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La Questione Della Sovranità Nel Giappone Del Dopoguerra Secondo Il Diritto Internazionale Pubblico

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La Questione Della Sovranità Nel Giappone Del Dopoguerra Secondo Il Diritto Internazionale Pubblico Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue, economie e istituzioni dell’Asia e dell’Africa mediterranea ex D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea Quando lo Stato è sovrano: la questione della sovranità nel Giappone del dopoguerra secondo il diritto internazionale pubblico Relatore Ch. Prof. Sonia Favi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Giorgio Fabio Colombo Laureando Eleonora Econimo Matricola 865785 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 Indice ❖ Abstract…………………………..……………………………………………......…3 ❖ 要旨……………………………………………………...……………………..……..4 ❖ Introduzione………………………………………………………………………....6 ❖ Capitolo 1………………………………………………………….………………..15 - 1.1. Il diritto arcaico e i primi codici………………………………………………………..16 - 1.1.1. La prima “Costituzione”: il Jūshichijō Kenpō 十七条憲法………………………..……17 - 1.1.2. Il Taihō Ritsuryō 大宝律令………………………………………………………..…….18 - 1.2. Il declino dell’Impero: i codici giapponesi durante il periodo shogunale…………....21 - 1.2.1. La legge dei primi Bakufu………………………………………………………………21 - 1.2.2. Il cambiamenti giuridici di periodo Edo………………………………………………..22 - 1.3. Le pressioni straniere all’apertura di accordi commerciali e il Bakumatsu 幕末..….27 - 1.3.1. La crisi dello shogunato Tokugawa…………………………………………………….27 - 1.3.2. Le “navi nere” statunitensi in Giappone………………………………………………..30 - 1.4. La Restaurazione Meiji (Meiji Ishin 明治維新, 1863)……………………………...…32 - 1.4.1. Le novità in materia giuridico-istituzionale del periodo………………………………..36 - 1.4.2. Le scelte giuridiche degli oligarchi……………………………………………………..39 - 1.4.3. I risultati della missione Iwakura……………………………………………………….41 - 1.4.4. Le prime proposte costituzionali………………………………………………………..42 - 1.5. La Costituzione dell’Impero del Giappone…………………………………………….45 - 1.6. Il periodo Taishō e il primo periodo Shōwa: espansione coloniale e nazionalismo…49 - 1.7. L’occupazione alleata e la nuova Costituzione………………………………………...52 - 1.8. Conclusioni……………………………………………………………………………….55 ❖ Capitolo 2…………………………………………………………………………...57 - 2.1. La sovranità secondo il diritto internazionale pubblico………………………………61 - 2.2. La Costituzione del Giappone del dopoguerra………………………………………...63 - 2.2.1. Struttura, caratteristiche e differenze principali rispetto alla carta Meiji…………….…63 - 2.2.2. L’influenza americana sulla Nihonkoku Kenpō e sul Giappone del dopoguerra……….68 - 2.2.3. La Costituzione dopo l’occupazione, fra prassi e ideale………………………………..77 - 2.3. Teorie sulla Costituzione: imposizione o risultato di una collaborazione?..................81 - 2.3.1. La teoria dell’imposizione………………………………………………………………81 1 - 2.3.2. La teoria della collaborazione…………………………………………………………..85 - 2.3.3. La Costituzione: ultime considerazioni…………………………………………………88 - 2.4. Limitazioni della sovranità giapponese………………………………………………...90 - 2.4.1. L’articolo 9: minaccia alla sovranità?..............................................................................90 - 2.4.2. Sovranità sottratta: il caso di Okinawa e delle isole del nord…………………………..96 - 2.5. Conclusioni……………………………………………………………………………...103 ❖ Capitolo 3………………………………………………………………………….110 - 3.1. La politica estera del Giappone ieri e oggi: quando e perché è cambiata?................113 - 3.1.1. Dalla fine dell’occupazione americana fino alla caduta dell’Unione Sovietica……….113 - 3.1.2. Le avvisaglie di cambiamento…………………………………………………………123 - 3.1.3. I nuovi approcci degli anni Noventa e dei primi Duemila…………………………….127 - 3.2. I governi Abe e le nuove direzioni della politica estera giapponese…...……………135 - 3.2.1. Linee generali delle strategie della politica estera di Abe, dall’insuccesso del primo governo al raggiungimento della stabilità governativa………………………………………..135 - 3.2.2. La questione della revisione costituzionale……………………………………………140 - 3.3. Le sfide internazionali del Giappone: prospettive contemporanee e future delle politiche estere giapponesi…………………………………………………...………………146 - 3.3.1. Stati Uniti……………………………………………………………………………...147 - 3.3.2. Cina……………………………………………………………………………………152 - 3.3.3. Corea del Nord………………………………………………………………………...157 - 3.3.4. Aria di nazionalismo?....................................................................................................160 - 3.4. Le politiche estere giapponesi e la questione della sovranità nazionale…………….164 ❖ Conclusioni……………………………………………………...………………...173 ❖ Appendice...……………………………………………………………………….187 ❖ Bibliografia………………………………………………………………………..191 ❖ Sitografia…………………………………………………………………………..194 ❖ Ringraziamenti……………………………………………………………………199 2 Abstract L’elaborato ha come scopo quello di analizzare la questione della sovranità del Giappone, nel presente e contestualizzandola nella sua storia giuridica, secondo il diritto internazionale. Poiché essa rappresenta un unicum nel mondo ed è diametralmente cambiata dal secondo dopoguerra ai giorni nostri, attraverso l’analisi di compendi giurisprudenziali, di articoli politici e di testi sulla storia e l’evoluzione giuridico-politica del Giappone negli ultimi settant’anni, verrà affrontata un’analisi della sua posizione in quanto entità statale. Pertanto, ci si interrogherà sulla definizione di “Stato sovrano” applicata al Giappone. L’elaborato parte da una panoramica sulla storia giurisprudenziale giapponese a partire dalla prima vera Costituzione fino a quella moderna. Quest’ultima, frutto dell’occupazione americana, è protagonista di un’analisi approfondita, per la particolarità della sua genesi, le controversie scaturite e le considerazioni sulla sua legittimità e autenticità. Una volta illustrata la natura della moderna Costituzione e, soprattutto, del suo articolo più discusso, il nono, sulla rinuncia alla guerra, dalle osservazioni estratte verranno elencate le conclusioni emerse circa la questione della sovranità. Poi, verrà presentata l’evoluzione delle politiche sia interne, sia estere del Giappone, per capire se e come la questione della sovranità sia cambiata. Infine, le conclusioni porranno in comparazione la sovranità del Paese nel passato e nel presente. 3 要旨 「主権国家」とは国際法の基体主体、国家の構成要素のうち、最高・独立・絶対の権力、また は近代的な領域国家における意思決定と秩序維持における最高で最終的な政治的権威を指す。日 本国の歴史において、戦後から１９５２年に後、日本に進駐し、連合国軍(しばしば占領軍と呼ば れた)は、日本国の政府とともに国政を担当した。またアメリカ占領軍が影響を与えた新しい日本 国憲法の平和主義・軍備撤廃原則によって、日本はどのように主権国家として国権を発動するこ とができなかったのだろうか。なぜこのように戦後には日本の実態を考えるにあたり主権国家と みなすことができなかったのだろうか。戦後の日本に比べて、国権は変遷があるのだろうか。 本研究では、戦後から現在に至るまでの日本国の主権の変遷について取り扱いたいと思う。ア メリカ占領軍が外交政策や安全保障政策や国内事情の問題に与える影響の研究を通して戦後の日 本の実態にかけて分析し、そして現在まさに内外政策（特に憲法改正案と集団的自衛権に関する 安倍晋三首相の最近の政策）の分析を通して国権についての変化があれば、この状態がどのよう に変わってきたのか。 このテーマを選んだ理由は、現在進行中の議題だからである。また国権や集団的自衛権の問題 は高い関心をひいている。この論文を書く数ヶ月前（２０１８年 6 月から２０１９年 1 月後に） 安倍内閣は外交政策や集団的自衛権を認めるよう、特に第 9 条について新しい独自の提案を議会 の審議に導いた。過去の歴史を振り返れば、日本国憲法制定後から現在に至るまで、国会議員は たびたび憲法第 9 条改正について議論を重ねてきた。なぜこのように、現在に至るまで第９条改 正への議論が活発になされているのか。日本国憲法第 9 条は絶対平和主義を明言するにもかかわ らず、日本には独立国家の自衛権により、自衛隊が存在する。しかしながら、安倍首相は国権に 関して日本は他の国と同様に可能性がないと言う。2000 年代に世界中で発生したテロ襲撃や日本 に対する北朝鮮の脅迫理由に、安倍晋三首相は完全な国権を回復するため、日本が本格的な戦力 を必要とすると考える。第 9 条の原則「日本国が国権の発動たる戦争と、武力による威嚇又は武 力の行使は、国際紛争を解決する手段としては、永久にこれを放棄する」に従って日本国はどの ような軍隊を持つべきではなく、憲法第 9 条が常に国権の制限を表してきたので今日にも外交政 策の目標を実現できるように安倍首相は憲法改正案を提出している。 本稿は三章に分けた。第一章では近代に至るまでまで連れた変遷が認められるように縄文時代 から明治時代までの日本の法律を分析した。本論文が主権の原則に基づいているだけあって、明 治時代の法律においての一番の関心事は大日本帝国憲法の天皇制の原則である。次に、第二章の 焦点は１９４７年公布した日本国憲法である。言い換えれば、戦後に日本が主権国家であるかど うかわかるように筆者は日本国憲法の発端やアメリカの影響を分析した。第三章では国権に関す 4 る状態が変わったかどうかわかるように 50 年代から現在に至るまでの日本政府の外交政策を研究 した。外交政策や安全保障政策の変動がわかることが国権分析の本質的な点である。さらに、ど のようにして安倍晋三首相の政策が施行されたかわかる必要がある。このように日本が本当の独 立国、国権として決定できるかどうかを議論する。 本研究では、アカデミックな議論についての分析を行なう。しかしながら、政治学者の中で日 本国の主権についての少数の論文が存在する。これらは本論で論じる問題のいくつかの側面に注 目している。例えば、日本国憲法の変更、第 9 条についての考察、戦力に関する日本国の政府の 決定などの問題は研究者たちに関係があるのいくつかの問題である。にもかかわらず、他の研究 者たちの議論が国権の問題については深い関心を示すのである。そのようにして政治学者が興味 深い、深遠な思想や議論を生み出したと考えられる。コロンボ・ジョルジョ・ファビオ、デル・ ベネ・マルコの論文を基盤として日本法律の歴史の第一章に挙げた。１９４７年公布した日本国 憲法と第 9 条の考察と結果に関するアメリカ人、日本人の政治学者の論文は第二章を論じるため に引用した。片岡哲也の論文は日本国憲法が公布された際の日本人の反応を理解するために引用 した扱われる。またボイド・ジェイムスの記事に基づいて日本国憲法に関わる議論が示される。 クーネエ・ケヴィンの著作に基づく戦後の日本の国権の議論について扱う。第三章では、現在の 外交政策についての章であるから五百旗頭真によって書かれた「日本外交 50 年」の論を扱う。日 本における国権の変遷がわかるようにまた２０１３年から安倍首相が提出した内外政策に関する 猪口孝の著作及び日本国憲法改正について戸籍所一の論文を議論する。 結論として、アメリカ占領軍、憲法第 9 条の原則によって戦後は日本国の主権が制限されてい た。しかしながら、６０年代から現在に至るまで内外政策を鑑みると（例えば、アフガニスタン 戦争やイラク戦争の時に自衛隊を派遣小泉首相の決定や自衛隊を増強したの安倍首相の方策）、 日本は主権国家であると筆者は考える。 日本国憲法改正が行われなくても、安倍首相の内外政策上で決定により、今日でも日本は絶対 に主権国家である。太平洋戦争で多くの犠牲者を出して敗北した後の日本は、新たな社会契約、 すなわち広い意味での憲法が必要になるという真理である。実際、国権の原則については国際関 係を規律する国際法では各国の主権が平等で尊重されるとともに制限されるなど多くの問題を残 している。筆者は相対的な主権に関する戸籍の意見に賛成である。すなわち世界中おいて戦争を 防ぐために国々は戦力を制限すべきである。そのために国権が制限されないわけではないが、世 界平和を保障するために戦力に訴えるのはその答えではないと思う。 5 Introduzione Secondo il diritto internazionale, uno Stato si può definire tale se soddisfa determinate caratteristiche: il suo territorio deve essere definito, deve esservi presente una popolazione che vi risiede in forma permanente, deve possedere un governo e la capacità di relazionarsi con gli altri Paesi. Uno Stato riconosciuto è investito di soggettività giuridica, ovvero dell’attitudine astratta a divenire titolare di diritti e obblighi secondo le leggi del diritto internazionale. Questa condizione si verifica in modo automatico, in quanto lo Stato è un ente giuridico sovrano, autonomo e indipendente. 1 Ampliandone la definizione, possiamo descrivere lo Stato utilizzando le parole di Del Giudice: “Lo Stato costituisce la forma di organizzazione del potere politico, cui spetta il monopolio dell’uso legittimo della forza, su una comunità di persone, all’interno di un determinato territorio”.2 Le nozioni di “autonomia” e “indipendenza”, comuni nel linguaggio quotidiano, non necessitano probabilmente di spiegazione, ma potrebbero sorgere dei dubbi su cosa si intenda precisamente con il termine di “sovranità”.
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