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PDF EPUB} Benjomin De Derde by Mendele Moykher-Sforim Mendele Mocher Sforim Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Benjomin de Derde by Mendele Moykher-Sforim Mendele Mocher Sforim. — December 21, 1835 (O.S.) = January 2, 1836 (N.S.), Kapyl ,( מענדעלע מוכר ספֿרים , Mendele Mocher Sforim (also Moykher , also Sfarim שלום , November 25, 1917 (O.S.) = December 8, 1917 (N.S.). "Mendele the book peddler," is the pseudonym of Sholem Yankev Abramovich Russian: Соломон Моисеевич Абрамович — Solomon Moiseyevich Abramovich), Jewish author and one of the founders) יעקב ַאבר ַאמ ָאװיטש of modern Yiddish and Hebrew literature. Contents. Youth. Mendele was born to a poor family in Kapyl near Minsk. His father, Chaim Moyshe Broyde, died shortly after he became a Bar Mitzvah. He studied in yeshiva in Slutsk and Vilna until he was 17; during this time he was a day-boarder under the system of Teg-Essen , barely scraping by, and often hungry. Mendele next traveled extensively around Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania at the mercy of an abusive beggar named Avreml Khromoy (Russian for "Avreml the Lame"; Avreml would later become the source for the title character of Fishke der Krumer , Fishke the Lame ). In 1854, Mendele settled in Kamianets-Podilskyi, where he got to know writer and poet Avrom Ber Gotlober, who helped him to understand secular culture, philosophy, literature, history, Russian and other languages. Early work. Mendele's first article, "Letter on Education" , appeared in 1857 in the first Hebrew newspaper, Hamagid ; his mentor Gotlober submitted Mendele's school paper without Mendele's prior knowledge. At Berdychiv in the Ukraine, where he lived in 1858-1869, he began to publish fiction both in Hebrew and Yiddish. Having offended the local powers with his satire, he left Berdichev to train as a rabbi at the relatively theologically liberal, government-sponsored rabbinical school in Zhytomyr, where he lived in 1869-1881, and became head of traditional school (Talmud Torah) in Odessa in 1881. He lived in Odessa until his death in 1917. Grandfather of Yiddish literature. Mendele initially wrote in Hebrew, coining many words in that language, but ultimately switched to Yiddish in order to expand his audience. As did Sholem Aleichem, he used a pseudonym because of the perception at the time that as a ghetto vernacular, Yiddish was not suited to serious literary work — an idea he did much to dispel. His writing strongly bore the mark of the Haskalah. He is considered by many to be the "grandfather of Yiddish literature," a name applied by Sholem Aleichem in the dedication to his novel Stempenyu [ 1 ] ; his style in both Hebrew and Yiddish has strongly influenced several generations of later writers. While the tradition of journalism in Yiddish had a bit more of a history than in Hebrew, Kol Mevasser , which he supported from the outset and where he published his first Yiddish story "Dos Kleine Menshele" ("The Little Man") in 1863, is generally seen as the first stable and important Yiddish newspaper. Ideology and later work. Sol Liptzin writes that in his early Yiddish narratives, Mendele "wanted to be useful to his people rather than gain literary laurels". [Liptzin, 1972, 42] "The Little Man" and the unstaged 1869 drama Di Takse ("The Tax") both condemned the corruption by which religious taxes (in the latter case, specifically the tax on kosher meat) were diverted to benefit community leaders rather than the poor. This satiric tendency continued in Die Klatshe ( The Dobbin , 1873) about a prince, a stand-in for the Jewish people, who is bewitched and becomes a much put-upon beast of burden, but maintains his moral superiority throughout his sufferings (a theme evidently influenced by the Apuleius' classical picaresque novel The Golden Ass). His later work became more humane and less satiric, starting with Fishke (written 1868-1888) and continuing with the unfinished Masoes The Wanderings of Benjamin III , 1878), something of a Jewish Don Quixote . (The title is a reference ) (מסעות בנימין השלישי) Beniamin Hashlishi to the well-known travel book of the Medieval Spanish-Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela.) As with Fishke , Mendele worked on and off for decades on his long novel Dos Vinshfingeril ( The Wishing Ring , 1865-1889); at least two versions preceded the final one. It is the story of a maskil —that is, a supporter of the Haskalah , like Mendele himself—who escapes a poor town, survives misery to obtain a secular education much like Mendele's own, but is driven by the pogroms of the 1880s from his dreams of universal brotherhood to one of Jewish nationalism. The first English translation, by Michael Wex (author of Born to Kvetch) was published in 2003. His last major work was his autobiography, Shlome Reb Chaims , completed shortly before his death. Mendele Moïkher Sforim. Mendele le marchand de livres »), pseudonyme de Cholem Yankev Abramovich » מענדעלע מוכר ספֿרים : Mendele Moïkher Sforim (yiddish russe : Соломон Моисеевич Абрамович Solomon Moïseyevich Abramovitch ), est un auteur juif du XIX e , שלום יעקב ַאבר ַאמ ָאװיטש : yiddish) siècle (Kapyl, le 2 janvier 1836 C.J. - Odessa, le 8 décembre 1917 ), considéré comme le « grand-père de la littérature yiddish » et l’un des fondateurs de la littérature hébraïque moderne. Il est le père du poète et traducteur Mikhaïl Abramovitch (1859-1940) et le grand-père de l'aviateur Vsevolod Abramovitch. Sommaire. Jeunesse. Mendele est né dans une famille pauvre de Kopyl près de Minsk alors en Russie (actuellement capitale de la Biélorussie) et a perdu son père, Chaim Moyshe Broyde, peu de temps après sa Bar Mitsva. Il étudie dans une yechiva à Slutsk et à Vilnius jusqu'à l'âge de 17 ans ; durant cette période, il est interne de jour avec le système du Teg-Essen (mangeant chaque jour dans une maison différente), dévorant les restes, et souvent affamé. Après, Mendele voyage énormément en Biélorussie, en Ukraine et en Lituanie en compagnie d'un mendiant grossier du nom de Avreml Khromoy (du russe : « Avreml le boiteux » ; Avreml deviendra par la suite une source d'inspiration pour le personnage principal de Fishke der Krumer , Fishke le boiteux ). En 1854, Mendele s'installe à Kamianets-Podilskyï, où il fait connaissance de l'écrivain et poète Avrom Ber Gotlober, qui l'aide à apprendre la culture profane, la philosophie, la littérature, l'histoire, le russe et d'autres langues. Premières œuvres. Le premier article de Mendele, « Lettre sur l'éducation », paraît en 1857 dans le premier journal en hébreu, Hamaggid . Son mentor, Gotlober, avait soumis l’article de son protégé au journal sans l’en avertir au préalable. À Berditchev, en Ukraine, où il vit de 1858 à 1869, il commence à publier des romans aussi bien en hébreu qu'en yiddish. Ayant offensé les autorités locales avec sa satire, il quitte Berditchev pour enseigner à l'école rabbinique de Jytomyr, subventionnée par le gouvernement et relativement libérale du point de vue théologique. Il reste dans cette ville de 1869 à 1881, puis s'établit à Odessa, où il devient responsable d'une école traditionnelle. Il vivra à Odessa de 1881 jusqu'à sa mort en 1917. Grand-père de la littérature yiddish. Mendele écrit initialement en hébreu, inventant de nombreux mots dans cette langue, mais par la suite il passe au yiddish afin d'augmenter son audience. Comme Cholem Aleichem, il utilise un pseudonyme, pensant que l'utilisation de la langue vernaculaire des ghettos, le yiddish, n'est pas adaptée au travail littéraire sérieux; une idée qu'il fera beaucoup pour dissiper. Ses écrits portent fortement la marque de la Haskala. Il est considéré par beaucoup comme le « grand-père de la littérature yiddish » ; son style aussi bien en hébreu qu'en yiddish a grandement influencé plusieurs générations d'écrivains. Bien que l'histoire du journalisme en yiddish soit un peu plus ancienne que celle en hébreu, le Kol Mevasser , qu'il soutient depuis le début et où il publie sa première histoire en yiddish, « Dos Kleine Menshele » (« Le petit homme ») en 1863, est généralement considéré comme le premier journal stable et le plus important en yiddish. Idéologie et dernières œuvres. Selon Sol Liptzin, dans ses premiers récits en yiddish, Mendele « voulait être utile à son peuple plutôt que gagner des lauriers littéraires » [ 1 ] . Le récit « Le petit homme » et la pièce dramatique Die Takse (« La taxe ») de 1869, condamnent tous les deux la corruption concernant les taxes religieuses (et plus spécifiquement la taxe sur la viande cachère) qui sont détournées au bénéfice des dirigeants de la communauté plutôt que d'être distribuées aux pauvres. Cette tendance satirique continue dans Die Klatshe ( Le canasson , 1873) qui raconte l'histoire d'un prince, que l'on peut identifier au peuple juif, qui ensorcelé et transformé en bête de somme, garde sa supériorité morale malgré ses souffrances. Ses œuvres ultérieures deviennent plus humaines et moins satiriques : tout d'abord avec Fishke (écrit en 1868-1888) puis par la suite avec l'œuvre inachevée Masoes Binyamin Hashlishi ( Les pérégrinations de Benjamin III , 1878), un récit picaresque souvent comparé à Don Quichotte et qui vaudra à l’auteur son surnom de « Don Cervantes juif ». Comme avec Fishke , Mendele travaille et retravaille pendant plusieurs décennies à son long roman Dos Vinshfingeril ( L'anneau du désir , 1889); au moins deux versions précèdent la version finale. C'est l'histoire d'un maskil (adepte de la Haskalah ) comme Mendele lui-même, qui s'enfuit d'une pauvre ville, survit misérablement pour obtenir une éducation laïque, mais dont les rêves de fraternité universelle vont se transformer, suite aux pogroms de 1880, en rêve de nationalisme juif. Sa dernière œuvre majeure est son autobiographie, Shloyme Reb Chaims , terminée peu de temps avant sa mort. Mendele Mocher Sforim. ankaŭ konata kiel Moykher, Sfarim; klera.
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