Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 168-172

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 11 (2013) pp. 168-172 http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article diversity of Nauradehi wild life sanctuary Sagar (M.P), India

Mukesh Kumar Napit*

Department of Zoology Swami Vivekanand Government College Berasia, Bhopal (M.P.) India *Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

Wild life conservation includes all human efforts to preserve wild from K e y w o r d s extinction. It involves the protection and wise management of wild species and their environment. Some species have become extinct due to natural causes but the Flora and greatest danger to wild life result from human activities. Thus we ourselves have Fauna; created this need for wild life conservation. The progress of man throughout has Diversity; been beneficial for the human race but it is the wild that has suffered through the Endangered years. Invention of sophisticated weapons, industrialization, urbanization, ever species; increasing human population have been some of the major causes for the dwindle Conservation. of our once rich wild life resource. Hunting, clearing of forests, draining of swamps and damming of rivers for irrigation and industry, this is what we appraise of man s progress. These activities have vastly reduced the natural habitats of our wild life and many species are endangered or nearly extinct.

Introduction

Nauradehi wild life sanctuary is a unique Water sources are in equal distribution protected area where in two major river throughout the sanctuary except in the basins of India are encompassed, namely tract in south-west Nauradehi and the Ganges and Narmada. There fourths of Dongargaon ranges. The tract in the the falls in the Ganges (Yamuna) and one middle of the sanctuary has plenty of fourth in the Narmada catchment. This water sources. The tract in the middle of protected area is located in three districts the sanctuary has plenty of water sources. of M.P. namely Sagar, Damoh and The number of water sources per unit area Narsingpur with Sagar as its Head quarters decrease towards north and south. In east thus it is one of the unique protected area the Biarma river acts as the major source where such a great transitional biodiversity of water, Chevla tank is the important exist. The forest is continuous and has water sources in north. Else where Jhiriyas similar ecological and geomorphological form the important water sources. characters in the three districts. Mishra (1961), worked on ecological studies of The sanctuary is situated mostly on some forest of sagar Madhya Pradesh. Vindhyan range of hills. The tract consists 168 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 168-172 of series of level or undulating plains Materials and Methods transversed by broken ranges of low flat topped hills. Vishwakarma, (1986) The forest ecology with respect to geographical studies of diet and health in vegetation, soil texture and climatic Sagar city. condition has observed.

Climatic conditions Field studies were conducted on a full time basis. All these areas were visited regularly form March 2012 to July 2013. The climate of Sagar is seasonal with three The observation presented in this paper are well marked seasons viz. rainy, winter and based on direct observation as well as summer on the basis of temperature, identification and analysis of field rainfall and relative humidity. symptoms and keeping the wild animals under observation for a length of time. The According to climatic condition, rainy field observation were made in certain season in Sagar begins from the middle of definite points in the forest reserves. Time June and continues up to September. of observation made in certain definite Annual rainfall in Sagar during study points in the forest reserves. Time of period March 2012 to July 2013 was observation was restricted to few hours in recorded. Rainfall was respectively the morning and evening as well as. maximum in July, August and mid September, Thus during the one Technique and procedure undertaken was consecutive years viz March 2012 to July is mainly based on keen observation to 2013 total maximum rainfall recorded was 0 locate and identify the specific animals. 1100 C. Animal evidences are normally concentrated along the routes frequently Temperature visited by wild animals. Wild animals move along selected routes in the forest. On the basis of past one year temperature Observations were facilitated by use of record, it is moderate with average binoculars and cameras, diary and pen. minimum and maximum temperature of Most efficient method of observing 13.42°C and 41.40°C respectively. In animals directly was from trees or summer the temperature goes up to 47°C Machans, Basic field observation were and in winter are of high magnitude, based on direct observations, identification mostly mean maximum and minimum and interpretation of field symptoms. temperature range from 41.40°C to 11.44°C respectively. The Indian Board for wild life describes a protected area as an area which is (i) to Relative Humidity afford special protection to wild life in order to enable to re-establish themselves (ii) to afford protection to wild life in and Humidity is an important factor which is around large towns and sacred places. recorded with the growth of herbaceous Such area may be constituted as protected layer, micro flora and disappearance of areas by an order of the government who dead plant material. It was higher in rainy may also fix the degree of protection and season, moderate in winter and least in period of protection (may be temporary or summer season. permanent). 169 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 168-172

Results and Discussion salai), Kajja (Bridelia squamosa), Khumbhi (Careya arbora), Karonda To conclude the study of fauna diversity (Carissa carandas), Amerbel (Cuscuta shows that many wild animal which were reflexa), Shisham (Dulbegia sisso), Tendu found in these forest areas many years (Deispyres exculpta) Gular (Ficus back have now vanished or reduced to a recemosa), Pipal (Ficus religiosa), Kakal very few due to human interference. (Ftacourtia indica), Papara (Gardenia Unprotected areas of forest also need to be latifolia), Dudhi (Holarrhena pubescens), protected so that the fauna diversity of Gunja (Lannea coromendelica), Maulsari these regions is conserved. (Mimusops elegi), Kaim (Mitragyna parviflora), Kamal (Nelumbo nucifera), The forest in the sanctuary are Bijosal (Pterocarpus marsupium), Sagone heterogeneous in composition, extent and (Tectona grandis), Saj (Terminalia alata), distribution. They occur in extensive Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Barra compact tracts as well as interspersed (Terminalia chebula) and Jamun variety informs of structural development. (Syzyalium cumini). The wide diversity occur not only in extent The main fauna observed in the Nauradehi and distribution of forest but arises also sanctuary consisted of amphibians due to seasonal variation in the phenology repetiles, aves and mammals. of the numerous species constituting the deciduous mixed forest crops. These Amphiabians conditions provide a variety of food and cover throughout the year for the animals. Toad (Bufo melanosticus) Rana (Rana Thakur (1994), studies on the biology and tigrina) Tree frog (Rhacophorus), were ecology of chital wild life in relation to observed near of pond water. feeding habitat Nouradehi forest area. Main vegetation consists of Abrus precatorius Ghumchi, Sweet Kakai Testudo (Testudo tactun) were observed Abutilon indieum, Khair (Acacia catechu), near water. (Calotes calotes), were Safed babul (Acacia leucophloea), Babul observed in trees. Wall (Acacia arbica), Kuppi (Acalypha indica), (Hemidactylus maculates), were observed Bel (Ageratur conyzoides), Hathisengar in Machan wall. Python (Python molonus), (Agave Americana), Sohkha (Ageratur Viper or Dobia (Vipera russeli), Dhanman conyzoides), Simaro (Ailanthus excelsa), or rat snake (Ptyas mucosin), Krait Dadmari (Ammannia baccifera), Kalmegh (Bungarus), Sand boa (Gonglophis (Andrographis paniculata), Sitaphal conicus), Tree snake (Leptophis ahactulla) (Annona squamosa), Dho (Anogeissus were observed on land. latifolia), Kardhai (Anogeissus pendula), Dudhi (Asclepias curassvica), Satawar Aves (Asparagus recemosus), Neem (), Kachnar (Bauchinia Pigeon (Columba livia), Parrot (Pisttacula purpurea), Asto (Bauchinia recemosa), eupatera), Quail (Eudynamys livia), Indian Lajbanti (Biophytum sensitivum), Lorikeet (Loriculus vernalis), Crow Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) Semal (Corvus splendens), Wood pecker (Bombax ceiba), Salai (Boswellia serrata (Dendrocapus mahrattensis), were

170 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 168-172 observed in trees. Indian pitta (Pittabra particularly suffered from lack of effective chyura brachyura), were observed on pollinators, viable seed formation and shrubs. Baya or weaver bird (Ploceus natural regeneration, disease etc. Resulting philippinus weaver), were observed on in the depletion and erosion of the Pipal, Khair and Arjun trees. Owl (Bubo diversity in them. livia), were observed on shrubs and trees. Anus or Duck (Anus platyrhnchos), Sarus No conservation strategy can be effective crane (Grus grus), Kingfisher (Alcedo unless taken care of the basic need of the meninting), were observed near pond local communities. A good deal of water. Indian Sandgose (Pterocles exustus biodiversity is also protected through folk erlangeri), were observed in winter tradition. The establishment of Nauradehi season. wild life sanctuary is an appropriate step in promoting in-situ conservation of wild Mammals animals and plant genetic resources at the government level. Chital (Axis axis), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Sambhar (Cervus The Nauradehi wild life sanctuary is rich unicolar), Black buck (Antilope by both floral as well as faunal diversity. cervicapra), Chinkara (Gazella gazella), Due to several biotic and abiotic factors Indian bison (Boselaphus gaurus), Rat there is a risk of its deterioration. So (Golunda ellioti), Squirrel (Funambulus following conservation measures are being palmarum), Hare (Lepus californicus), Bat proposed which may be helpful in (Pteropus), Hyena (Hyaena hyaena), protecting and conserving the biodiversity Jackal (Canis auresus), Tiger (Panthera of Nauradehi wild life sanctuary. Though, tigris), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Grey the Central and State Government has wolf (Canis lupus), Wild cat (Felis taken a step for the conservation as they sylvestris), Mangoose (Herpestes declared the Nauradehi wild life sanctuary edulardsi), Red and black face monkey as protected area. In spite of that there is (Semnopithecus entellus entellus) and lacune and it should be removed. (Presbytus entellus entellus) and Wild pig (Sus cristatus). Displacement of enclave villages; the fifteen villages are located in side the In Nauradehi wild life sanctuary the sanctuary, should be rehabilitate outside dominant animal species are Black buck the protected area by providing the (Antilope cerivcapra), Sambhar (Cervus suitable compensation. This will minimize unicolar), Chital (Axis axis), Nilgai the problem of grazing and cattle pressure (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Chinkara on flora of sanctuary. The harmful weed (Gazella gazella), Jackal (Cunis auresus), flora should be uprooted, burnt at Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena). vegetative stage and replaced by grasses and bamboos. Conservation aspects Tourist should not be allowed to visit The habitat loss due to following factors alone, ecological sensitive areas. Diamond viz: fire, illicit felling, over-grazing and mining and stone quarries are located natural calamities has resulted in the loss outside the reserve boundary. Thus of diversity. Endangered species have environment s guidelines at the industrial

171 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 168-172 site should maintain a minimum distance should also be undertaken. Afforestation of 25 km from ecological sensitive areas. of fuel and fodder species under social The mine also violates Section 2 of Forest forestry programmes may be encouraged Conservation Act, 1986. The huge in the surrounding areas so that the amounts of over burden are dumped pressure on protected forest is checked. around the forest land nearer to protected Studies on reproduction behaviour and area and it is completely barren land. population dynamics of threatened and Therefore the indigenous plant species rare species should be carried out over a should be planted on over burden dumps. period of time in in-situ. The local The nallah carring polluted water with administration and the protected area heavy metal or washout water of Diamond management should initiate a programme Mine at Majgaon flowing through in the or develop a strategy to examine Nauradehi wild life sanctuary which conservation status of vegetation, should be diverted from protected area in communities, habitats and species that are favour of wild-life as well as plant species. threatened and need protection. Diamond mining and stone quarries should be operated by scientific manner, without References much destruction of vegetation and minimum disturbance to wild life. Mishra, G.P., 1961. Ecological studies of some forest of Sagar (M.P.) faculty of Considering the prevailing situation and life sciences department of Botany. diverse plant wealth of the area, emphasis Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya must be laid on the conservation measures, Sagar, (M.P.) India. both in-sit and ex-situ. The in-situ Thakur, S.S., 1994. studies on the biology approach however needs priority for the and ecology of chital wildlife in protection of endangered species, which relation to feeding habitat of have already lost the diversity and are not Nauradehi forest. Department of able to adjust. For effective conservation zoology faculty of the science. Dr. of forest diversity in-situ preservation Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya plots in different forest ecosystems can be Sagar, (M.P.) India. established. Preservation plots are precise Vishwakarma, R., 1996. Geographical example of local level management norms study of diet and health in Sagar city, of biodiversity plots as demarcated forest department of Geography. Dr. Hari area set aside in perpetuity for the Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Sagar, preservation of the forest with no human (M.P.) India. interference beyond what is necessary for their protection and maintenance .

The preservation plots serves as Ecological Reference Centre or Ecological Labs for studying natural ecological processes in isolation from human interference and pressure, thus dealing with wise management of biodiversity. Research on various ecological habitats of endangered species

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