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Participation and Inclusiveness in Process and Design a Case Study of the Urban Upgrading of Two Parks in Jaffna, Sri Lanka

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Participation and Inclusiveness in Process and Design a Case Study of the Urban Upgrading of Two Parks in Jaffna, Sri Lanka Participation and Inclusiveness in Process and Design A Case Study of the Urban Upgrading of Two Parks in Jaffna, Sri Lanka Emma Johannesson and Maria Östlund Master’s Thesis • 30 credits Landscape Architecture Programme, Ultuna Department of Urban and Rural Development Faculty of Natural Resources and Uppsala 2020 Agricultural Sciences 1 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Urban and Rural Development, Division of Landscape Architecture, Uppsala Master’s thesis for the Landscape Architecture Programme, Ultuna Course: EX0860, Independent Project in Landscape Architecture, A2E - Landscape Architecture Programme - Uppsala, 30 credits Course coordinating department: Department of Urban and Rural Development Level: Advanced A2E © 2020 Author’s Emma Johannesson and Maria Östlund, email: johannesson_ [email protected], [email protected] Title in English: Participation and Inclusiveness in Process and Design - a case study of the urban upgrading of two parks in Jaffna, Sri Lanka Title in Swedish: Inkludering i medborgardialog och design - en fallstudie av den urbana uppgraderingen av två parker i Jaffna, Sri Lanka Supervisor: Burcu Yigit Turan, SLU, Department of Urban and Rural Development Examiner: Rolf Johansson, SLU, Department of Urban and Rural Development Assistant examiners: Johan Pries and Åsa Ahrland, SLU, Department of Urban and Rural Development Cover image: Image of street enclosed by walls in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Emma Johanneson (2020) Copyright: All featured texts, photographs, maps and illustrations are property of the author unless otherwise stated. Other materials are used with permission from copyright owner. Original format: A4 Keywords: public space, public participation, inclusive, Sri Lanka, urban upgrading Online publication: https://stud.epsilon.slu.se 2 நன்றி / Thank you / Tack To Professor Sriskandarajah, for introducing us to To our coach Fredrik Toller at Sweco, for keeping us the wonderful city and people of Jaffna, providing grounded and in touch with the landscape architectu- us with feedback and ideas, constantly guiding us in a re profession in a theoretical project. context which was new to us. For a hospitality which far exceeds what we could have ever expected from a To Andrew Butler, for initially steering us in the right supervisor. direction. To our swedish supervisor Burcu Yigit Turan, for ex- To the University of Moratuwa, for introducing us to posing us to new literature and ideas. For the discus- landscape architecture in Sri Lanka, and to the Trin- sions, feedback, and thoughts, when we felt lost. comalee Campus of Eastern University of Sri Lanka for receiving us. To our interviewees, for lending us your time, your hospitality, your view and your thoughts. Especially And to SIDA, for the Minor Field Study scholarship to the SCDP PIU, for lending us space in your office, which made the project possible. and helping us even in curfew times. Emma Johannesson Maria Östlund 3 Abstract Who is included and has the right to shape public ra, tourists, and the developmentalism in the urban spaces is constantly contested through power strugg- upgrading of Jaffna’s public space. Further, the case les and expressions of politics and culture, where of Sankiliyan Park illustrates how the public spaces conflicting interests shape urban development. The of Jaffna are subject to the post-conflict tensions public’s right to engage in the decision-making that between the Sinhalese and the Tamils. As the process affects different aspects of their lives has led to that of design continuously went through actors con- public participation is now often seen as an impor- nected to the Government, this led to that the links tant part of a democratic society. With the starting to the LTTE were eliminated, and replaced with a point in the Agenda 2030 goal of universal access to compromised celebration of the Tamil identity in safe, inclusive, green public spaces, this case stu- the public space. The sanction of one ethnic group dy looks into the inclusiveness in the participation through symbols and design can also lead to the process and design of two parks in Jaffna, Sri Lan- exclusion of other minorities. With a French archi- ka. In the urban upgrading programme funded by tect responsible for the design of Old Park, the study the World Bank, we found that in the case of Old also revealed struggles with transnational design and Park the participation process included authorities participation processes and the increased need for and stakeholders with an economic interest in the public participation for the designer to understand project but no public, and in Sankiliyan Park limited the context. On the other hand, we also see an op- to a group of people from an area with the highest portunity in the transnational design process to dis- socioeconomic status in the city. Through the limi- cover and highlight issues of inclusion and dictated ted width in the participation process, the imagined norms, which can be beneficiary both ways and can ‘public’ was recreated through the design to largely help answer to the Agenda 2030 of universal access include the Tamil middle-class. Although local resi- to public space. dents were stated as the primary target group in Old Park, features such as restaurants, fees, and shops with local handicrafts; to a larger extent responds to the aspirations from the Tamil middle-class, diaspo- 4 Summary Efter 30 år av inbördeskrig mellan Tamilska Tigrarna (LTTE) och singalesiska regeringens armé var mycket av Jaffna förstört efter flygbombningar. Sen kriget slutat 2009 har staden jobbat med att återuppbyg- ga hus, vägar, infrastruktur och avloppssystem. År 2014, skapade regeringen ett program kallat Strategic India Cities Development Programme (SCDP) finansierat av World Bank. Som en del av den urbana restaure- ringen pågår nu designprocessen för de två parkerna som varit föremål för den här studien, Old Park och Sankiliyan Park. Politiska spänningar, efterlämningar av det nu tabu- belagda kastsystemet och Sri Lankas mål att bli ett utvecklat land gör det till en intressant plats för att studera hur maktstrukturer, kultur och politik, har format medborgardialoger och design av parkerna i Jaffna Jaffna på lokal, nationell och internationell nivå. Ge- nom att i realtid studera inkludering och exkludering i processen av ett World Bank projekt på plats i Jaffna, kan den här studien fungera som ett exempel av vem Sri Lanka som anses vara ”medborgare” i World Bank projekt. Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att studera hur samarbete Figure 1. Jaffna är beläget på Sri Lankas nordspets © 2019 Survey Depart- ment of Sri Lanka. All Rights Reserved. mellan World Bank, lokala myndigheter och organisa- tioner fungerat för att försäkra medborgardialog och en demokratisk planeringsprocess, samt analysera hur Inledning inkludering i medborgardialog och design påverkats av maktstrukturer, ekonomisk marknad, politiska och Vem som inkluderas och har rätt att forma våra of- sociala strukturer. fentliga platser ifrågasätts ständigt genom maktstruk- turer, politiska och sociala kontexter, där den urbana • Hur påverkar designen inkludering och tillgäng- utvecklingen formas av motstridiga intressen. Med- lighet? borgarnas rätt att själva bestämma över det offentli- ga rummet har stärkt vikten av medborgardialoger, • Hur såg processen för medborgardialoger ut och även om många forskare även visat på svårigheter hur påverkade den inkludering i projektet? med dessa. Utifrån FN’s Agenda 2030, med målet att tillhandahålla trygga och tillgängliga gröna offentliga • Hur har maktstrukturer och strukturer för in- platser för alla, undersöker vi i denna studie hur man kludering/exkludering format hur processen för tagit hänsyn till inkludering i medborgardialoger och medborgardialoger påverkat olika aspekter av design för två parker i Jaffna, Sri Lanka. designen? 5 Summary av International Association for Public Participation Metod och Stakeholder Circle. Förutom detta, studerades även hur utsatta grupper nämnda i Agenda 2030 mål Fallstudien baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer, och andra marginaliserade grupper i Jaffna var repre- platsbesök och analys av process och design för två senterade i medborgardialogerna. parker. Fallstudie Datainsamling Fallstudien börjar med bakgrundsinformation om För att få inblick i projektet från olika perspektiv, Jaffna och Strategic Cities Development Programme samt hur olika aktörer själva upplevt sin möjlighet och går sen in på analysen av tillgänglighet och inklu- till inflytande, gjordes intervjuer med utvalda intres- dering i medborgardialoger och design för Old Park senter som deltagit i medborgardialoger, designers respektive Sankiliyan Park. och representanter från World Bank och anställda för SCDP projektgrupp. Intervjuer gjordes även med utsatta grupper i samhället och lokalbor väl insatta i Jaffna Jaffnas historia och stadsutveckling. År 1983 utbröt ett inbördeskrig i Sri Lanka mellan de Designförslagen för de två parkerna studerades och två stora etniska grupperna singaleser och tamiler, till analyserades, tillsammans med skriftlig dokumenta- följd av inskränkningar i tamilernas rättigheter. Detta tion av processen och medborgardialogerna, för att ledde till skapandet av flera militanta grupperingar, få en djupare förståelse för processen. där Tamilska Tigrarna, med fäste i Jaffna, var den mest betydande. Kriget slutade 2009 efter en sista offensiv av den Sri Lankesiska armén,
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