanan 1" April, 1990 i MINES LIBRARY Tti GS Li a (ths The thesis of Paul K. Buchanan is approved by University of Nevada Reno April, 1990 11 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS This study was made possible by grant DE-FG07-88ID12784 from the United States Department of Energy, Geothermal Technology Division, administered by the Idaho Operations Office, Idaho Falls, Idaho. Additional financial assistance from the Nevada Section of the Geothermal Resources Council aided in the completion of this thesis. My thanks go to the Nevada geothermal power industry for allowing fluid sampling of deep powerplant production wells. Specifically, Chevron Resources, Oxbow Geothermal, Ormat Energy Systems, Geothermal Food Processors, Tad's Enterprises, Thermochem Inc., Elko Heat Co. and Elko School District are thanked. Thanks also to Dr. Robert Fournier of the United States Geological Survey for providing data on the Coso geothermal system. Michelle Stickles is to be commended for suffering through the proof reading of the initial drafts of this report. Thanks to my advisor, Jim Carr, and my committee members, Mel Hibbard and Gary Haynes, for taking on this project and putting up with my inconsistent scheduling and "last minute" rush. Special thanks to my cohorts at the Division of Earth Sciences and Mackay School of Mines for their cynical attitudes that helped keep it all in perspec- tive, through both the good and the bad times.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts, 1-3 Active Layer, 7 Alaska Index Map, 6 Distribution of Ice
    INDEX Abstracts, 1-3 Quaternary history, 12 Active layer, 7 Vegetation, 15, 17, 21 Alaska Water table, 13 Index map, 6 Donnelly Glaciation, 11, 12, 19 Distribution of ice wedges, 6 Ducker, A. V., 52 Permafrost zones, 6 Dylik, J„ 58 Alaska Range, 11 Dylikowa, A., 58 Benninghoff, W. S., 15, 19, 42, 43, 44 Fitzpatrick, E. A., 58 Black, R. F„ 5, 6, 48, 49, 52 Flint, R. F„ 12, 54, 75 Black Rock Desert, Nevada, 48 Foliated ground ice, 7, 52 Britton, M. E., 52 Folk, R. L., 25 Budel, J., 58 Freezing index, 7 Bunge, A., 52 Frost action, 9 Buried ice, 7 Galloway, R. W., 58 Cailleux, A., 58 Golab, J., 59 Church, R. E., 6, 7, 55 Grains, 7 Clibbon, P., 58 Ground ice, 9 Climate Hamelin, L. E., 58 Galena, 67, 68, 72 Harrassowitz, H., 58 Barrow, 67, 70 Hoarfrost, 49, 52 Donnelly Dome, 15, 16, 67, 69, 71 Holmes, W. G., 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, Conclusions, 77 19, 42, 43, 44 Corte, A. E., 55 Hopkins, D. M., 6, 49, 52, 54 Danilova, N. S., 49 Horberg, L., 58 Darling Creek glaciation, 12 Horlocker, Noel, 12 Degree-day, 7 Ice Delta Glaciation, 11, 12 Buried, 5, 7 Delta River, 12, 13 Foliated, 5, 7, 13, 52 Denny, C. S., 58 Ground, 9 Dimbleby, G. W., 58 Interstitial, 5, 10 Donnelly Dome Area Masses, 5 Areal geology, 11 Pingo, 5 Climate, 15, 67 Pore, 5, 10 Geologic map, pi. 1 Segregated, 5, 10 Ground water, 13 Ice wedge, 5 Land forms, 11 Active, 7, 56, 57 Location, 6, 11 Fossil, 7, 9, 53, 54 Outwash gravel age, 12 Inactive, 9, 60-62 Permafrost, 6, 14 Origin, 47 Physiography, 11 Jahn, A., 58 Quaternary deposits, 11 Jarvis Creek, 12, 55 8 5 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/955870/spe103-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 8 6 Patte rn e d G ro u n d, D o n n e l l y D o m e , A laska Johnsson, G., 58 Ice-wedge hypothesis, 51 Kessler, P., 58 Sand-wedge hypothesis, 64 Kitze, Fred, 69 Desiccation-crack hypothesis, 47- Knechtel, M.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of WASHOE COUNTY Introduction
    HISTORY OF WASHOE COUNTY Introduction Lying in the northwest portion of the State of Nevada, named for a tribe of American Indians and containing a land area in excess of 6,000 square miles, Washoe County today consists of two of the nine original counties -- Washoe and Lake (later renamed Roop) Counties -- into which the Territory of Nevada was divided by the first territorial legislature in 1861. The country, "a land of contrasts, extremes, and apparent contradictions, of mingled barrenness and fertility, beauty and desolation, aridity and storm,"1 was claimed by the Spanish Empire until 1822 when it became a part of Mexican territory resulting from Mexico's successful war of independence from Spain. Mexico ceded the area to the United States in 1848 following the Mexican War, and the ceded lands remained part of the "unorganized territory" of the United States until 1850. Spanish and Mexican constructive possession probably had little effect on the life styles of the Northern Paiutes and the Washos -- the two American Indian tribes which inhabited the area. The Northern Paiutes ranged over most of Washoe County2 save the series of valleys lying along the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada. These valleys were the domain of the Washos, a small, nomadic tribe whose members spoke an alien tongue and from which the name of the county is derived3. The 1840's During the 1840's Washoe County was traversed by a number of trappers and explorers, as well as several well-defined emigrant trails leading to California and Oregon. In 1843 mountain man "Old Bill" Williams4 led his trappers from the Klamath Lake region of California to Pyramid Lake and the Truckee River.
    [Show full text]
  • Scorpion Phylogeography in the North American Aridlands
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 8-1-2012 Scorpion Phylogeography in the North American Aridlands Matthew Ryan Graham University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Biology Commons, Desert Ecology Commons, and the Population Biology Commons Repository Citation Graham, Matthew Ryan, "Scorpion Phylogeography in the North American Aridlands" (2012). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/4332649 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SCORPION PHYLOGEOGRAPHY IN THE NORTH AMERICAN ARIDLANDS by Matthew Ryan Graham Bachelor of Science Marshall University 2004 Master of Science Marshall University 2007 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences School of Life Sciences College of Sciences The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2012 Copyright by Matthew R. Graham, 2012 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE COLLEGE We recommend the thesis prepared under our supervision by Matthew R.
    [Show full text]
  • Beck's Desert Scorpion
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 (2013) 502–513 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeography of Beck’s Desert Scorpion, Paruroctonus becki, reveals Pliocene diversification in the Eastern California Shear Zone and postglacial expansion in the Great Basin Desert ⇑ Matthew R. Graham a, , Jef R. Jaeger a, Lorenzo Prendini b, Brett R. Riddle a a School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA b Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA article info abstract Article history: The distribution of Beck’s Desert Scorpion, Paruroctonus becki (Gertsch and Allred, 1965), spans the Received 12 November 2012 ‘warm’ Mojave Desert and the western portion of the ‘cold’ Great Basin Desert. We used genetic analyses Revised 10 July 2013 and species distribution modeling to test whether P. becki persisted in the Great Basin Desert during the Accepted 29 July 2013 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), or colonized the area as glacial conditions retreated and the climate Available online 9 August 2013 warmed. Phylogenetic and network analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1), 16S rDNA, and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) DNA sequences uncovered five geographically-structured Keywords: groups in P. becki with varying degrees of statistical support. Molecular clock estimates and the geograph- Biogeography ical arrangement of three of the groups suggested that Pliocene geological events in the tectonically Basin and range COI dynamic Eastern California Shear Zone may have driven diversification by vicariance.
    [Show full text]