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Tree Health Management Plan Research Synopsis

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Tree Health Management Plan Research Synopsis Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Tree Health Management Plan Research Synopsis April 2014 Contents Research Synopsis: Chalara ............................................................................................... 1 Research Synopsis: Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae .......................... 4 Research Synopsis: Oak Processionary Moth ..................................................................... 7 Use of Confidence Ratings .................................................................................................. 9 Research Synopsis: Chalara Key facts on Chalara • Chalara dieback of ash is a disease caused by the fungus Chalara fraxinea 1. The disease causes loss of leaves, dieback of the crown of the tree, and usually leads to tree death.2 (CR High) • Chalara fraxinea has infected many species of ash, but with differing intensities3. (CR High) • Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is the most severely affected species and is the only native species of ash in the UK. Young trees are particularly vulnerable to Chalara fraxinea and succumb to disease rapidly.4 (CR High) • There is no evidence that Chalara fraxinea can spread to tree species other than ash or that it is harmful to the health of people or animals. (CR High) • Infection is via air-borne spores produced from fruit bodies on leaf litter. The fruit bodies occur on infected fallen leaves and shoot material in the growing season after infection; trees are likely to need a high dose of spores to become infected.5 (CR High) • Chalara fraxinea infection starts primarily on leaves and is progressive over time with dieback and stem lesions usually manifesting in the next growing season. Leaf symptoms can be detected within two months of infection (experience from Denmark). (CR Medium). • Natural spread is by wind-blown spores (ascospores) from the fruiting bodies.6 Spread can also occur via the movement of infected material through trade. (CR High) • The impact of Chalara fraxinea infection depends on tree age, provenance or genotype, location, weather and microclimate conditions, and presence of honey fungus (Armillaria) or opportunistic secondary pathogens. Trees in forests are likely to be more affected because of the greater prevalence of honey fungus and favourable microclimates for 1 Kowalski T (2006). Chalara fraxinea sp. nov. associated with dieback of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Poland. Forest Pathology 36, 264-270. 2 Kowalski T and Holdenrieder O (2009). Pathogenicity of Chalara fraxinea. Forest Pathology 39, 1–7. 3 Forest Research (2012). Rapid assessment of the need for a detailed Pest Risk Analysis for Chalara fraxinea 4 Kowalski T (2006). Chalara fraxinea sp. nov. associated with dieback of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Poland. Forest Pathology 36, 264-270 Forest Research (2012). Rapid assessment of the need for a detailed Pest Risk Analysis for Chalara fraxinea 5 Timmermann V, Børja I, Hietaka AM, Kirisits T and Solheim H (2011). Ash dieback: pathogen spread and diurnal patterns of ascospore dispersal, with special emphasis on Norway. EPPO Bulletin, 41: 14-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2338.2010.02429.x 6 (Kowalski T (2006). Chalara fraxinea sp. nov. associated with dieback of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Poland. Forest Pathology 36, 264-270. Kirisits T and Cech TL (2009). Zurücksterben der Esche in Österreich: Ursachen, Verlauf, Auswirkungen und mögliche Forstschutz- und Erhaltungsmaßnahmen. Kowalski T and Holdenrieder O (2008). A new fungal disease of ash in Europe. Schweiz. Z. Forstwes 159, 45–50. Queloz V, Grünig CR, Berndt R, Kowalski T, Sieber TN and Holdenrieder O (2010). Cryptic speciation in Hymenoscyphus albidus. Forest Pathology. doi: 10.1111/j.1439- 0329.2010.00645.x. 1 Chalara spore production and infection. Trees cannot recover from infection, but larger trees can survive infection for a considerable time and some might not die. (CR Medium) • 1058 species have been identified as having all or part of their lifecycle associated with ash woodlands in the UK, for example as a habitat, food source or hunting ground. Of these 45 are only recorded on ash and are considered obligate, a further 62 are highly associated but have also been recorded on other species. (CR Medium) 7,8 • No single tree species will be able to fill the niche provided by ash trees in terms of both its ecosystem characteristics (e.g. nutrient cycling and light penetration properties that influence other ground cover) and biodiversity contribution. The most appropriate strategy for managing the biodiversity impacts of ash dieback will vary from site to site. (CR Medium) Key evidence questions Defra-funded research is seeking to address The current research programme is made up of a suite of research projects to: • Identify and exploit resistance (tolerance) for longer-term adaptation and resilience • Identify potential disease management approaches (including chemical treatments and sources of resistance in ash) • Improve the understanding of the pathogen (including spread) • Understand the potential ecological impacts of chalara in woodlands, and how this might help in developing woodland management and monitoring strategies to adapt to the disease 9 Insights emerging from research • Epidemiological models have been used to summarise our current understanding of the progression of the Chalara outbreak in GB. As limited information is available on the biology of the disease, spore dispersal and the infection process, model results are subject to uncertainty. Model outputs indicate that the pathogen is likely to continue to spread in GB although there is potential regional variation with areas in the South East, 7 Mitchell, R.J., Bailey, S., Beaton, J.K., Bellamy, P.E., Brooker, R.W., Broome, A., Chetcuti, J., Eaton, S., Ellis, C.J., Farren, J., Gimona, A., Goldberg, E., Hall, J., Harmer, R., Hester, A.J., Hewison, R.L., Hodgetts, N.G., Hooper, R.J., Howe, L., Iason, G.R., Kerr, G., Littlewood, N.A., Morgan, V., Newey, S., Potts, J.M., Pozsgai, G., Ray, D., Sim, D.A., Stockan, J.A., Taylor, A.F.S. & Woodward, S. 2014. The potential ecological impact of ash dieback in the UK. JNCC Report No. 483 8 Mitchell, R.J., Broome, A., Harmer, R., Beaton, J.K., Bellamy, P.E., Brooker, R.W., Duncan, R., Ellis, C.J., Hester, A.J., Hodgetts, N.G., Iason, G.R., Littlewood, N.A., Mackinnon, M. Pakeman, R., Pozsgai, G., Ramsey, S., Reich, D., Stockan, J.A., Taylor, A.F.S. and Woodward, S. (2014) Assessing and addressing the impacts of ash dieback on UK woodlands and trees of conservation importance (Phase 2). Natural England Report. Natural England. Peterborough, UK. 9 Please note this section summaries insights emerging from current projects. These projects are forthcoming and findings have not been peer reviewed. Finding may be subject to change and therefore some caution should be applied when drawing any conclusions from this section. 2 East and South West most likely to be affected. • It does not appear that the UK climate will restrict the spread of Chalara. For example, laboratory tests indicate that the pathogen will be suited to the UK climate in terms of temperature (growth is optimal between 15-20ºC) and moisture (e.g. rainfall and humidity). In 2013 spore release was recorded at a number of sites in the expected period between June and September10. • The Chalara pathogen has been tested for sensitivity to 17 chemical pesticides. Preliminary results indicate Chalara is sensitive to a number of chemical pesticides under laboratory conditions. Further research will test treatments under field conditions. In addition, further evidence is needed on whether treatments can form part of a practical, cost-effective and sustainable management strategy in some situations (e.g. high-value individual trees).11 Evidence gaps that will be addressed by on-going and future research • Improved understanding of the pathogen’s biology is important to improving models of pathogen spread and severity and develop sustainable and practical management strategies. • Research to produce genetic maps of the pathogen and ash trees is underway. The maps will allow identification and breeding of resistant or tolerant ash trees and, where appropriate, improve detection techniques.12 • Ash saplings have been planted in areas with a high risk of infection to identify trees with resistance or tolerance to the disease. Ash seeds have been collected from a number of locations across the UK to be used in future screening and breeding programmes. 13 • Standardised techniques for producing infection in the laboratory are being developed. This will allow disease development to be assessed under controlled conditions. This will be essential for identifying genetic markers for host resistance for use in breeding 14 programmes. 10 TH0119: Mitigation of impacts of on ash dieback in the UK – an investigation of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph: Chalara fraxinea) and development of methods for detection and containment of disease spread 11 TH0119: Mitigation of impacts of on ash dieback in the UK – an investigation of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph: Chalara fraxinea) and development of methods for detection and containment of disease spread 12 NORNEX: Chalara Resistant Ash Genome Project 13 Th0133: Screening and breeding of common ash, Fraxinus excelsior, for resistance to Chalara fraxinae (Earth Trust) , TH0132: Rapid screening for Chalara resistance using ash trees currently in commercial nurseries
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