DOCSLIB.ORG

Phytosanitary Measures for Wood Commodities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phytosanitary Measures for Wood Commodities PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES FOR WOOD COMMODITIES Dr. Andrei Orlinski, EPPO Secretariat Joint UNECE // FAO and WTO Workshop Emerging Trade Measures in Timber Markets Geneva, 2010-03-23 What is EPPO? • Intergovernmental organization • Headquarters in Paris • 50 member countries • 2 Working Parties • More than 20 panels of experts • EPPO website: www.eppo.org EPPO Region Why phytosanitary measures are necessary? • The impact of pests on forests is very important. According to FAO data, at least 35 million hectares of forests worldwide are damaged annually by insect pests only. • The highest risk is caused by introduction and spread of regulated pests with commodities Why phytosanitary measures are necessary? • Some examples of economic and environmental damage: - PWN: in Portugal, almost 24 mln euros spent during 2001 – 2009, in Spain, 344000 euros spent in 2009 and almost 3 mln euros will be spent in 2010, in Japan 10 mln euros are spent annually. - EAB: 16 species of ash could disappear from NA - ALB and CLB: Millions of trees recently killed in NA - DED: almost all elm trees disappeared in Europe Emerald ash borer in Moscow Native range of Fraxinus excelsior R U S S I A in Europe Moscow Asian longhorned beetle Ambrosia beetles Pine wood Nematode Pine wood nematode in Japan Basic principles 1. SOVEREIGNTY 9. COOPERATION 2. NECESSITY 10. EQUIVALENCY 3. MANAGED RISK 11. MODIFICATION 4. MINIMAL IMPACT 5. TRANSPARENCY 6. HARMONIZATION 7. NON DISCRIMINATION 8. TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATION Wood commodities • Non-squared wood • Squared wood • Particle wood • Waste wood • Isolated bark • Wood packaging material (in most of cases is not a commodity) Phytosanitary standards regulating international movement of wood • ISPM No 15: Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade 2009 (first version - 2002) – under IPPC • EPPO Standard PM 8/2: Phytosanitary requirements specific to commodities of Coniferae • EPPO Standard PM 8/X: Phytosanitary requirements specific to commodities of Quercus and Castanea (under preparation) Scope of ISPM 15 This standard describes phytosanitary measures to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of quarantine pests associated with wood packaging material (WPM) made from raw wood. It includes dunnage but excludes wood packaging made from processed wood that is free from pests (e.g. plywood). Basis for regulating • Movement of raw untreated WPM as pathway for pests • Use, re-use, repair and remanufacturing • True origin and phytosanitary status difficult to determine Basis for regulating • For above reasons, this standard describes globally accepted measures that should be applied to wood packaging material by all countries to reduce significantly the risk of introduction and spread of most quarantine pests Regulated wood packaging material All forms of wood packaging material • crates, boxes, packing cases, dunnage, pallets, cable drums and spools, etc. But not for: • thin pieces of raw wood <=6 mm • processed wood material, such as plywood, particle board, oriented strand board or veneer, barrels, gift boxes (sufficiently glue, heat or pressure treated or processed) • sawdust, wood shavings and wood wool • wood components permanently attached to freight vehicles and containers Measure for Wood Packaging Material The approved phytosanitary measures include treatments which are combined with the use of debarked wood and marking of the wood packing material. Based on: • the range of pests that may be affected • the efficacy of the measure • the technical and commercial feasibility Measure for Wood Packaging Material • 3 main activities in the production of approved WPM (including dunnage): – manufacturing – treating – marking • Debarked wood must be used for the construction of WPM Re-use of WPM • If it has been treated and marked in accordance with this standard, it does not require re-treatment or re- application of the mark throughout the service life of the unit Repaired WPM • only treated wood or processed wood material can be used for the repair • each added component of treated wood must be marked Remanufactured WPM • may incorporate both new and previously used components • must be retreated and the mark must then be renewed Non-compliance at the point of entry • detention • removal of non-compliant material • treatment • destruction or other secure disposal • reshipment Approved treatments • 2 approved treatments –Heat treatment (HT) –Methyl bromide treatment (MB) Debarked wood • less than 3 cm in width (regardless of the length) or • greater than 3 cm in width, with the total surface area of an individual piece of bark less than 50 square cm Heat treatment (HT) Should be heated in accordance with a specific time-temperature schedule that achieves a minimum temperature of 56°С for at least 30 min throughout the entire profile of the wood Other treatments may be considered HT treatments Approved treatments for WPM • Heat treatment (HT) • Kiln-drying (if it meets requirements for HT) Approved treatments for WPM • Heat treatment (HT) Facility for manufacturing of WPM and furniture Chemical Pressure Impregnation Temperature control Temperature control Methyl bromide (MB) fumigation for WPM The wood packaging material should be fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) according to a prescribed schedule. MB fumigation of WPM • Tarpaulin Fumigation • Container Fumigation • Chamber Fumigation Tarpaulin Fumigation Concentration Monitoring Container fumigation Container fumigation Chamber Fumigation Mobile Fumigation Chambers Marks XX – 000-YY The mark should at minimum include the: - IPPC symbol - country code (ISO two letter) - producer/treatment provider code , unique number assigned by the NPPO - treatment code, IPPC abbreviation according to the approved measure used (HT or MB) Examples XX - 000 XX - YY 000 YY XX – 000 - YY XX - 000 YY symbol IPPC symbol is not a spike of wheat ! Mark example Marking should be • Rectangular or square with border line • Legible and not containing non-required info • Durable and not transferable • Placed in a visible location, preferably on at least two opposite sides of the WPM unit • Not hand drawn • The use of red and orange should be avoided since these colors are used in labeling of dangerous goods. Who could be certified and responsible for the marking? • Sawmill with heat treatment • Producer of wood packaging • Sawmill and producer in one company • Company with reparation of certified wood packaging • Company treating old pallets • Others, if appropriate ISPM 15 Marking – more samples Approval of new or revised treatments • New treatment has to be evaluated first • ISPM 28 : IPPC process for approval of new treatments • If a new treatment or a revised treatment schedule is adopted, material already treated under the previous treatment and/or schedule does not need to be re- treated or re-marked Benefits of ISPM 15 • Reduce the risk of introduction and spread of QPs •Asian Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis •Emerald Ash Borer Agrilus planipennis •Environmental concern: CPM: Replacement or reduction of the use of methyl bromide as a phytosanitary measure (2008) Draft IPPC standards • Measures for wood commodities moved in international trade • Measures for forest seeds • Forest surveillance Forestry Guide on ISPMs is also under preparation EPPO Standard PM 8/2 • Phytosanitary requirements specific to commodities of Coniferae • Developed by the EPPO Panel on Quarantine Pests for Forestry • Passed through the country consultation process • Adopted by the EPPO Working Party for Phytosanitary Regulations in June 2009 • Endorsed by the EPPO Council in September 2009 EPPO Standard PM 8/2 • covers genera, which are recognized to have species which are hosts to the regulated pests specified for the EPPO region: Abies, Juniperus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga • concerns the commodities that are regularly traded, i.e. wood, bark, plants for planting, cut branches, as well as WPM • provides EPPO countries with risk management options EPPO Standard PM 8/X • Phytosanitary requirements specific to commodities of Quercus and Castanea • Developed by the EPPO Panel on Quarantine Pests for Forestry • Passed through the country consultation process • Will be presented to the EPPO Working Party for Phytosanitary Regulations in June 2010 EPPO Standard PM 8/X • covers species of genera Quercus and Castanea, which are recognized to be hosts to the regulated pests specified for the EPPO region • concerns the commodities that are regularly traded, i.e. wood, bark, plants for planting, cut branches, as well as WPM • provides EPPO countries with options for risk management Acknowledgements Mrs. Gillian Allard, Forestry Department, FAO Dr. Yuri Baranchikov, Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Science Thank you for your attention !.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Victoria-Park-Tree-Walk-2-Web.Pdf
    Opening times Victoria Park was London’s first The park is open every day except Christmas K public ‘park for the people’. K Day 7.00 am to dusk. Please be aware that R L Designed in 1841 by James A closing times fluctuate with the seasons. The P A specific closing time for the day of your visit is Pennethorne, it covers 88 hectares A I W listed on the park notice boards located at and contains over 4,500 trees. R E O each entrance. Trees are the largest living things on E T C Toilets are opened daily, from 10.00 am until R the planet and Victoria Park has a I V T one hour before the park is closed. variety of interesting specimens, Getting to the park many of which are as old as the park itself. Whatever the season, as you Bus: 277 Grove Road, D6 Grove Road, stroll around take time to enjoy 8 Old Ford Road their splendour, whether it’s the Tube: Mile End, Bow Road, Bethnal Green regimental design of the formal DLR: Bow Church tree-lined avenues, the exotic trees Rail: Hackney Wick (BR North London Line) from around the world or, indeed West Walk the evidence of the destruction caused by the great storm of 1987 that reminds us of the awesome power of nature. The West Walk is one of three Victoria Park tree walks devised by Tower Hamlets Council. We hope you enjoy your visit, if you have any comments or questions about trees please contact the Arboricultural department on 020 7364 7104.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Feeding Value of Leaves of Woody Plants for Feeding
    Evaluation of the feeding value of leaves of woody plants for feeding ruminants in summer Jean Claude Emile, Remy Delagarde, Philippe Barre, Vincent Niderkorn, Sandra Novak To cite this version: Jean Claude Emile, Remy Delagarde, Philippe Barre, Vincent Niderkorn, Sandra Novak. Evaluation of the feeding value of leaves of woody plants for feeding ruminants in summer. 19. Symposium of the European Grassland Federation (EGF), May 2017, Alghero, Italy. hal-01608208 HAL Id: hal-01608208 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608208 Submitted on 2 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License Evaluation of the feeding value of leaves of woody plants for feeding ruminants in summer Emile J.C.1, Delagarde R.2, Barre P.3, Niderkorn V.4 and Novak S.1 1INRA, UE 1373 Ferlus, 86600 Lusignan, France; 2Pegase UMR 1348 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France; 3INRA, UR 4 URP3F, 86600 Lusignan, France; 4INRA, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Vetagro Sup, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Abstract The nutritive value of a set of 10 woody forage resources (Italian alder, ash, chestnut, field elm, hazel, lime, black locust, white mulberry, holm oak and vine) was investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Identification Guide
    2048 OPAL guide to deciduous trees_Invertebrates 592 x 210 copy 17/04/2015 18:39 Page 1 Tree Rowan Elder Beech Whitebeam Cherry Willow Identification Guide Sorbus aucuparia Sambucus nigra Fagus sylvatica Sorbus aria Prunus species Salix species This guide can be used for the OPAL Tree Health Survey and OPAL Air Survey Oak Ash Quercus species Fraxinus excelsior Maple Hawthorn Hornbeam Crab apple Birch Poplar Acer species Crataegus monogyna Carpinus betulus Malus sylvatica Betula species Populus species Horse chestnut Sycamore Aesculus hippocastanum Acer pseudoplatanus London Plane Sweet chestnut Hazel Lime Elm Alder Platanus x acerifolia Castanea sativa Corylus avellana Tilia species Ulmus species Alnus species 2048 OPAL guide to deciduous trees_Invertebrates 592 x 210 copy 17/04/2015 18:39 Page 1 Tree Rowan Elder Beech Whitebeam Cherry Willow Identification Guide Sorbus aucuparia Sambucus nigra Fagus sylvatica Sorbus aria Prunus species Salix species This guide can be used for the OPAL Tree Health Survey and OPAL Air Survey Oak Ash Quercus species Fraxinus excelsior Maple Hawthorn Hornbeam Crab apple Birch Poplar Acer species Crataegus montana Carpinus betulus Malus sylvatica Betula species Populus species Horse chestnut Sycamore Aesculus hippocastanum Acer pseudoplatanus London Plane Sweet chestnut Hazel Lime Elm Alder Platanus x acerifolia Castanea sativa Corylus avellana Tilia species Ulmus species Alnus species 2048 OPAL guide to deciduous trees_Invertebrates 592 x 210 copy 17/04/2015 18:39 Page 2 ‹ ‹ Start here Is the leaf at least
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Bark Reaction of Select Tree Species As an Indicator of Acid Gaseous Pollution
    Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 20, No. 3 (2011), 619-622 Original Research Assessment of Bark Reaction of Select Tree Species as an Indicator of Acid Gaseous Pollution Karolina Steindor*, Bernard Palowski, Paweł Góras, Aleksandra Nadgórska-Socha Department of Ecology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland Received: 19 July 2010 Accepted: 6 December 2010 Abstract pH values of the bark of the common tree species black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), European yew (Taxus baccata L.), and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) were evaluated to determine the acid gaseous pollution impact on their bark in eight heavily industrialized cities of southern Poland and relatively unpolluted areas of the Beskidy Mountains, Częstochowa Upland, and Nida Basin. It has been stated that the correlation between SO2 levels in the atmosphere and the reaction of tree bark exists in all investigated tree species. Hence, the reaction of the bark of these species could be used as a simple indicator of air pollution. The results suggest that the European ash bark could be the best bioindi- cator. Keywords: bark pH, SO2 pollution, biomonitoring Introduction The aim of this research was to determine whether the bark of four tree species is suitable for biomonitoring of Gaseous pollution of the atmosphere, harmful for forest acid gaseous air pollution. The pH of the bark of black ecosystems, requires monitoring systems. There is a need to locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), sycamore maple (Acer find methods that allow determining the condition of the pseudoplatanus L.), European yew (Taxus baccata L.), and environment in a given area in an easy and inexpensive way.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Microstructure Ł a Cellular Composite
    Wood microstructure – A cellular composite 1 M.P. Ansell 1.1 Introduction The constituent materials for wood composites are by definition derived from trees and manufactured from a variety of wood products which include logs, sawn timber, strands, chips, fibre or nano-cellulose. It is therefore appropriate to begin a chapter on wood microstructure with an image of trees (Figure 1.1) before exploring the macro-, micro- and nano-scale features of wood. Timber (or lumber) refers generally to wood, harvested from trees, which has been converted into sawn wood at the sawmill and may be used for the manufacture of wood composites such as glue-laminated timber (glulam) and cross-laminated timber. Alternatively the bark from the tree may be removed and logs steamed to allow rotary peeling into veneer for the manufacture of plywood (Chapter 4) and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) (Chapter 6). A further option is to de-bark and process the log into strands, chips or fibre for the manufacture of oriented strandboard, chipboard (Chapter 6) and medium density fibreboard (MDF) (Chapter 5), respectively. The reinforcement for state-of-the-art wood composites may be comprised of nano-cellulose (Abdul Khalil et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2014) derived from the acid digestion of wood in order to exploit the very high-elastic modulus of cellulose. It is therefore essential to understand wood microstructure, as it has a fundamental influence on the properties of wood composites. A cross-section through a Douglas fir trunk is shown in Figure 1.2. The pith at the centre of the tree is surrounded by heartwood, which in turn is surrounded by the sapwood (collectively known as secondary xylem) and finally the vascular cambium where new wood is formed by cell division at the interface with the bark.
    [Show full text]
  • Resistance of Thermally Modified Ash (Fraxinus Excelsior
    Resistance of thermally modified ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood under steam pressure against rot fungi, soil-inhabiting micro-organisms and termites Kévin Candelier, Simon Hannouz, Marie-France Thévenon, Daniel Guibal, Philippe Gerardin, Mathieu Pétrissans, Robert Collet To cite this version: Kévin Candelier, Simon Hannouz, Marie-France Thévenon, Daniel Guibal, Philippe Gerardin, et al.. Resistance of thermally modified ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood under steam pressure against rot fungi, soil-inhabiting micro-organisms and termites. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, Springer Verlag, 2017, 75 (2), pp.249-262. 10.1007/s00107-016-1126-y. hal-02179527 HAL Id: hal-02179527 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02179527 Submitted on 10 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Resistance of thermally modified ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood under steam pressure against rot fungi, soil-inhabiting micro-organisms and termites 1 2 1 1 Ke´vin Candelier • Simon Hannouz • Marie-France The´venon • Daniel Guibal • 3 3 2 Philippe Ge´rardin • Mathieu Pe´trissans • Robert Collet Abstract Thermal modification processes have been have previously been exposed to soil bed test. Thermal developed to increase the biological durability and modification increased the biological durability of all dimensional stability of wood.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Studies of the Water Relations and the Hydraulic Characteristics in Fraxinus Excelsior, Acer Pseudoplatanus and A
    Comparative studies of the water relations and the hydraulic characteristics in Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus and A. opalus trees under soil water contrasted conditions Damien Lemoine, Jean-Paul Peltier, Gérard Marigo To cite this version: Damien Lemoine, Jean-Paul Peltier, Gérard Marigo. Comparative studies of the water relations and the hydraulic characteristics in Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus and A. opalus trees under soil water contrasted conditions. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2001, 58 (7), pp.723-731. 10.1051/forest:2001159. hal-00884172 HAL Id: hal-00884172 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00884172 Submitted on 1 Jan 2001 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. For. Sci. 58 (2001) 723–731 723 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2001 Original article Comparative studies of the water relations and the hydraulic characteristics in Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus and A. opalus trees under soil water contrasted conditions Damien Lemoinea, Jean-Paul Peltierb and
    [Show full text]
  • Certified Wood Species*
    M. Bohlke Corp. 8375 N. Gilmore Road Fairfield, OH P: (513) 874-4400 mbveneer.com [email protected] Wood is Green Preserving and enhancing our natural resources. We have a strong commitment to the preservation and protection of the forests that supply our raw materials. We comply with all forestry standards and regulations by working with timberland owners to responsibly harvest their trees in a selective manner. By purchasing our trees and logs from private landowners and government-owned properties that hire state-certified foresters to mark mature trees for harvest, we are preserving our forests by leaving the smaller trees for further growth and future generations. Through selective harvesting, America’s hardwood forests have been able to regenerate more trees than are harvested. Most trees we use today come from third- or fourth-cut hardwood stands, allowing the temperate hardwoods of North America to regenerate to full mature age within one human lifetime. Only mature trees at the end of their life cycle are viable for veneer manufacturing – young trees do not yield a fine veneer product. For every one hundred trees in the forest, only about seven of them are suitable for veneer quality. In a time when timber regulations are becoming much more stringent, we pride ourselves on carrying a solid inventory of certified veneer and lumber. Responsible utilization of timber mandates that we be productive in our manufacturing processes to produce high yields from our raw material. For years, M. Bohlke Corp. has invested, developed and patented the latest technology to produce the most out of logs.
    [Show full text]
  • European Ash (Fraxinus Excelsior L.) Secondary Forests in Italy: Management System and Timber Properties
    European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) secondary forests in Italy: management system and timber properties Crivellaro A.1*, Giulietti V.2, Brunetti M.3, and Pelleri F.4 1Department Territorio e Sistemi AgroForestali 3IVALSA - Trees and Timber Institute University of Padova Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy Legnaro, Padova, Italy 2Institute of Life Sciences- Land Lab 3 CRA – Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Sperimentazione in Agricoltura Pisa, Italy Forestry Research Centre - Arezzo, Italy ABSTRACT Secondary forests have recently reached a notable importance in terms of extension, increasing the forest area in central Europe, and opening new questions about their management. In the Italian pre-Alpine region ash-lime and ash-sycamore forests cover more than 150.000 hectares. Usually these new forests occupy private lands abandoned after agricultural practices. These forests are generally left to natural evolution or managed as coppice for firewood production. To address possible uses of ash timber from secondary forests, we carried out a physical and mechanical characterization on logs from two study areas in north-eastern Italy. The timber characteristics of two ash stands, aged 37 and 60 years, have been obtained analysing 35 plant stems. We calculated wood density at 12% moisture content, wood basic density, radial and tangential shrinkage, the ratio between tangential and radial shrinkage and module of rupture and module of elasticity. Presence of black heart was estimated in the transverse area on each tested sample. Results show that timber obtained from the two studied stands present good mechanic and physic properties suitable for saw-timber and veneer uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Fraxinus Excelsior L.
    SHEET 2 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) Distribution & Provenance Ash is a native species to Ireland but with a wide natural distribution, ranging across Europe as far as central Russia in the east, the Mediterranean in the south and central Sweden in the north. Ash has a strong ability to regenerate naturally on bare ground or in hedgerows, where it is probably best known A Fuinseog in Ireland. There are no known differences between ash s provenances from different parts of Ireland. Generally, seed h (F used in Ireland is of either Irish or English provenance and has been collected from straight, fast growing trees of good Natural distribution of form. ash ra Silviculture & Management in Ireland Ash requires moist but free draining, nutrient rich and xin sheltered but frost free sites on which to produce quality fast grown timber. Because ash is so site demanding, suitable sites are generally small. Ash is planted at an initial stocking of 3,300 stems per hectare at a spacing u of 2.0 metre x 1.5 metre (2 metres between rows and 1.5 s e metres within rows). Vegetation control is extremely important in ash plantations as it is a species ver y sensitive to competition from weeds for both nutrients xc and moisture. Ash is a strong light demander and must be thinned heavily and regularly. Thinning promotes the development of large crowns which in turn elsi stimulate diameter growth. Deformed, diseased and over aggressive trees are removed at an early stage and pruning of selected stems is also sometimes necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • New York City Ecoflora Treatment of Fraxinus
    New York City EcoFlora Fraxinus (Oleaceae, Olive Family) Ash Description: Trees or rarely shrubs, the bark usually thick and furrowed, sometimes smooth or scaly. Leaves opposite, odd-pinnately compound or rarely simple. Inflorescences in axillary panicles usually borne on twigs of the previous season. Flowers usually reduced and wind pollinated; calyx short-tubular, deciduous or persistent; petals usually 0, rarely 2–4. Fruit a single-seeded samara with a well differentiated wing and seed body or flat and undifferentiated. Where Found: Widely distributed in the northern hemisphere; forest edges, light-gaps and swamps. In some forests across northeastern North America Ash may comprise 50% or more of total trunk diameter (basal area). Natural History: Like Oaks, Ash trees exhibit the phenomenon called masting, producing abundant seed crops some years and few or none in other years. The seeds are an important food source for many birds and mammals. Numerous insects and fungi have co-evolved with Ash. The Ash Bolete (Boletinellus merulioides) is common near Ash trees in New York City. Native and non-native Borers are common on Ash. Some attack already weakened trees while others, such as the non-native Emerald Ash Borer attack healthy trees. Aphids are often present but rarely cause serious harm. Fall webworm may cover branches with webbing. Mites feeding on flowers cause Ash Flower-galls that are mutant flower illustration by Charles Edward Faxon from The silva of clusters that usually persist through the summer. A Rust fungus produces yellow, North America by Charles Sprague Sargent, Vol. 5, cup-like structures with yellow spores.
    [Show full text]
  • Uses of Tree Saps in Northern and Eastern Parts of Europe
    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Journal homepage: pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/asbp INVITED REVIEW Received: 2012.07.22 Accepted: 2012.08.26 Published electronically: 2012.12.31 Acta Soc Bot Pol 81(4):343–357 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2012.036 Uses of tree saps in northern and eastern parts of Europe Ingvar Svanberg1, Renata Sõukand2*, Łukasz Łuczaj3, Raivo Kalle4, Olga Zyryanova5, Andrea Dénes6, Nóra Papp7, Aneli Nedelcheva8, Daiva Šeškauskaitė9, Iwona Kołodziejska-Degórska10,11, Valeria Kolosova12 1 Uppsala Centre for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Uppsala University, Box 514, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden 2 Estonian Literary Museum, Vanemuise 42, 51003 Tartu, Estonia 3 Department of Botany and Biotechnology of Economic Plants, University of Rzeszów, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland 4 Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51014 Tartu, Estonia 5 V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academgorodok 50, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia 6 Natural History Department, Janus Pannonius Museum, Box 158, 7601 Pécs, Hungary 7 Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs, Rókus 2, 7624 Pécs, Hungary 8 Department of Botany, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Dragan Tzankov 8, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria 9 Kaunas Forestry and Environmental Engineering University of Applied Sciences, Liepu 1, Girionys, LT 53101 Kaunas, Lithuania 10 Warsaw University Botanic Garden, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland 11 Institute for Interdisciplinary Research “Artes Liberales”, University of Warsaw, Nowy Świat 69, 00-046 Warsaw, Poland 12 Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tuchkov pereulok 9, 199053 Saint-Petersburg, Russia Abstract In this article we review the use of tree saps in northern and eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]