Characterization of Cyanobacterial Communities of Bavarian Lakes Based on the 16S Rrna Gene

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Characterization of Cyanobacterial Communities of Bavarian Lakes Based on the 16S Rrna Gene Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Characterization of cyanobacterial communities of Bavarian lakes based on the 16S rRNA gene Franziska Romana Bauer Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Siegfried Scherer Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Geist 2. apl. Prof. Dr. Tanja Gschlößl Die Dissertation wurde am 07.06.2018 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 11.09.2018 angenommen. Preface This study aims at contributing to the improvement of future monitoring strategies for freshwater cyanobacteria. Using the example of selected Bavarian lakes, the diversity of cyanobacterial communities was analysed, seasonal variations were studied and changes in community structures due to climate change effects were predicted. The work was accompanied by the development of molecular biology-based methods for the future identification of cyanobacteria. The introduction of this thesis illustrates the roles of cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems and especially in lakes, their taxonomy and genetics, and the different methods used for the identification of this group of organisms. Following a description of the objectives of this thesis, four distinct research topics dealing with methodologies and cyanobacteria in freshwater lakes are presented. Chapters 3 and 5 have been submitted as autonomous research papers in a slightly modified form (following different journal requirements). The thesis ends with a general discussion on the perspectives in future methods for the detection of cyanobacteria, on specific recommendations for the monitoring of cyanobacteria in their specific habitats and on environmental factors influencing cyanobacteria with predictions on climate change effects. The new findings on the cyanobacterial communities in Bavarian lakes and the development of new methods as well as the conclusions drawn from the results are finally used to provide concrete advice and recommendations for future monitoring strategies. ii Summary Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria with a long evolutionary history. The phylum of cyanobacteria is ubiquitous, playing a major role in aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacteria are a heterogeneous group of organisms. Their heterogeneity appears in their morphology but also in their physiological characteristics. The main goal of this thesis was to provide concrete advice and recommendations for future monitoring strategies for freshwater cyanobacteria. Molecular biology-based methods, such as PCR-ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR specific for cyanobacterial genera were developed, natural community composition and diversity were monitored, and aquarium experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of climate change on cyanobacterial communities. In the first study, new methods based on the detection of the 16S rRNA gene of cyanobacteria were developed. It was possible to establish PCR-ELISA tests and quantitative real-time PCR assays for the detection and quantification of Limnothrix, Microcystis and Planktothrix genera. These methods including a recommended process flow represent powerful tools to support future research and monitoring of cyanobacteria. The following study focussed on the diversity of cyanobacteria in four selected Bavarian lakes of different trophic status by application of next-generation sequencing technologies. Each lake harboured a specific cyanobacterial community. All studied lakes were dominated by a unique genus, accounting with one exception for more than 50% of the cyanobacterial sequence numbers from the respective sample. In addition to lake-specific differences, cyanobacterial composition was depth-dependent. The key aspect of the third study was the seasonal monitoring of potentially toxic cyanobacteria by the application of different 16S rRNA gene detecting methods. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied for the quantification of Limnothrix and Planktothrix genera in Lake Ammersee and Lake Schliersee. Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed the natural succession during the different stages of a cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Bergknappweiher. The study proved the applicability of 16S rRNA gene-based methods for the monitoring of cyanobacteria, which is an important task to extent the knowledge on this group of organisms. In the fourth study, the potential impacts of global warming on freshwater cyanobacteria in Bavarian lakes were studied by the simulation of increased temperature in aquarium experiments. As a novelty fact, it could be demonstrated that temperature effects on cyanobacterial communities vary depending on the season when temperature increase occurred. As a further result, temperature effects were more severe under nutrient-rich conditions and picocyanobacterial communities were more stable. The results indicate that a iii profound knowledge on the current lake-specific cyanobacteria communities is the core basis for predictions on local climate change effects. In conclusion, the case studies revealed that future cyanobacteria monitoring should be more lake specific. The combination of traditional and molecular biology-based methods is recommended. The study of cyanobacteria deserves more consideration than ever before, as their natural habitats are undergoing changes in consequence of climate change. iv Zusammenfassung Cyanobakterien sind evolutionsgeschichtlich sehr alte, photosynthetisch aktive Bakterien. Der Stamm der Cyanobakterien ist ubiquitär vorhanden und spielt vor allem in aquatischen Ökosystemen eine große Rolle. Cyanobakterien sind eine sehr heterogene Organismengruppe, deren Vielfältigkeit sich sowohl in ihrer Morphologie als auch in ihren physiologischen Eigenschaften äußert. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Empfehlungen für zukünftige Monitoringstrategien von Cyanobakterien in Seen zu geben. Dazu wurden kosteneffektive molekularbiologische Methoden zur Detektion und Quantifizierung von Cyanobakterien entwickelt und die natürliche Zusammensetzung von Populationen, deren Diversität und Saisonalität untersucht. Außerdem wurden Aquarienversuche durchgeführt, um den Einfluss des Klimawandels auf diese Organismengruppe zu analysieren. In der ersten Studie wurden neue Methoden etabliert, die auf dem Nachweis des 16S rRNA Gens von Cyanobakterien basieren. Es wurden die Methode des PCR-ELISAs, sowie quantitative Echtzeit-PCR Nachweise entwickelt und optimiert. Beide Ansätze ermöglichen die Bestimmung und Quantifizierung der Gattungen Limnothrix, Microcystis und Planktothrix. Auf diese Methoden und die dazu empfohlene Anwendungsempfehlung kann zurückgegriffen werden, um die zukünftige Forschung und das Monitoring von Cyanobakterien zu unterstützen. In der zweiten Studie wurde die Diversität von Cyanobakterien in vier ausgewählten bayerischen Seen unterschiedlichen Nährstoffgehalts untersucht. Dabei kamen „Next- Generation“ Sequenzierungstechnologien zum Einsatz. Jeder See wies eine eigene charakteristische Cyanobakteriengemeinschaft auf. Alle Seen wurden von einer Hauptgattung dominiert, die mit einer Ausnahme immer mehr als 50% der Sequenzen der jeweiligen Probe aufwies. Zusätzlich zu den See-spezifischen Unterschieden war die Zusammensetzung der Cyanobakterienpopulationen auch tiefenabhängig. In der dritten Studie wurde das Vorkommen und die Saisonalität potentiell toxischer Cyanobakterien im Jahresverlauf untersucht. Dies geschah unter Anwendung verschiedener Methoden, die das 16S rRNA Gen detektieren. Mittels quantitativer Echtzeit-PCR wurden die Zellzahlen der Gattungen Limnothrix und Planktothrix im Ammersee und im Schliersee bestimmt. Die natürliche Sukzession während der verschiedenen Stadien einer Cyanobakterienblüte im Bergknappweiher wurde mittels Illumina MiSeq Sequenzierung aufgedeckt. Die Studie zeigte, dass 16S rRNA Gen-basierte Methoden für das Monitoring von Cyanobakterien angewendet werden können. In Zukunft muss die Erweiterung des Wissens v über diese Organismengruppe eine immer größere Wichtigkeit erlangen. Dabei können die entwickelten Methoden von großem Nutzen sein. In der vierten Studie wurden die möglichen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Cyanobakterien in bayerischen Seen untersucht. Dazu wurde in Aquarienversuchen eine Temperaturerhöhung simuliert. Es konnte dabei zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, dass die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Cyanobakteriengemeinschaften von der Jahreszeit abhängen, in der die Temperaturerhöhung auftritt. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass Temperatureffekte vor allem unter nährstoffreichen Bedingungen zu beobachten sind und dass Picocyanobakteriengemeinschaften eine höhere Stabilität aufweisen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein tiefergehendes Wissen über die aktuell in Seen vorhandenen Cyanobakteriengemeinschaften eine wichtige Grundlage darstellt, um Aussagen über zukünftige Auswirkungen des Klimawandels treffen zu können. Zusammenfassend zeigten die einzelnen Studien, dass ein zukünftiges Monitoring von Cyanobakterien See-spezifischer sein muss. Traditionelle und molekularbiologische Methoden sollten dabei kombiniert zur Anwendung kommen. Die Untersuchung von Cyanobakterien ist auf Grund der schwerwiegenden Habitat-Veränderungen, die durch den Klimawandel zu erwarten sind, wichtiger
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