RESEARCH JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND HYDRO BIOLOGY 2016. 11(1): 1-7 ISSN: 1816-9112 Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/JASA/

Rational living with fishing and fish consumption as predictors of mental well- being among recreational fishermen and community-dwelling adults in Nigeria

1Kay Chinonyelum Nwamaka Onyechi, 2Chiedu Eseadi, 3Anthony U. Okere, 4Mkpoikanke Sunday Otu

1University of Nigeria, Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, P.M.B. 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. 2University of Nigeria, Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, P.M.B. 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. 3University of Nigeria, Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, P.M.B. 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. 4University of Nigeria, Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, P.M.B. 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Address For Correspondence: Kay Chinonyelum Nwamaka Onyechi, University of Nigeria, Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, P.M.B. 410001 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Phone number: +2348137258914. Email: [email protected]

Received 1 January 2016; accepted 22 January 2016; published 28 January 2016

A B S T R A C T Background: From the cognitive behavioral therapy perspective, we derived the concept of Rational living with fishing to basically demonstrate its potential relevance to the understanding of fishing psychology. Objective: To find out whether rational living with fishing and fish consumption correlates with mental well-being among community-dwelling adults in a Riverine area of Nigeria. Results: Rational living with fishing strongly and positively correlated with mental well-being among recreational fishermen. We additionally found an unobtrusive relationship between fish consumption and mental well-being among the community-dwelling adults . Conclusion: More research is needed in this area to accept or negate the connection between rational living with fishing activity, fish consumption, and, people’s mental well-being across culture.

Key words: Cognitive-behavior therapy, fish consumption, psychology of fishing, rational living with fishing, recreational fishermen.

INTRODUCTION

Previous studies have been done in the area of fishing psychology [32], fishery biology [38], and contributions to theory of rational fishing from a marine science perspective [16]; but no tangible research effort to the best of the researchers’ knowledge have been made to explore how fishing, not fish itself [10,18,40] may be linked to various psychopathology and positive behavioral results on human subjects. Only a couple of writings have explored the evolutionary foundations of fishing and why such a large number of individuals have a solid bond with the sport. Also, these writings offered advice on how to live longer, happier, and healthier, by fishing regularly [35]; while a few researchers had before hand focused on some aspects of psycho-cultural adaptation to personal risk among fishermen in the New England [7,32]. Of recent did an article in Psychology Today uncover that: fish as one of the seafood-rich diets, has been shown to avert despondency, as new research (from the School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh) indicates that people who consume more fish are happier, as well as have more charming distinctive characters than people who do not eat fish. Literally, people who do not eat much fish were said to be at greater risk to report mild signs of depression, impetuous characters,

Open Access Journal Published BY AENSI Publication © 2016 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

To Cite This Article: Kay Chin onyelum Nwamaka Onyechi, Chiedu Eseadi, U. Okere, Mkpoikanke Sunday Otu ., Rational living with fishing and fish consumption as predictors of mental well-being among recreational fishermen and community-dwelling adults in Nigeria. Research Journal Of Fisheries And Hydrobiology , 11(1): 1-7, 2016

2 K.C.Nwamaka Onyechi, 2016/ Research Journal Of Fisheries And Hydrobiology 11(1), January, Pages: 1-7 and a negative outlook on life [22]. For Lawson, the power of fish comes from its fat and additionally its richness in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are absolutely necessary to keep the brain functional. As an activity involving catching fish and other sea-life, Collmann [6] believes that fishing provides individuals the opportunity to pursue fishing as a form of recreation and furthermore oversee dissatisfaction. Additionally, current literature likewise proposes that fishing as a recreation activity gives a feeling of importance and reason; profound appreciation for the sea and all sea-life; empathy, enthusiastic insight, and rapport-building skills; feeling of accomplishment; a chance to learn and hone new methods, such as fly fishing; contribute to peoples happiness besides giving them the opportunity to feel good [15]. Be that as it may, as indicated by Allan, an individual’s confidence level, how they handle their emotions, and how mindful they are can definitely impact how well they fish [3]. In another line of thought, a 2014 article in InTheBite revealed that: Alexandra Stark, a psychotherapist and certified addictions professional has broken down the psychology of what spurs fishermen to do what they do and the likely mental health concern. As cited in the article, fishing addictions are likely to occur given that the limbic system of the human brain seeks pleasure and rewards. While no case has been reported of a person dying as a result of an addiction to fishing, Alexandra believes that it causes concerns in personal and romantic relationships. For this author, despite the fact that, an addiction to fishing is not perceived in the diagnostic manual of the American Psychological Association, as well as no treatment modalities, there are a few motivations to imagine that people might have taken their affection for the vast sea and the fish that live within it to a greater level. For this author, such reasons are tantamount to the only non-substance related disorder in the DSM-V, the Gambling Disorder. In light of these assertions, the rational living with fishing paradigm is derived from the rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) by developed in 1955, a form of cognitive-behavioral [12,13]; and partly (CT) by Aaron T. Beck [5]. This implies that this rational contribution to the psychology of fishing is based on cognitive behavioral therapy which can be used to treat people with a variety of mental health problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the idea that: how people think (cognition), how they feel (emotion) and how they act (behavior) are interwoven. In particular, what people think of largely determines their emotions and conduct [23]. In this regard, Pucci [34] additionally insisted that cognitive-behavioral therapy shows that our thoughts determines how we feel and behave, not people, things, or circumstances. As a result, the emphasis in cognitive-behavioral therapy is on helping clients identify and correct problematic thoughts that stand in their way of happiness and accomplishment. The rational living with fishing paradigm additionally draws from the evidence that interests (i.e. emotional and stable disposition) predict well-being in the workplace and leisure [9]; and favors a set of evidence-based actions (Connect with others, Be Active, Take Notice, Keep Learning, and Give to others) which promote people’s wellbeing [26]. The rational fishing therapist would explore and lead their client (e.g. fish anglers; recreational fishermen) to unfold the psychological distress associated with fishing and how it can be contained and/or how fishing rationally can help manage the psychological distress and tensions aroused when opposed to the establishment of marine protected areas. In the context of this research, rational fishing activity is fishing embarked upon with a purpose and is recommended by a therapist; one that psychotherapeutically affects the way of life and behavior of the client who had come for counseling. This does not mean or guarantee an unconditional right to exploit marine life [19,27], nor does the therapist support a rational disobedience to fishing regulations [21]. In any case, a rational fishing therapist believes that fishing is hope experienced [36]. As do rational fishing therapist, one ought to likewise recognize the idea of mental well-being which comprises of essential components like feeling good and functioning well. Besides, feelings of happiness, satisfaction, pleasure, interests, self-regard, self- assurance, and engagement with the world are additionally some portion of mental prosperity. Also, encountering positive people connections, having some control over one’s life, and having a sense of purpose are all important attributes of well-being [26] to be recognized, while advising recreational fishermen, fish anglers amongst others. This REBT approach to fishing psychology incompletely favors the rational living therapy by Aldo R. Pucci; it disregards its technique of rational . As a CBT approach, rational living therapy equips the client with the level-headed self-advising skills and motivation they need to continuously improve in the therapeutic process. It is exceptionally informative, exceedingly motivational, uses capable influence strategies, concentrates on fundamental presumptions and concerned with irrational labeling [33]. Fundamental to our contention is that sea life around the world is in great risk, and it is conceivable that clinicians with environmental expertise- in view of the rational fishing orientation of cognitive-behavioral therapy - can adapt several techniques and principles within the field of CBT in carrying out certain responsibilities, for example, disclosing to commercial and recreational fishermen why and how of the changes to fishing regulations; and in addition, analyzing how fishermen respond to these new rules [4]. Additionally, this rational fishing paradigm of cognitive-behavioral therapy for counseling psychologists, borrows from Seligman, to buttress on four factors that therapists can encourage in sea-life recreation-seeking clients so as to help them thrive, that is, confident feelings, commitment to what they are doing, a feeling of achievement, and

3 K.C.Nwamaka Onyechi, 2016/ Research Journal Of Fisheries And Hydrobiology 11(1), January, Pages: 1-7 good relationships [37]. Emphasizing on rational living with fishing has very much become important due to some extent on the grounds that giving careful consideration to the present minute – to one’s own thoughts and feelings, and to the world around them – can enhance one’s mental wellbeing. One might consider well-being in terms of what they have, namely: income, home, car, or job; but evidence shows that, what one does (e.g. fishing) and the way they think have the greatest effect on their well-being [24]. Moreover, CBT approach has proven to be valuable in offering people some assistance with developing the necessary skills to appraise personal well-being and maintain solid health habits throughout their lives [11]. When appropriate, CBT instructing methodologies could be used to offer people some assistance with improving their fishing skills, which would in turn be used to build life-enhancing skills in the client such as having the capacity to manage frustration [6], and rapport-building skills, sense of achievement amongst others [15]. There is additionally a worrying development among fishermen and fishing communities which calls for a shift to researches that would focus on propelling the field of psychology of fishing from a cognitive-behavioral science perspective. For instance, several occupational health risk factors such as alcohol, fatty food consumption, smoking, and absence of physical activity have been found among Greek fishermen [14]. In a study conducted in a fishing community in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, psychological distress was observed to be more prevalent among women with chronic bronchitis. Apprehension was fundamentally connected with chronic bronchitis and the level of biomass exposure, while depression was essentially connected with chronic bronchitis, level of exposure, and a history of sleeping in the fish smoking room [41]. Constant employment instability has been connected with the mental health catastrophe and high rates of suicide among Australian commercial fishers, according to a new Deakin University study. The study infers that there are distinguished features of small-scale fishing businesses that make them particularly susceptible to depression, anxiety, and suicide. Insecurity of fishing concessions (quotas and licenses), financial difficulties arising from banks money control policies to the industry, difficulties accessing health care, physical risk, and politically-driven adjustments to government policies were all identified as major issues affecting fishers' health and well-being in small-scale fishing businesses [8]. Despite these lines of evidence showing the need to make a shift to investigations that would improve our understanding of psychology of fishing activities on human subjects, a majority of previous studies [29,30,20,39] exuding from Nigeria have paid less attention to this area of research. In Nigeria, fishing families have been classified into either professional full time or hobby group fishers [2]. However, a study uncovered that a large population of artisanal fishermen in Nigeria commonly operate in inland rivers, lagoons and creeks; stretching out to about five nautical miles of the sea shore [1]. In most rural fishing communities in some part of the country, fisheries account for about 90 to 95 percent of the activities of fishers. Fisheries additionally represent 74 to 90 percent of yearly income generated by this group [31]. To our best insight, no research has been done as regards rational living with fishing activity and fish consumption as it correlates with mental well- being among community-dwelling adults; and as a result, our present argument might show up generally new and would require in-depth research to augment this line of argument. To date, in this way, the current study explores whether rational living with fishing activity and fish consumption correlates with mental well-being among community-dwelling adults in Delta State of Nigeria. To provide baseline data that would add to the discourse about the psychology of fishing from a cognitive behavior therapy perspective (e.g. REBT), we hypothesized that: (1) rational living with fishing will be associated with mental well-being among recreational fishermen; and (2) fish consumption will be associated with mental well-being among community-dwelling adults.

Methodology: 1.1. Participants: The participants were 20 recreational fishermen and 13 community-dwelling adults from communities across Delta State, Nigeria. There are 25 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Delta State, of which six LGAs (Patani, Ndokwa-West, Ethiope-East, Ukwuani, Ndokwa-East, and Oshimili-North) are said to be active participants of inland fishing in the State. The six LGAs involved in active inland fishing have been categorized into high producing (Ndokwa-East, Patani and Ndokwa-West) and low producing (Ethiope-East, Ukwuani and Oshimili-North) areas [28]. In the current study, of the 6 LGAs, we consciously confined our search for recreational fishermen within 4 LGAs (Oshimili-North, Ukwuani, Ndokwa-East, and Patani). In our quest for community-dwelling adults who would consent to participate, we extended our search beyond the well-known fishing communities and LGAs to get participants from any of the 25 LGAs.

1.2. Procedure: The study was promoted in local markets, religious, and social gatherings, welcoming members to approach for the study. We then used volunteer sampling and snowball sampling techniques to identify the participants for the current study. By volunteer and snowball sampling techniques, we could distinguish recreational fishermen in the study area while, the identification of community-dwelling adults was made possible by volunteer

4 K.C.Nwamaka Onyechi, 2016/ Research Journal Of Fisheries And Hydrobiology 11(1), January, Pages: 1-7 sampling. Every consenting adult was given the three sets of instruments to complete. The participants were guaranteed of classification of information they would provide. Two research assistants were recruited to assist in the search for potential participants from the target population and in data collection process.

1.3. Measure: 1.3.1. Mood Self-Assessment Questionnaire (MSQ): This is an 18 items Moodzone tool at the National Health Service (NHS) Choices (2014) website that helps individuals to better understand how they feel (i.e. their mental well-being). An individual is relied upon to respond to the set of items taking into account how they have been feeling over the last two weeks. We used the online version by asking the respondents to complete it in pen and paper format in the current study. The questionnaire has two subscales on a person’s severity of depression (items 1-8) and anxiety (items 9-18). The reliability of the instrument in the current study was 0.90alpha for items 1-8, 11-18; whereas, items 9 and 10 were separately analyzed using K-R 21 method, and it yielded a value of 0.83. 1.3.2. Fish Consumption Questionnaire (FCQ): This is a one (1) item questionnaire that requested that respondents rate how often they have been eating fish. The questionnaire item was designed on a 5-point scale of: 1=all of the time, 2=often, 3=some of the time, 4=rarely, and 5= none of the time. The question participants were asked was: How often have you been eating fish over the past six months or more? 1.3.3. Rational Living with Fishing Questionnaire (RLFQ): This is a 15 item questionnaire used to find out what participants thinks and feel about fishing activity in relation to how such statements portrays them. The questionnaire was designed on a 5-point scale of: 1 = extremely uncharacteristic of me, 2 = somewhat uncharacteristic of me, 3 = neither uncharacteristic nor characteristic of me, 4 = somewhat characteristic of me, 5 = extremely characteristic of me. The RLFQ has an internal consistency of 0.93alpha.

Design and Analysis: The current study used a correlation survey design. Data analysis was completed using regression analysis to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The decision rule for testing the hypotheses was to reject null hypothesis if the exact probability value (p-value) is less than or equal to the ‘a priori’ probability value (that is, 0.05); otherwise do not reject.

Results:

Table 1a: Summary of regression output on association between rational living with fishing and mental well-being among recreational fishermen. Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 416.796 1 416.796 105.364 .000 b Residual 71.204 18 3.956 Total 488.000 19 a. Dependent Variable: MSQ b. Predictors: (Constant), RLFQ

Table 1b: Model summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square 1 .924 a .854 .846 a. Predictors: (Constant), RLFQ

The outcomes in Table 1a show that: the analysis of variance is much statistically significant (0.000), indicating that, the relationship between the independent variable (rational living with fishing) and the dependent variable (mental well-being) is very strong. Since the exact probability value (p-value) is less than the ‘a priori’ probability value (that is, 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis that rational living with fishing will not be associated with mental well-being among recreational fishermen, F(1,18) =105.364, p=0.000. Table 1b shows that the Adjusted R square is high indeed (0.846), indicating that 84.6 per cent of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable.

Table 2a: Summary of regression output on association between fish consumption and mental well-being among community-dwelling adults. Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 107.952 1 107.952 4.148 .050 b Residual 806.776 12 26.025 Total 914.727 13 a. Dependent Variable: MSQ b. Predictors: (Constant), FCQ

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Table 2b: Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square 1 .344 a .118 .090 a. Predictors: (Constant), FCQ

The outcomes in Table 2a show that: the analysis of variance is statistically significant (0.050), with indication that the relationship between the independent variable (fish consumption) and the dependent variable (mental well-being) is unobtrusive among community-dwelling adults. Since the exact probability value (p- value) is equal to the ‘ a priori’ probability value (that is, 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis that fish consumption will not be associated with mental well-being among community-dwelling adults, F (1, 12) =4.148, p=0.50. However, table 2b shows that the Adjusted R square is not conspicuous (0.090), as only 9.0 per cent of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable.

Discussion: The purpose of this study was to examine whether rational living with fishing activity and fish consumption correlates with mental well-being among adults in fishing communities of Delta State, Nigeria. To start with, the study investigated the relationship between rational living with fishing and mental well-being among recreational fishermen. We found that the relationship between rational living with fishing and mental well- being among recreational fishermen is very strong. This finding supports Collmann [6] who believes that fishing provides individuals the opportunity to pursue fishing as a form of recreation and also contain frustration. It further supports previous reports that stresses on the potential benefits of fishing [15]. It is also an indication that emotional and stable frame of mind can predict well-being in the domains of leisure [9]. However, since the current study was correlational in nature, one might contend that we cannot say that the relationships among the variables investigated actually imply causal relationships. Be that as it may, our regression model (see Table 1b) is sufficiently powerful to bolster the confirmation of a linear positive correlation between rational living with fishing and mental well-being among the adult population. Secondly, the study investigated the association between fish consumption and mental well-being among community-dwelling adults. We discovered that, the relationship between fish consumption and mental well- being among the adults is not conspicuous. Our current data modestly affirms that, people who do not eat are more likely to report mild symptoms of depression, feeling uncared for, and a negative point of view [22]. The data to a certain degree supports previous findings regarding the various concerns of fishing communities [14,41]. The present finding suggests the use of rational living with fishing which is derived from the cognitive behavioral therapy, to help people with an extensive variety of mental health problems to adapt.

Conclusion: In this study, we take advantage of our background in cognitive-behavioral theory to provide a rational approach for advancing the emerging field of psychology of fishing. In view of our current data, we infer that rational living with fishing predicts well-being; and that there is a slightly visible relationship between fish consumption and mental well-being among the adults. To these end, future researchers need to begin to explore methods on how clinicians can assist these recreation-seeking clients to benefit from therapy process within the field of CBT. Additionally, more research is needed in this area to further confirm the link between rational living with fishing activity, fish consumption, and people’s mental well-being across culture.

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