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THE EVOLUTIONOF THE ENGLISH BUILDING REGULATIONS 1840 -1914 Volume t THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENGLISH BUILDING REGUIATIONS 1840 - 19111 Roger Henley Harper M. A., Dip. Arch., (Cantab) A. R. I. B. A. The first of two volumes A Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy presented to The Faculty of Architectural Studies The University of Sheffield June 1978 CONTENTS Volume I page List of Tables 2 4 List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements and Declaration 5 Summary 6 Introduction 7 Definitions 10 Plan of Thesis 14 Prelude 15 Sanitary Reform and the Regulation of Buildings 19 1840 - 1844 The Metropolitan Building Act 67 1840 - 1855 Provincial sources, Town Improvement and Public Health 124 pre 184o - 1858 IV The Metropolitan Building Act 162 1855 - 1875 V Early Provincial Building By-laws 223 1858 - 1875 Volwne II VI Model and Provincial Building By-laws 266 1875 - 1890 VII London : the pressur e for change 342 1875 - 1891 VIII The London Building Act : 1894 389 441 Ix Model and Provincial Building By-laws 1890 - 1914 x London : Fire, Steel and Reinforced Concrete 508 1895 - 1914 Conclusion 558 Bibliography 592 I TABLES ABBREVIATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY. LIST OF TABLES Following Page CHAPTER I T1 Bill for Improving the Dwellings of the 57 Working Classes 1840. T2 Bill for the Better Drainage and Improve- 58 ment of Buildings in Large Towns and Cities. January 1841. T3 Bill for Regulating Buildings in Large 6o Towns. May 1841. CHAPTER II T4 Metropolitan Building Act 1844. Ill CHAPTER III T5 Towns Improvement Clauses Act 1847. 159 CHAPTER IV T6 Act for the Better Management of the 212 Metropolis 1855- Metropolitan Building Act 1855- 214 CHAPTER V T7 Form of By-laws as to New Streets and 261 Buildings 1858- CHAPTER VI T8 Model By-laws as to New Streets and 320 Buildings 1877. Tq Amendments to the above, made 1877-1883. 334 TIO Amendments to the above, made 1883-1889- 337 CHAPTER VII 'Tll Metropolis Management and Building Act 382 Amendment Act 1878. By-laws made in 1879 under Section 16 of the above act. T12 Metropolitan Management and Building Act 384 Amendment Act 1882. By-laws made in 1886 under Section 16 of the Metropolis Manage- ment and Building Act Amendment Act 1878. T13 By-laws made in 1891 under Section 31 of 386 the L. C. C. (General Powers) Act 1890. By- laws made in 1891 under Section 16 of the Metropolis Management and Building Act Amendment Act 1878. Regulations made under the Public Health (London) Act 1891. 417 CHAPTERVIII Ti4 London Building Act 1894. 439 T15 Housing Regulations of the L. C. C 1889- 1900. CHAPTER IX T16 Model By-laws made 1890-1905* 491 T17 Rural Model By-laws 1901. 495 T18 Amendments made to Model By-laws in 1904# 497 T19 Intermediate Model By-laws 1905. 500 T20 Model By-laws made under the Public Health 502 (Amendment) Act 1907. T21 Model By-laws. Urban Series IV, 19120 503 2 CHAPTER X T22 London Building Act 1894 (Amendment) 548 Act 1898. T23 By-laws made in 1900 under Section 202 51*9 of the Metropolis Management Act 1855. T24 London Building Acts (Amendment) Act 550 1905. (General T25 L. C. C Powers) Act 1909 - steel 553 skeleton frame regulations. T26 L-C-C (General Powers) Act 1909 - 556 reinforced concrete regulations 1915. 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS T= Table (followed by its number) S= Sheet (followed by its number) C= Clause (followed by its number) Sc = Schedule (followed by its number) P. P = Parliamentary Paper HA Hansard T= The Times B= The Builder M. B. A. = Metropolitan Building Act L. B. A. = London Building Act L. C. C. = London County Council U. D. C. = Urban District Council R. D. C. = Rural District Council D. S. = District Surveyor R. I. B. A. = Royal Institute of British Architects A. A. = Architectural Association d. p. c. damp proof course W. C. = water closet e. c. = earth closet S. V. P. = soil vent pipe r. w. p. = rainwater pipe Q. B. D. = Queen's Bench Division (journal) JOP. = Justice of the Peace L. T. = Law Times L. Jo = Law Journal C. B. = Common Bench 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS John Nelson Tarn B. Arch., Ph. D., F. R. I. B. A. Roscoe Professor of Architecture University of Liverpool for his valuable advice and criticism at all stages of this work. The Town Clerksq Archivists, Surveyors and Librarians of Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds, Newcastle upon Tyne, Blackburn, Birkenhead and Sheffield and in particular D Entwisle F. R. I. C. S., C. A. A. S. Frank Eng. j F. I. Struct. E., P. P. I. Former Building Surveyor, Department of Planning and Design Sheffield City Council Metropolitan District for their assistance in locating and obtaining local acts, by-laws and records. The staff of: The Royal Institute of British Architects, The British Architectural Library, Department of the Environment Library, Public Record Office and Sheffield University Library for providing access to original sources of information. Financial assistance in the form of a Royal Institute of British Architects Research Award, 1975 The Department of Architecture, University of Sheffield for providing secretarial facilities and Miss Lynne Jarvis for kindly typing this Thesis. DECLARATION Certain parts of this Thesis have been used as the basis for two published articles, namely: "Concrete's Battle for London 1867 - 18861, CONCRETE Journal of the Concrete Society, Vol 10 No 10 October 1976 p28-309 42 "The Conflict between English building regulations and architectural (R. A. design 1890 - 1918" JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH I. B. and A. I. A. ) Vol 6 No I March 1977 p. 24-33 5 THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENGLISH BUILDING REGULATIONS : 1840 - 1914 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Architectural Studies : University of Sheffield Roger H. Harper 1978 SUMMARY This Thesis sets out to analyse the growth of the building regulations in this country during their most formative years in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The originality of the study is that it is the first complete history of the regulations. The study concentrates upon the regulations which relate primarily to building design and construction. Particular emphasis is placed on the national trend, as exemplified by the Model Building By-laws in con- junction with the influential role played by the London Building Acts. Reference is also made, by way of illumination, to the content and implementation of various local building acts and by-laws. The pressures which affected the building regulations - from societyq from more complex buildings, new building types and new materials for example - are all duly assessed. As a resultq the work reflects upon a number of lesser known facets of the Victorian building world. The material used has included the Acts and By-laws themselves, com- mentaries and opinions contained in contemporary journalsq papers and the reports, as well as the discussion in Parliamentary debate and at meetings of the Professional bodies. The first three chapters describe i three separate routes into the subject : the sanitary reform movements the legislation in London, and provincial activities. The sequence of chapters then proceeds chronologically, alternating between London and the Provincesl highlighting the principal London regulations of 18449 1855 and 1894 and the Model By-laws of 18581 1877 and 1890. The intervening amending Acts and modifications to the By-laws are also included. The principal technical details are collated, tabulated and connecting links established between them. The study provides, in addition to the detailed documentation and historical interpretationg evidence of the factors which have determined the form of our present building regulations. 6 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS PLAN PRELUDE INTRODUCTION The architectural historian may, it has been suggested, (-1) be in a key position to make a number of useful and relevant contributions to con- temporary society. In the first place, he may be able to show that something similar has happened before and that the problems which presently beset society are not so new as may be thought. Secondly, he may help to trace the causes and roots of those present problems and conditions. Thirdly, he may help by drawing the attention of his con- temporaries to the framework within which the present problems are being discussed. This Thesis is presented with the intention of making a similar set of contributions in the subject of the building regulations. In the context of this work, the first of these contributions, namely that a good deal of our present problems are not new, will become more and more self evident as the Thesis unfolds. It needs no further comment at this stage beyond recording the sad fact that complexity, undue interference and confusion have apparently characterised the regulations and plagued the architect for some considerable time in the past. The second contribution, the tracing of the causes and roots of the present conditions is more substantial and forms the main bulk of the material presented here. A Thesis would normally commence with the establishment of the proposed field of study within the context of work already undertaken by others. In this case, the task is surprisingly simple. With perhaps one exception, there appears to be no single sub- stantial study directly related to the history of the building (2) regulations. One may look in vain for a chronological and critical account which attempts to piece together this very diffuse and difficult (3) subject. The one exception is the work of Knowles and Pitt but their work refers only to London, is rather slender and strays towards a history of the District Surveyors. On the other hand, building regulations, in the form of acts and by-laws, have been introduced in many other parallel areas of study, as an important adjunct to a particular theme - notably in the study of town planningg urban historyq public health and working class housing.
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