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Macarthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan

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Macarthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan Winners in Peace Copyrighted m atrial Winners in Peace MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan Richard B. Finn UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • Oxford Calligraphy by Cecil Uyehara. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. Oxford, England © 1992 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Finn, Richard B. Winners in peace : MacArthur, Yoshida, and postwar Japan / Richard B. Finn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-520-06909-9 (cloth) 1. Japan—History—Allied occupation, 1945-1952. 2. MacArthur, Douglas, 1880—1964. 3. Yoshida, Shigeru, 1878-1967. I. Title. DS889.16.F56 1991 952.04—dc20 90-11275 CIP Printed in the United States of America 123456789 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. @ To Dallas i f V I Copyrighted malerlal . peace hath her victories less renownd than warr" John Milton Sonnet to the Lord Generall Cromwell May 1652 Contents ' ¥ • /"Til List or Illustrations xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction xvii Part L Enemies Face to Face 1 1. Tense Beginnings 5 2. First Encounters 14 3. Planning and Organizing the Occupation 28 Part II. MacArthur's Two Hundred Days 43 4. The First Wave of Reform 47 5. The AUies: Their Role and Reparations 66 6. War Crimes and Punishment by Purge 75 7. The Nev^ Constitution 89 Part III. Japan's Search for Stability 105 8. The Emergence of Yoshida Shigeru 107 9. The Second Reform Wave 123 X 1 n TVie 1 947 T ^ihnr Cri^i^ c\nA the Vieie^t of I osniaa 1 C 1 11. MacArthur, the Auies, and Washington 1j 1 X lie I dllUlC vJL K^KJalllUJll 1 UllLlCa 1 \j3 13. The End of the War Crimes Trials: The Emperor Decides Not to Abdicate 179 Part TV Npw Policies and New Oirpctions 191 1 Q C I*!-. Wasnington intervenes: uraper ana Kennan 15. New Life in Tokyo: Yoshida and Dodge 210 16. Unrest and Violence on the Left 228 rart V . Peace settlement 1 7 Thp Sparrh for Pp^tp 245 lo. 1 ne jvorean war J o 1.7. kJll<tpill^ LllC IT CdCC OClLlClllCllL 270 1* ZAJ, i1 Vt^lie f^lllll^Pii"incT Lllr\( JIV1<1C/\1\^ r" A i"t"Lllulri 1 1 286 21. Signing the Treaties and Ending the Occupation 293 PartVL Aftermath 313 Annpnni YP^ A. Chronology of Main Events 317 B. List of Principal Actors Notes Bibliography 375 T ist of Interviews 397 Index 401 Copyrighted maiefial Illustrations (Illustrations follow page 209) 1. Autographed photograph of General Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito at their first meeting 2. Aerial photograph of Hiroshima, December 22, 1945 3. MacArthur relaxing 4. MacArthur greeting John Foster Dulles on his first trip to Japan 5. Dulles, Ambassador W. J. Sebald, and Prime Minister Yoshida 6. Yoshida signing the peace treaty, as his Japanese co-signers look on 7. Yoshida signing the security treaty 8. Yoshida's calligraphy 9. MacArthur and Yoshida—two old friends 10. Yoshida in retirement xi Copyrighled material Abbreviations ACJ Allied Council for Japan (Allies) ANZUS Auctralid—New Zealand—United States BCOF British Commonwealth Occupation Force CIA Central Intelligence Agency cm Civil Information and Education Section (SCAP) CINC commander in chief CINCAFPAC commander in chief, Army Force Pacific CINCFE commander in chief, Far East CIS Civil Intelligence Section (SCAP) CIU Congress of Industrial Unions (Sambetsu Kaigi) CLKL Kades letter of Jan. 18, 1987, to author CLM Canadian Liaison Mission (Tokyo) CLO Central Liaison Office (Japan) COS chief of staff (SCAP and FEC) DA Department of the Army desp. despatch DCOS deputy chief of staff xiv Abbreviations DOS Department of State DOSB Department of State Bulletin DS Diplomatic Section (SCAP) EROA Economic Rehabilitation of Occupied Areas (United States) ESB Economic Stabilization Board (Japan) ESP economic stabilization program ESS Economic and Scientific Section (SCAP) FDR Franklin D. Roosevelt FEAC Far Eastern Advisory Commission (Allies) FEC Far Eastern Commission (Allies) EEC Far East Command (U.S. military) FO Foreign Office FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States FY fiscal year G-2 Intelligence Section (GHQ) GARIOA Government and Relief in Occupied Areas (United States) GHQ General Headquarters GPO Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (United States) GS Government Section (SCAP) HCLC Holding Company Liquidation Commission (Japan) HSTL Harry S Truman Library, Independence, Missouri ICFRJ International Confederation of Free Trade Unions IMTFE International Military Tribunal for the Far East Int. interview IRAA Imperial Rule Assistance Association JCP Japan Communist Party JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S. military) Copyrighted material Abbreviations XV JERC Japanese Educational Reform Council JFL Japan Federation of Labor (Nihon Rodo Kumiai Sodomei) JNR Japan National Railways JSP Japan Socialist Party JWC Justin Williams Collection, McKeldin Library, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland KJ Kaiso junen (Memories of ten years), by Yoshida Shigeru ltr(s}. letter(s) MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry MMA MacArthur Memorial Archives, Norfolk, Virginia MP military police (U.S. military) NAC National Advisory Council (United States) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDLT National Diet Library, Tokyo NL Nimitz Library, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland NPR National Police Reserve (Japan) NPSL National Public Service Law (Japan) NRAS National Records/Archives, Suitiand, Maryland NRAW National Records/Archives, Washington, D.C. NSC National Security Council (United States) NYT New York Times POLAD poUtical adviser (SCAP) PPS policy planning staff (United States) PRC People's Republic of China PR] The Political Reorientation ofJapan (United States) RFB Reconstruction Finance Bank RG Record Group Copyrighled material xvi Abbreviations RLED Robert L. Eichelberger Diary, Perkins Library, Duke University, Durham, North CaroUna ROC Republic of China (Taiwan) ROK Repubhc of Korea (South Korea) SANACC State-Army-Navy-Air Coordinating Committee (United States) SCAP supreme conunander for the AiUed powers SCAPIN SCAP instruction SD Sebald Diary, U.S. Naval Academy, Nimitz Library, AnnapoUs, Maryland Shoden Showa Denko Company SWNCC State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (United States) tel(s). telegram (s) TIAS U.S. Treaties and Other International Agreements UKLM United Kingdom Liaison Mission USMCR United States Marine Corps Reserve YM Yoshida Memoirs Copyrighted material Introduction I spent five years in Japan during the American occupation. I went there first in October 1945, one month after Japan's surrender, as a naval officer specializing in the Japanese language and spent three months with a team investigating war damage. I returned in 1947 as a fledgling diplomat in the U.S. Foreign Service. My role was modest, handling legal and diplomatic matters in what we called "MacArthur's State De- partment," the Diplomatic Section of SCAP, the headquarters of the supreme commander for the Allied powers. I had the opportunity to see much of the country and take part in some of the discussions and planning that led to the San Francisco peace setdement of 1951. By the time I returned to Washington in 1954, most of the war damage I had seen in Japan in 1945 had been repaired. The terrible shortages in the big cities of food, housing, and jobs had been greatly alleviated. The Japanese were struggling to get their living standard and industrial production back up to prewar levels. Nevertheless, de- spite the economic boost provided by the Korean War, most Americans thought Japan had little hope of developing a self-supporting econ- omy and would probably require huge amounts of foreign assistance for years to come. They also had little doubt that the new constitution imposed by SCAP in 1946 would be quickly revised and that many of the political and economic changes instituted during the occupation would be overturned. Fifteen years later, in 1969, after diplomatic assignments in other xvii Copyrighted material xviii Introduction parts of the world, I became director of Japanese affairs in the State Department. My main task was to orchestrate the planning of the agen- cies in Washington for the return of Okinawa to Japanese control, an act that many Japanese and Americans considered the final step in winding up the war between our two countries. By that time we who had been so gloomy about Japan's future could see how wrong we had been. Our economic forecasts were farthest from the mark but not much worse than our predictions of political reaction. The London Economist, in an eye-opening report in 1962, had been among the first to tell the world about Japan's stunning rise as an economic power.^ Soon people began to worry that Japan was too strong. I have thought a lot in recent years about Japan's remarkable trans- formation and have read many explanations of how it came about. To me several aspects of the occupation have seemed particularly worth exploring. The role of the Japanese, especially of their leaders in govern- ment and business and above all of Yoshida Shigeru, who was prime minister for two-thirds of the occupation, has not received much atten- tion in this country. In Japan, Yoshida has gradually risen from obscu- rity and taken on luster as a leader who stood up to General Douglas MacArthur, the supreme Allied commander, and was able to mitigate the harsher features of the occupation and pave the way for a favorable peace settlement. Yoshida is now generally considered Japan's out- standing prime minister of the postwar era,^ although he has his detrac- tors, as does MacArthur. The general was, of course, the star actor in the occupation drama. But his deeds in Japan have been exaggerated by many including him- self, distorted by the cult of personality he helped create, and dimin- ished by his debacle in the Korean War.
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