Predictive Value of University Entrance Tests in Medical Schools of Pakistan for Academic and Professional Performance
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University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Predictive value of University entrance tests in Medical Schools of Pakistan for academic and professional performance Shahid A. Akhund University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. 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Recommended Citation Akhund, Shahid A., Predictive value of University entrance tests in Medical Schools of Pakistan for academic and professional performance, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4740 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Predictive Value of University Entrance Tests in Medical Schools of Pakistan for Academic and Professional Performance The thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy From University of Wollongong by Dr. Shahid A Akhund , MBBS, M Assessment and Evaluation Graduate School of Medicine 2016 Thesis certification I, Shahid A. Akhund declare that this thesis, submitted as fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Doctor of philosophy, in the Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualification at any other academic institution. Shahid A. Akhund 26 June 2016 i Acknowledgments The journey of my PhD would not be possible without the support of many individuals and the University of Wollongong. I hope I thank them enough for their help which they have extended unreservedly. I thank Australian Agency for International Development, Government of Australia which funded my Masters in Assessment and Evaluation study at the Melbourne University. The enriching experience I gained during that time motivated me to peruse a doctoral study. I thank University of Wollongong for funding my PhD studies. The University has been generous in covering my tuition and living expenses. I thank Professor Alison Jones, executive dean of school of medicine, for her support in getting scholarship for my study. I could not thank my supervisor Professor Ian Wilson enough for his continuous support. He supported me at every stage of my study. He always made himself available whenever I needed him. He guided me intellectually whenever I tumbled in my data analysis and thesis writing. He looked after me and found work for me. Without Ian this study would not have progressed any further. I thank you Ian for your support, supervision, inspiration and patience. I know, I was too demanding! I thank all academics and staff members at Graduate School of Medicine at UOW who facilitated me a lot in settling in. I thank all individuals and institutions who helped me in data collection. I specifically would like pay to my gratitude to Professor Naushad Shaikh and Professor Hafeez Sommro at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, and Professor Abdul Hakeem Jokhio at Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women at Nawabshah- Shaheed Benazirabad and their departmental staff members who shared data with me. Without their support this study would not have been possible. This journey of my doctoral study would not be possible without unceasing and absolute support of my family. I thank my wife Shahmina for her being there for me whenever I broke. She supported me morally and emotionally throughout my study periods. My daughter Ramsha and son Ruphyl were always there to make me feel proud of what I was doing. They gave me the confidence that I can do it. The prayers of my mother Hayyat Khatoon were always there for me. I thank all friends around me and my family, who made me laugh when I was thinking to do the opposite. The social support they provided made my and my family’s stay here in Wollongong unforgettable. I thank them all. Thank you all!! ii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to all my past and present teachers, mentors and students who encouraged me to be the best professional. iii Contents ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 12 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................... 12 Admission Process ......................................................................................................... 16 Curriculum design and assessment: ............................................................................ 18 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................... 22 LITERATURE ............................................................................................................... 22 th Medical education reform before 20 century .......................................................... 22 th Medical education reform and 20 century .............................................................. 23 Medical Education in Pakistan. ................................................................................... 28 Medical College Admission Test .................................................................................. 33 Test Validity ................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 49 RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 49 RESEARCH QUESTION ............................................................................................ 49 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 50 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 62 SECTION-II .................................................................................................................. 77 CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................. 114 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 114 References: .......................................................................................................................... 125 Attachment: ......................................................................................................................... 136 iv Tables Title Page number Number 1.1 Curriculum organization in public medical schools of Pakistan 17 3.1 Distribution of various variables 54 4.1 Number of Students admitted during different academic years (expected age) 65 4.2 The distribution of male and female students in two universities. 66 4.3 Gender distributions over four academic years 66 4.4 Number of Students admitted from Rural or urban settlements during different 68 academic years. 4.5 Number of students admitted under merit and self-financing schemes of 66 admission during different years. 4.6 The tabulation of the university, gender, admission criteria and residential 72 address. 4.7 The descriptive statistics of different variables. 73 4.8 Independent sample t Test comparing the mean scores of Pakistan origin male 80 and female students achieved before entering medical universities. 4.9 Independent sample t Test comparing the mean scores of all male and female 81 students achieved during medical education. 4.9a Independent sample t Test comparing the mean scores of male and female 82 students at LMC achieved during medical education. 4.9b Independent sample t Test comparing the mean scores of female students at 82 NMC and LMC achieved during medical education. 4.9c Independent sample t Test