DOCSLIB.ORG

Placental (К^Сgeké S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Placental (К^Сgeké S PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/147916 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-06 and may be subject to change. PLACENTAL (К^СGEKÉ S * Уп^ггі«» ¿л i ι) Дстг R.H.W. LORIJN ^ FETAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND PLACENTAL OXYGEN EXCHANGE PROMOTORES PROF. DR LD. LONGO PROF. DR Т.К.A.B. ESKES CO-REFERENT DR L.L.H. PEETERS FETAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND PLACENTAL OXYGEN EXCHANGE PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de geneeskunde aan de Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. P.G.A.B. Wijdeveld, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar ter verdediging op vrijdag 9 mei 1980 des namiddags te 2.00 uur precies door RONALD HANS WILMAR LORIJN geboren te 's Gravenhage Krips Repro Meppel 1980 This study was performed during a two year research fellowship in the Department of Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, U.S.A., under the guidance of Prof. Dr. L. D. Longo. A Nato Grant awarded by the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z. W. O. ) and U. S. P. H. S. Grant 03807 furnished the financial support of the investigation. "Therefore, one concludes that one and the same soul governs the bodies and one and the same nourishes both. " Leonardo da Vinci Copyright 1980. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form by any photomechanical means without permission from the author. To Hansje To Rosa Maria, Vivienne, Geraldine To my parents Aknowledgements The completion of this thesis gives me an excellent opportunity to express my sincere feelings of indebtedness to all who have contributed to it's realization My parents, who not only gave me a youth free from care, but also stimulated me to accept challenges in order to explore the unknown. The staff members, technicians and research fellows of the Dept. of Perinatal Biology of Loma Linda University, who created an unforgettable and inspiring atmosphere of friendship and dedication to research. Mrs. Helen Little and Mrs. Linda Moore for editorial assistance, while back in Holland Miss Ciska Don helped me to put the finishing touches to the work. Rosa Maria, a ti en particular debo mucho agradecimiento, por que todo esto ha sido posible por tu apoyo permanente. CO NTENTS page I. INTRODUCTION 15 II. FETAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND PLACENTAL EXCHANGE 18 UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 1. Maternal Blood Oxygen Affinity and Capacity 18 1.1. General Considerations 18 1.2. Hemoglobin 18 1.3. Blood Oxygen Affinity and the Oxyhemoglobin saturation 20 curve 1.4. Blood Oxygen Capacity 23 2. Fetal Blood Oxygen Affinity and Capacity 25 2.1. Fetal Hemoglobin 25 2.2. Blood Oxygen Affinity 29 2. 3. Blood Oxygen Capacity 32 3. Interrelations of Maternal and Fetal Blood Oxygen Affinity and Capacity 33 3.1. General Considerations 33 3. 2. Species Differences 38 4. Relation of Maternal and Fetal Oxygen Partial Pressures to Placental Oxygen Exchange 38 4.1. Theoretical Considerations 38 4.2. Experimental Studies 43 4.3. Clinical Implications 49 4.3.1. Maternal Oxygen Inhalation 49 4. 3. 2. Hyperbaric Oxygenation 51 4.3.3. Acute Decrease in Inspired Oxygen Tension 52 4.3.4. Chronic Decrease in Maternal Inspired Oxygen - High Altitude 54 4.3.5. Chronic Maternal Hypoxemia - Cyanotic Congeni­ tal Heart Disease 58 5. Relation of Maternal and Fetal Oxygen Affinity to Placental Oxygen Exchange 60 5.1. Theoretical Considerations ¿0 11 page 5.2. Decreasing Fetal Blood Oxygen Affinity by Intrauterine Transfusion 63 5. 3. Changes in Oxygen Affinity due to Hemoglobinopathies ^6 5.4. Maternal Hyperventilation and Other Conditions 71 6. Relation of Maternal and Fetal Placental Hemoglobin Flow to Placental Oxygen Exchange 74 6.1. General Considerations 74 6.2. Theoretical Considerations 77 6. 3. Experimental Studies 80 6.4. Clinical Implications 85 7. Interrelations of Maternal and Fetal Placental Flows and Oxygen Exchange 89 7. 1. Distribution of Maternal and Fetal Placental Flows 89 7.1.1. Nonuniform Distribution of Maternal and Fetal Blood Flows 89 7. 1. 2. Distribution of Placental Diffusing Capacity to Blood Flows 9' 7.2. "Sluice" or "Waterfall" Flow in the Placental Vessels 91 7.3. Uterine Contractions and Oxygen Exchange 94 III. TRANSFER OF OXYGEN DURING INCREASED FETAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION 97 1. Introduction 97 2. Methods and Materials 98 2.1. Surgical Procedure 98 2.2. Experimental Procedure 100 2.2.1. Norepinephrine 100 2.2.2. 3,5,3'-L-Triiodothyronine 101 2.3. Blood Flows and Cardiac Output 101 2.4. Placental Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity 104 2.5. Hormones Determination 106 2.6. Statistical Analysis 107 3. Results 107 3.1. Norepinephrine 107 3.1.1. Plasma Catecholamine concentrations 107 12 page 3.1.2. Fetal Oxygen Consumption 112 3.1.3. Placental Diffusing Capacity 112 3.1.4. Cardiovascular Responses 114 3.1.4.1. Maternal Ш 3.1.4.2. Fetal lU 3.1.4.3. Norepinephrine Dose-Response Relations 114 3.1.4.4. Cardiac Output and Blood Flow 3.2. 3,5,3'-L-Triiodothyronine Changes 117 3.2.1. Changes in Thyroid Hormones 119 3.2.2. Fetal Plasma Cortisol and Catecholamine Concentrations 119 3.2.3. Fetal Oxygen Consumption 119 3.2.4. Placental Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity 121 3.2.5. Cardiovascular Responses 121 3.2.5.1. Maternal 121 3.2.5.2. Fetal 121 3.2.5.3. Blood Flow and Cardiac Output 121 3.2.5.4. Histological Examination of the Fetal Lung 124 DISCUSSION 125 1. Fetal Oxygen Consumption '25 1.1. Previous Estimates of Fetal Oxygen Consumption 125 1.2. Physiological Implications ^5 1.3. Clinical Implications 130 2. Norepinephrine Experiments 13' 2.1. Catecholamine Concentrations in the Mother and Fetus 131 2. 2. Cardiovascular Responses and Results of Previous Studies in the Fetus and Newborn 132 3. 3, 5, 3' - L - Triiodothyronine Experiments 134 3. 1. General Considerations ^35 3. 2. Thyroid Development and Effects upon the Fetus 136 3. 3. Changes in Maternal and Fetal Hormone Concen­ trations 136 page 3.4. Fetal Cardiovascular Responses 139 4. Comparison of Norepinephrine and 3,5,3' - L - Triiodothyro­ nine Results 139 V. SUMMARY 141 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY 144 CURRICULUM VITAE 14 I. Introduction The developing fetus presents α paradox of sorts. On one hand, its arterial blood oxygen tension is only 20 to 30 torr as compared with adult values of about 100 torr. In addition, its rate of oxygen consumption is twice that of the adult per unit weight (8 vs 4 mUmin . kg ), and its oxygen reserve (that amount of oxygen contained in its blood and tissues) is only enough to meet its metabolic needs for one to two minutes. On the other hand, fetal blood oxygen affinity in humans and most other species exceeds that of the adult, and its blood O« capacity (a function of the hemoglobin concentration) is greater than that of the adult, at least during the later part of pregnancy. A complicating factor is that the flow of maternal and fetal blood to the placental exchange area must be reasonably matched for optimal oxygen transfer and transport to the fetal tissues. The question naturally arises how these and other factors interact to fit the fetus for its unique existence and optimal development. An additional question concerns the factors which limit placental oxygen transfer and the fetus' ability to withstand alterations in this exchange process. Because the integrity of neural and other vital cells require a relatively unin­ terrupted oxygen supply, the processes whereby oxygen cascades by convection and diffusion from the mother's ambient environment to the cristae of the fetal mitochondria must be exquisitely regulated at each step. A critical link in this chain of sequential events is the placenta where a volume of oxygen sufficient to supply fetal needs must diffuse across the membranes from maternal to fetal blood during the short time the two circulations are in close contact. This process is a function of maternal and fetal arterial O- partial pressures, maternal and fetal hemoglobin O« affinities, maternal and fetal placental hemoglobin flow rates, the diffusing capacity of the placenta, the vascular relations of maternal to fetal vessels, the amount of CO- exchanged, and several other factors (Longo et al., 1972). 15 Eoch of these Factors in turn consists of numerous component elements. Tight coupling between the oxygen transport characteristics of both maternal and fetal blood and the respective blood flows is required. This subject is of importance in understanding the physiologic factors which affect placental oxygen exchange, their interactions, dynamics, and specific control mechanisms. In addition, the topic is of clinical importance in understanding the basis of normal and abnormal placental exchange and fetal oxygenation during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Therefore the first part of the thesis attempts to synthesize into a coherent whole many of the isolated and seemingly inconsequential findings reported during the past decade or so. It seeks to derive an understanding of the role of maternal and fetal blood oxygen tensions, blood O- affinities and capacities, and blood flows in affecting transplacental oxygen exchange, and thus oxygenation of the fetus. Specific questions which we will address include the following: 1) How is the physiologic function of maternal hemoglobin correlated with its chemical structure? 2) What changes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Developmental Genetics of Hemoglobin Synthesis in Chironomus Darrel Starr English Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1968 The developmental genetics of hemoglobin synthesis in Chironomus Darrel Starr English Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Genetics Commons Recommended Citation English, Darrel Starr, "The developmental genetics of hemoglobin synthesis in Chironomus " (1968). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 3660. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/3660 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 6 8-14,785 ENGLISH, Barrel Starr, 1936- THE DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS IN CHIRONOMUS. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1968 Biology- Genetics University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS IN CHIRONOMUS by Darrel Starr English A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Genetics Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of MajdA Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head ^ Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Teresa Haigh Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
    r DIELECTROPHORETIC INVESTIGATIONS OF HAEMATOLOGICAL CELLS PROCEDURES AND APPLICATIONS Teresa Haigh Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of York Department of Biology March 1995 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my family and friends for all their support. 11 ABSTRACT The dielectrophoretic phenomenondescribes the translationalmotion of a particle such as a biological cell, in responseto a non-uniform electric field. Both the magnitude and the direction of the induced movementare dependentupon the electrical properties of the cell with respectto its surroundingsand thus are a function of cell composition, and vary according to the alternation frequency of the electric field. Quantification of the responsein terms of the number of cells which exhibit positive dielectrophoretic behaviour, i. e. towards greatestfield intensity, as a function of field frequency,enables characteristicspectra to be compiled. Exploitation of a dielectrophoretic technique for biological analysis offers several advantages; notably that measurements are non-invasive and require no pre- modification of the cell, thus potentially permitting the separation of populations of viable cells. The clinical applications of this phenomena have to date been restricted, since methods for investigating dielectrophoretic response have relied upon manual quantification and been limited by cell sample size. Such difficulties have been minimised by the development of automated detection and analysis systems, enabling a typical collection spectra to be generated within an hour. The development of a dielectrophoretic technique for rapid analysis of haematological cells has been described. A computer-based system was used to control voltage application to a micro-electrode chamber through which a cell suspension was circulated.
    [Show full text]
  • 8.5 X12.5 Doublelines.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87519-6 - Disorders of Hemoglobin: Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management, Second Edition Edited by Martin H. Steinberg, Bernard G. Forget, Douglas R. Higgs and David J. Weatherall Index More information anti-inflammatory therapy, 762–763 thalassemia-related complications, 779 sulfasalazine, nuclear factor (NF)-kB, 762 transplant-related complications, 778–779 targeting ET-1, 762–763 ␤S-linked haplotypes, African/Indo-European, anti-oxidant therapy targeting erythrocyte, 638–640 765–766 burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), 10, 29 deferiprone, 765 oral glutamine, 765 calcium-activated potassium channel (Gardos oral N-acetyl-cysteine, 765–766 pathway), 167–168 anti-oxidant therapy targeting vascular, 763–765 capillary electrophoresis, 660 Index Apo A-I mimetics, 764 capillary IEF, 660 NO, 763–764 carbon monoxide poisoning, 613–616 statins, 764 clinical features, 615 xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 764–765 diagnosis, treatment, 615–616 anti-thrombotic therapy epidemiology, 613–614 ␤-thalassemia, 761–762 cardiac, arterial abnormalities, 151 sickle cell disease, 761–762 cardiac abnormalities, ATRX syndrome, 305 aortagonad-mesonephros (AGM), 6 cardiovascular disease, 652 Apo A-I mimetics, 764 cation content, cellular hydration, 164–172 apoptosis, vasculature permeability, 193–194 calcium-activated potassium channel, 167–168 assays, assay systems, 7, 142 cation permeability alterations, 166–167 ATMDS. See ␣ thalassemia-myelodysplastic cell calcium, calcium pump activity, 167 syndromes cell sodium,
    [Show full text]
  • Newborn Screening Result for Bart's Hemoglobin
    NEWBORN SCREENING RESULT FOR BART’S HEMOGLOBIN Physician’s information sheet developed by the Nebraska Newborn Screening Program with review by James Harper, MD, Pediatric Hematologist with UNMC Follow-up program, and member of the Nebraska Newborn Screening Advisory Committee. BACKGROUND The alpha thalassemias result from the loss of alpha globin genes. There are normally four genes for alpha globin production so that the loss of one to four genes is possible. The lack of one gene causes alpha thalassemia 2 (silent carrier) with no clinically detectable problems but may cause small amounts of hemoglobin Barts to be present in newborn blood samples. Alpha thalassemia trait (Alpha thalassemia 1) results from loss of two genes and causes a mild microcytic anemia which may resemble iron deficiency anemia. The loss of three genes causes hemoglobin H diseases which is a moderately severe form of thalassemia. The lack of all four genes causes hydrops fetalis and is usually fatal in utero. In general, only the loss of one or two genes is seen in African Americans. Individuals from Southeast Asia and the Mediterranean may have all four types of alpha thalassemia. The percentage of hemoglobin Barts in the blood sample may indicate the number of alpha genes that have been lost. However, the percentage of hemoglobin Barts is not directly measurable with the current methodology used by the newborn screening laboratory. Only the presence of Barts hemoglobin in relation to fetal and adult hemoglobin, and variants S, C, D and E can be detected. RECOMMENDED WORK UP In addition to the standard newborn hemoglobinopathy confirmation (hemoglobin electrophoresis), to separate those patients with alpha thalassemia silent carrier from the patients with alpha thalassemia trait, we recommend that these babies have the following labs drawn at their 6 month well baby check: CBC with retic count, ferritin, and a hemoglobin electropheresis.
    [Show full text]
  • LOINC Top 2000++ Lab Observations V1.6 (PDF)
    LOINC Mapper's Guide to Top 2000++ US Lab Tests v1.6 June 2017 Page 1 of 112 B C EFGH I P LOINC # Long Common Name Class Rank Example Example Comments System Override UCUM UCUM Adjusted 1 Display 2 General Guidance 1) Ask your test kit and instrument manufacturer(s) and referral labs about which LOINC codes are relevant for their products. Increasingly, test kit and instrument manufacturers are requesting LOINC codes for their new test. Some of the larger manufacturers have mapped their routine tests done on to LOINC codes. Check with these in vitro diagnostic companies for the LOINC codes relevant for their tests. In addition, the largest referral laboratories in the US have mapped their high- to medium-volume tests to LOINC. Getting the LOINC mappings from either of these sources will save you time. 2) When mapping, search against the LOINC common test list. In RELMA and on search.loinc.org you can set the search parameters to only look at the common tests. Work through the mapping by lab section. Realize that LOINC does not encompass terms that may be used in your lab system for internal accounting or “diagnostic” variables that are provided as indicators that might be used to trigger a follow up test, but are not supposed to be reported to the ordering provider because the results are not reliable enough. Blood cell counters usually report such indicators. 3) Obtain a master list of tests for mapping. RELMA has a function that will convert a large set of HL7 result (ORU) messages into a database that carries the name of the order, the units of measure, and sample data that can be the source of frequency statistics for deciding which terms to tackle first.
    [Show full text]
  • Code Lists Page 1
    Code lists Page 1 Code lists AESEV Page 2 AESEV Codelist Name: Severity/Intensity Scale for Adverse Events Description: A scale that defines the degree or state of disease existing in a patient as a result of the occurrence of an adverse event. (NCI) C41338,1; Grade 1 C41339,2; Grade 2 C41340,3; Grade 3 AGEU Page 3 AGEU Codelist Name: Age Unit Description: Those units of time that are routinely used to express the age of a subject. C25301,Days C25529,Hours; h; hr C29846,Month C29844,Week C29848,Year CMDOSFRM Page 4 CMDOSFRM Codelist Name: Concomitant Medication Dose Form Description: A terminology subset of the CDISC SDTM Pharmaceutical Dosage Form codelist created for CDASH Concomitant Medication Dose Form codelist. (NCI) C42887,AEROSOL; aer C25158,CAPSULE; cap C28944,CREAM; C42933,GAS; C42934,GEL; C42966,OINTMENT; oint C42968,PATCH; C42972,POWDER; C42989,SPRAY; C42993,SUPPOSITORY; supp C42994,SUSPENSION; susp C42998,TABLET; tab CMDOSFRQ Page 5 CMDOSFRQ Codelist Name: Concomitant Medication Dosing Frequency per Interval Description: A terminology subset of the CDISC SDTM Frequency codelist created for CDASH Concomitant Medication Dosing Frequency per Interval codelist. (NCI) C64496,BID; BD; Twice per day C64499,PRN; As needed C25473,QD; Daily C64530,QID; 4 times per day C64498,QM; Every Month; Per Month C64525,QOD; Every other day C64527,TID; 3 times per day C17998,UNKNOWN; U; UNK; Unknown CMDOSU Page 6 CMDOSU Codelist Name: Concomitant Medication Dose Units Description: A terminology subset of the CDISC SDTM Unit codelist created for CDASH Concomitant Medication Dose Units codelist. (NCI) C48480,CAPSULE; Capsule Dosing Unit; cap C48155,g; Gram C48579,IU; IE; International Unit C28253,mg; Milligram C28254,mL; Milliliter; cm3 C65060,PUFF; Puff Dosing Unit C48542,TABLET; Tablet Dosing Unit; tab C48152,ug; Microgram; mcg CMROUTE Page 7 CMROUTE Codelist Name: Concomitant Medication Route of Administration Description: A terminology subset of the CDISC SDTM Route codelist created for CDASH Concomitant Medication Route of Administration codelist.
    [Show full text]
  • Questioning the Functional Relevance of Mitochondrial Supercomplexes by Time-Resolved Analysis of the Respiratory Chain
    Questioning the functional relevance of mitochondrial PNAS PLUS supercomplexes by time-resolved analysis of the respiratory chain Martin Trouillarda, Brigitte Meunierb, and Fabrice Rappaporta,1 aInstitut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Univ P et M Curie, 13 rue P et M Curie, 75005 Paris, France; and bCentre de Génétique Moléculaire, Unité Propre de Recherche 3404 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Edited by Marten Wikstrom, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, and accepted by the Editorial Board September 19, 2011 (received for review June 13, 2011) Mitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells as they feed zation. Since then, many supercomplex assemblies from a wide metabolism with its major substrate. Oxidative-phosphorylation variety of organisms or organs have been biochemically charac- relies on the generation, by an electron/proton transfer chain, of terized, with a large diversity of stoichiometries and complex an electrochemical transmembrane potential utilized to synthesize compositions [see e.g., the recent exhaustive review by Lenaz and ATP. Although these fundamental principles are not a matter of Genova (11)]. This culminated in the isolation by Acin-Pérez, debate, the emerging picture of the respiratory chain diverges et al. of a functional “respirasome” from mammal cells, transfer- from the linear and fluid scheme. Indeed, a growing number of ring electrons all the way from NADH or succinate to molecular pieces of evidence point to membrane compartments that possibly oxygen (12). In addition, the composition and abundance of the restrict the diffusion of electron carriers, and to supramolecular biochemically characterized supercomplexes have been shown to assembly of various complexes within various kinds of super- vary with growth or physiological conditions (13, 14), supporting complexes that modulate the thermodynamic and kinetic proper- their physiological significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Ofbiotechnology
    Journal of Biotechnology 187 (2014) 1–9 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Biotechnology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jbiotec In vivo biodistribution and oxygenation potential of a new generation of oxygen carrier Tony Le Gall a,b, Valérie Polard c, Morgane Rousselot c, Auréline Lotte c, Mouna Raouane d, Pierre Lehn a,b, Paule Opolon e, Elisabeth Leize f, Eric Deutsch d, Franck Zal c, Tristan Montier a,b,g,∗ a Unité INSERM 1078, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, 46 rue Félix Le Dantec, CS51819, 29218 Brest Cedex 02, France b Plateforme SynNanoVect, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, 22 rue Camille Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France c HEMARINA SA, Aéropôle centre, Biotechnopôle, 29600 Morlaix, France d Unité INSERM 1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire, Université Paris XI, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France e Unité de Pathologie Expérimentale, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France f CHRU de Brest, Département de Prothèses, UFR Odontologie, Brest F29238, France g DUMG, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CHRU de Brest, service de biochimie et de pharmaco-toxicologie, 5 avenue du Maréchal Foch, 29200 Brest, France article info a b s t r a c t Article history: Natural giant extracellular hemoglobins (Hbs) from polychaete annelids are currently actively inves- Received 3 October 2013 tigated as promising oxygen carriers. Their powerful oxygenating ability and their safety have been Received in revised form 4 July 2014 demonstrated in preclinical studies, motivating their development for therapeutic and industrial applica- Accepted 7 July 2014 tions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hematology Notes Blood/ Hematology Danil Hammoudi.MD
    Hematology notes Blood/ Hematology Danil Hammoudi.MD HTTP://Sinoemedicalassociation.or/AP2/ Page | 1 Blood is a connective tissue whose matrix is fluid. It is composed of: 1. red corpuscles, 2. white cells, 3. platelets, 4. blood plasma. It is transported throughout the body within blood vessels. • Blood is sometimes considered to be a fluid connective tissue because of the mesenchymal origin of its cells and a low ratio of cells to liquid intercellular substance, the blood plasma. • In human adults about 5 liter of blood contribute 7-8 % to the body weight of the individual. • The contribution of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to the total volume of the blood (haematocrit) is about 43%. • Erythrocytes are the dominant (99%) but not the only type of cells in the blood. • We also find leukocytes and, in addition, blood platelets. Erythrocytes, leukocytes and blood platelets are also being referred to as the formed elements of the blood. • Erythrocytes and blood platelets perform their functions exclusively in the blood stream. • In contrast, leukocytes reside only temporarily in the blood. • Leukocytes can leave the blood stream through the walls of capillaries and venules and enter either connective or lymphoid tissues. Hematology notes Page | 2 Hematology notes Page | 3 Blood facts • Approximately 8% of an adult's body weight is made up of blood. • Females have around 4-5 litres, while males have around 5-6 litres. This difference is mainly due to the differences in body size between men and women. • Its mean temperature is 38 degrees Celcius. • It has a pH of 7.35-7.45, making it slightly basic (less than 7 is considered acidic).
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2017/070364 Al 27 April 2017 (27.04.2017) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2017/070364 Al 27 April 2017 (27.04.2017) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, A61K 39/395 (2006.01) C07K 16/18 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, C07K 16/00 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, (21) International Application Number: KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, PCT/US20 16/057942 MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (22) International Filing Date: OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, 20 October 2016 (20.10.201 6) SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (25) Filing Language: English ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 62/244,655 2 1 October 2015 (21. 10.2015) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (71) Applicant: QOOLABS, INC. [US/US]; 4186 Sorrento TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, Valley Blvd., Suite D/E, San Diego, CA 92121 (US).
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical Responses in Penaeids Caused by Contaminants
    Aquaculture 191Ž. 2000 163±168 www.elsevier.nlrlocateraqua-online Biochemical responses in penaeids caused by contaminants Afonso Celso Dias Bainy ) Departamento de Bioquõmica,ÂàCentro de Ciencias Biologicas, UniÕersidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900 Brazil Received 1 March 2000; accepted 9 May 2000 Abstract The shrimp aquaculture industry has become increasingly aware of the need for developing sensitive and precise diagnostic toolsŽ. Biomarkers with predictive capability for assessing the toxic effect of commonly encountered chemicals on shrimp culture. Potentially damaging com- pounds used in shrimp culture include disinfectants, therapeutics, feed additives, algicidals, pesticides, and fertilizers. These chemicals may cause biological damage at all life stages during shrimp production. Since many chemicals may be stressors to the organisms, lower production rates may occur, compromising the sustainability of the shrimp production. This manuscript gives a brief overview about toxic effects associated with the chemicals used directly or indirectly during shrimp production. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Penaeid; Biomarker; Contamination 1. Introduction In many countries, the consumption of shrimps has grown yearly but the natural stocks of these decapod crustaceans have been intensively depleted. Alternatively, shrimp culture has been adopted and consolidated as one of the largest profitable aquaculture activities all over the world. Methods of shrimp cultivation adopted by the shrimp aquaculture companies vary from intensive farming to extensive rearing systems. The former requires auxiliary inputs and capital, while the second is to a great extent dependent on natural processes ) Tel.: q55-48-3316561; fax: q55-48-3319672. E-mail address: [email protected]Ž.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 4 Functional Biochemistry
    МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ'Я УКРАЇНИ Харківський національний медичний університет PART 4 FUNCTIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY Self-Study Guide for Students of General Medicine Faculty in Biochemistry ЧАСТИНА 4 ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНА БІОХІМІЯ Методичні вказівки ДЛЯ ПІДГОТОВКИ ДО ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ З БІОЛОГІЧНОЇ ХІМІЇ (Для студентів медичних факультетів) Затверджено вченою радою ХНМУ. Протокол № 4 від 27.04.2017 р. Approved by the Scientific Council of KhNMU. Protocol 4 (April 27, 2017) Харків ХНМУ 2017 Self-study guide for students of general medicine faculty in biochemistry. Part 4. Functional biochemistry / comp. O. Nakonechna, S. Stetsenko, L. Popova, A. Tkachenko. – Kharkiv : KhNMU, 2017. – 80 p. Методичні вказівки для підготовки до практичних занять з біологічної хі- мії (для студентів медичних факультетів). Частина 4. Функціональна біохімія / упоряд. О.А. Наконечна, С.О. Стеценко, Л.Д. Попова, А.С. Ткаченко. – Харків : ХНМУ, 2017. – 80 с. Authors Nakonechna O. Stetsenko S. Popova L. Tkachenko A. Автори: О.А. Наконечна С.О. Стеценко Л.Д. Попова А.С. Ткаченко - 2 - SOURCES For preparing to practical classes in "Biological Chemistry" Basic Sources 1. Біологічна і біоорганічна хімія: у 2 кн.: підручник. Кн. 2. Біологічна хі- мія / Ю.І. Губський, І.В. Ніженковська, М.М. Корда, В.І. Жуков та ін.; за ред. Ю.І. Губського, І.В. Ніженковської. – К.: ВСВ «Медицина», 2016. – 544 с. 2. Губський Ю.І. Біологічна хімія. Підручник / Губський Ю.І. – Київ- Вінниця: Нова книга, 2007. – 656 с. 3. Губський Ю.І. Біологічна хімія / Губський Ю.І. – Київ–Тернопіль: Укрмедкнига, 2000. – 508 с. 4. Гонський Я.І. Біохімія людини. Підручник / Гонський Я.І., Максимчук Т.П., Калинський М.І. – Тернопіль: Укрмедкнига, 2002.
    [Show full text]