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Geomorphic Assessment of Thirty Miles of Railroad Infrastructure Along the Klickitat River and Swale Creek, Klickitat County, WA Preliminary Report

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Geomorphic Assessment of Thirty Miles of Railroad Infrastructure Along the Klickitat River and Swale Creek, Klickitat County, WA Preliminary Report Geomorphic Assessment of Thirty Miles of Railroad Infrastructure along the Klickitat River and Swale Creek, Klickitat County, WA Preliminary Report Prepared by: Will Conley, Hydrologist/Geomorphologist Yakama Nation Fisheries Program Klickitat Field Office Wahkiacus, WA Prepared for: United States Department of Energy Washington State Recreation and Bonneville Power Administration Conservation Office Environment, Fish, and Wildlife Program Salmon Recovery Funding Board Portland, Oregon Olympia, WA Project Number: 1997-056-00 Project Number: 10-1741 May 31, 2015 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Project funding was provided by Bonneville Power Administration project number 1997-056-00 (Klickitat Watershed Enhancement Project) and Salmon Recovery Funding Board project number 10-1741. David Lindley (Habitat Biologist, YNFP) provided valuable assistance inventorying crossing structures and reviewing report drafts. The success of the field-based portion of this study was greatly assisted by coordination with Andrew Kallinen, Ranger, Columbia Hills State Park Complex. 3 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 7 Study Area and Geographic Scope ............................................................................................. 8 Fisheries Significance ................................................................................................................. 9 Study Purpose ........................................................................................................................... 10 METHODS ..................................................................................................... 10 Report Conventions .................................................................................................................. 10 Remote-Sensing / GIS............................................................................................................... 11 High Resolution Topography, Aerial Photos, and Derived Products ................................................ 12 Aerial Photograph Interpretation ...................................................................................................... 12 Field Methods ........................................................................................................................... 12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................ 14 Features and Indicators ............................................................................................................. 17 Channelization / Increased Confinement ........................................................................................... 18 Stream Crossings ............................................................................................................................... 30 Wash-outs ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Hillslope Processes ............................................................................................................................ 34 Runoff ................................................................................................................................................. 35 Vegetation Management ..................................................................................................................... 36 Existing Railbed Alignment Modifications .............................................................................. 38 Deliberate Alterations ........................................................................................................................ 38 Natural Alterations ............................................................................................................................. 40 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS .................................................................... 44 Geographic Priorities ................................................................................................................ 44 Stream Restoration Enhancement Strategies ............................................................................ 45 Channelization and Confinement ....................................................................................................... 45 Water Crossings ................................................................................................................................. 46 Wash-outs ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Hillslope Processes ............................................................................................................................ 48 Runoff ................................................................................................................................................. 48 Vegetation Management ..................................................................................................................... 49 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 49 LITERATURE AND DATA CITED ................................................................... 51 APPENDIX A Chronology of Railroad Embankments in the Klickitat Subbasin ...... A-1 APPENDIX B Klickitat Trail Stream Continuity Project: Phase 1 .............................. B-1 APPENDIX C Glossary of Selected Terms ...................................................................... C-1 5 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 6 INTRODUCTION A railroad embankment was constructed between Lyle and Goldendale, Washington in 1902 and 1903. The lower 30 miles runs through the Swale Creek and Klickitat River canyons. Both waterbodies experienced floodplain filling and grading, bank armoring, and channel realignment associated with railroad construction, re-construction (following various flood events), and maintenance activities. A variety of effects that generally interrupt geomorphic processes and adversely affected fish and wildlife habitat persist. The Klickitat River and Swale Creek provide habitat to a variety of native fish including steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the anadromous (ocean-going) form of rainbow trout which are ESA-listed as “Threatened”. Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon also inhabit the Klickitat River and have been observed using the lower portions of Swale Creek. Bridgelip suckers (Catostomus columbianus), an important “First Food” to the Yakama People, are also found in both the Klickitat River and Swale Creek. Figure 1. Looking north into Swale Canyon from vicinity of Stacker Creek. The railway was abandoned and the former railroad holdings were “rail-banked” in 1992 to preserve the right-of-way for potential future railroad operation. A recreational trail was approved for interim use and the railway was decommissioned in 1993. Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission (WSPRC) became owner in 1994 and manages the corridor which is now known as the “Klickitat Trail”. Since 2003, WSPRC has co-managed the lower 14 miles (downstream of Suburbia) with the United States Forest Service (USFS). APPENDIX A has a chronology related to valley-bottom railroad embankments in the Klickitat River subbasin. 7 Over twenty-seven miles of the corridor lie at the bottom of two canyons that range from 200 to 1,500 feet deep (Figure 1). This dynamic landscape position involves interaction with a variety of geologic processes including: rockfall, hillslope movements, debris flows, and direct reworking by the Klickitat River, Swale Creek, and tributaries. This study was undertaken with the goal of identifying outcomes that decrease conflict between railroad infrastructure (e.g. embankment and structures) and historic actions (e.g. floodplain grading) with natural processes. Implementation of such outcomes will result in more favorable conditions for fish and wildlife as well as reduce maintenance frequency and cost. Study Area and Geographic Scope The study area is the lower 30 miles of the former embankment of the Goldendale Branch of the Spokane, Portland, and Seattle (SP&S) railway in Klickitat County in south-central Washington State (Figure 2). The downstream end is located at SR14 in Lyle, WA. The upstream end is where WSPRC ownership terminates at Uecker Road, approximately 0.5 miles east of Warwick, WA and 4.5 miles WSW of Centerville, WA. The downstream portion of the study area parallels 16 miles of the mainstem Klickitat River from its confluence with the Columbia River to the mouth of Swale Creek at Wahkiacus, WA. From Wahkiacus to the upstream end of the study area, the trail parallels Swale Creek for an additional 14 miles. Figure 2. Vicinity map of Klickitat Trail Geomorphic Assessment. 8 The study area is within the southern domain of the Yakima fold belt (Watters, 1989), a highly faulted zone whose prevailing topographic expression is a series of east-west trending anticlines. Basal geology is basaltic and associated with several different units of the Columbia River Basalt Group (WDNR 2013). Modeling of inundation elevations of late-Pleistocene glacial outburst floods indicates a maximum inundation elevation of approximately 980 feet at the mouth of the Klickitat River (Benito and O’Connor, 2003). Assuming
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