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Cum Signo Campanae. the Origin of the Bells in Europe 67 and Their Early Spread I

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Cum Signo Campanae. the Origin of the Bells in Europe 67 and Their Early Spread I Gintautas ŽALĖNAS Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania CUM SIGNO CAMPANAE. THE ORIGIN OF THE BELLS IN EUROPE 67 AND THEIR EARLY SPREAD I. Key words: Bell, tintinnabulum, aes, signum, campana, SACRUM nola, clocca, Celtic hand bell, crater, Marcus Valerius Martial, St. Gregory of Tours, Walahfrid Strabo, Guillaume Durand, Campania, Nola, Pope Sabinian, Pope Stephen II, DIMENSION: THEORIES OF ART AND ARTIFACTS ART OF THEORIES DIMENSION: St. Paulinus, St. Bede the Venerable, Charlemagne. Bell is one of the European culture-specific arte- Italy and added that it was done by St. Paulinus, the facts, firmly rooted in the collective conscious as a Bishop of the already mentioned Nola city. This ver- symbolic figure of multiple meanings. This instru- sion of bell origin is repeated many times in various ment which, emerged and matured in the depths of works and nowadays it is mentioned in the majority Western Church, despite the started secularization of publications for European bell history. process in the Middle Ages, still remains to be a sac- New Ages, which began together with the Renais- ral instrument, used in almost all denominations sance, brought in not only the abundance of publi- of Christian Churches. The paper aims to find out cations about bells, but also a kind of “confusion” – what a European bell is and to provide new insights if the already mentioned authors of the 11-13th cen- into the early dispersion history of the instrument’s turies, G. Durand3 and Jean Beleth4, strictly distin- emergence, its origin and evolution. The emergence, guished between various instruments of bell family origin and evolution of bells are described in the according to their function and form, the majority abundance of literature, written in various languages of those, who wrote later, could not see a significant of the world. Only the bibliographic review would difference between small bells and the large ones, need a publication of a great length. Therefore, we hanging in the towers of churches. One of those will not provide a comprehensive historiographi- authors was an Italian humanist Polydor Vergil. In cal review as we will only mention and present, in 1521, in the second edition of his book De Inventori- our opinion, the most significant authors and their bus Rerum5, he presented a new version of bells’ ori- claims on the origin of bells. gin, claiming, that ancient Hebrews were the first to Benedictine monk, poet and theologian Walah- use bells as the High Priest of the Jews had to wear frid Strabo, having lived in the first half of the 8th the garment, the edges of which were trimmed with century, was one of the first who wrote about the little tinkling bells6. The latter theory of bells’ origin origin of bells. He points out, that they were Ital- reaped many repetitions and also it is not completely ians, who started using bells and according to the forgotten in our days7. Giralamo Maggi, who lived places of their manufacturing, Latin bell names in the 16th century and wrote the first book about came – campana (from the province of Campania bells De Tintinnabulis, also thought, that large bells in southern Italy) and Nola (from Nola city)1. Litur- came from the small ones, which in antiquity were gist Guillaume Durand, who lived in the 8th century, known as tintinnabula and it is reflected in the book designated the entire section2 for bells in his work title8. Such identification of small and large bells, Rationale Divinorum Officiorum.There the author considering them to be the same instrument, is a also notices that the first bells were made in southern characteristic feature of the incremental evolution theory of bells. According to this theory, small bells, work for the Catholic Church liturgy19. Nowadays, known from the ancient times, due the emergence of this theory also has many adherents, starting with new needs, were improved and extended until they the recent edition of Encyclopædia Britannica20. acquired nowadays’ forms. The latter approach is Meanwhile, in the one of the older edition the well expressed by one of the articles on bells in Brit- beginning of bells is referred to the central France 68 ish encyclopaedia, in which it is written: that bells of the 6th century21. being used, among other purposes, by the Romans to It is obvious from this brief summary that the major- signify the times of bathing, were naturally applied by ity of authors who have written about the bells, the Christians of Italy to denote the hours of devotion, were talking about quite different things: in some and summon the people to church9. Sometimes the cases about the emergence of bell as a certain type author of such an “expansion” is indicated: “In 420 of instrument, in other cases about its improved St. Paulinus from Nola expanded the small bells and form – European bell which, at an early stage of its hung them in towers”10. development was purely ecclesiastical signal instru- Pope Sabinian, who lived at the beginning of the 7th ment. The High Jewish Priest’s garment bells and century, is also attributed to “inventors” of bell. As it modern bells are only similar by the method of was stated by Angelo Roccha, the author of the book sound extraction. The 18th century author of Ger- about bells, published in 1612, the latter opinion was man language encyclopaedia, J.G. Krünitz, is one propagated by the 14th century poet and humanist of the few authors of New Ages, who made a dis- Francesco Petrarch11. The same claim may be also tinction between these two types of instruments, he found in the book “On the lives of popes”12 pub- wrote: “Italy is undoubtedly the homeland of bell, lished in 1557 by Onuphrio Panvinio and in numer- while the East – of jingles and hand bells”22. ous other publications of the 16th and 17th centuries. It should be noted that the Pope Sabinian is attrib- DEFINITION OF BELL, BELLS AND THEIR uted not to the invention of the instrument, but only COGNATE INSTRUMENTS to its use – campanarum usum invenit (invented the Various encyclopaedic articles and other publica- 13 use of bells). tions present rather different definitions of bell23. Authors who “moved” the emergence of bells into Usually it is described as a hollow percussion ves- DIMENSIJA: MENO TEORIJOS IR ARTEFAKTAI TEORIJOS MENO DIMENSIJA: more distant lands and older times, maybe distin- sel24 which in music is ascribed to the group of idio- guished into a separate group. Athanasius Kircher, phone instruments. The sound is extracted mechan- the Jesuit monk of the 17th century and the cryptog- ically triggering vibration: when stroking with a SACRUM rapher of Egyptian hieroglyphs, derived bells from certain object (usually with a clapper or hammer or I. ancient Egypt. He claimed that during Osiris festi- simply by shaking it. However, such a description vals, half-round copper vessels14 together with sis- fits many sound emitting instruments, from primi- trums and rattles were used as background music. tive rattles (for instance, a bladder with some peb- The 19th century Russian researcher M.Pyliajev also bles or dried peas inside) to a variety of metal, wood derived bells from Egypt15. James Blades16, modern or other sound emitting devices. In order to refine author of the book about the history of percussion and define the object, it is necessary to group them instruments and campanologist John Burnett17 start according to the specific features, primarily reject- the history of bells from the ancient Mesopotamia. ing the bladders and similar rattles that have little in Wendell Westcott, the author of a popular book common with bells. about bells, admitted that he does not know in which Harvard dictionary of music defines three types 18 part of Asia – eastern or western – bells emerged . of bells: 1. an open, cup-shaped, 2. closed, spheri- Today it is difficult to say who was the first author, cal and 3. tubular25. However, this distinction is not related the emergence of bells with China. The latter accurate, since the first group includes the acoustic th opinion was supported at the end of the 19 century bowls and pots, popular in the Far East [Fig. 7]. It by A. J. Nowowiejski, the author of a monumental is obvious that instruments, corresponding to a tra- species: cowbell, sheepbell, goatbell, etc. Round, oval, ditional bell concept, fall into another, even smaller flattened spherical or small teardrop metal rattles subgroup, the characteristic feature of which is a (rarely of more than 7 cm height) within pellets downward-facing mouth of the instrument. In this (small, usually metal balls, which cause the sound paper we try to define abell as a hollow, vase or cup- when striking the walls) are called crotal bells28 shaped metal instrument26 on the top of which where [Fig. 2]. Small bells and crotal bells in English are 69 is an item for hanging (hanger): a loop, an ear, canons often called jingle bells29 without consideration to and so on. According to the standard, adopted in the the form. Lithuanian Cultural Heritage Centre, not large bells, I. Similarly various bells are classified in other lan- the body height of which (the tangent from the bot- SACRUM guages too. For instance, in the Lithuanian language, tom edge to the shoulders) is less than 20cm, are bell is called varpas, small bell varpelis, animal bell called small bells27. At the top of their body there is kankalas, klankalas, klankis, crotal bell dzingu- a small ear or a handle. Other instruments of simi- lis, dzinguliukas. The Germans, next to the words AND ARTIFACTS ART OF THEORIES DIMENSION: lar composition (generally call them instruments Glocke and Glöckchen (bell and small bell), call the of the bells’ group) have a variety of forms: tubu- animal bell with the words Kuhglocke, Kuhschelle lar, quadrilateral rectangular, trapezoidal or other or a more general term Tierglocke and crotal bell is forms, usually they are bells for animals, commonly called Schelle.
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