INDEX 951 INDEX 952 INDEX

A 1000-CX, 448, 452 AAL, 793 1000Base-LX, 448, 451 AAL1, 794 1000Base-SX, 448, 451 AAL3/4, 794 100Base-FX, 439, 440, 444 ABM, 808, 812 100Base-T4, 439, 442, 444 ABR, 799 100Base-TX, 439, 440, 441, Abramson, Norman, 389 442, 444 Accelerated MPLS full-duplex, 442 switching, 832 100VG-AnyLAN, 389, 410, Access: 436, 437, 442, 446, 448 lists, 728 10Base-2, 413, 416, 417, 752 methods, 392 10Base-5, 413, 414, 417 network, 150, 151, 164 10Base-F, 413, 438 point, 328, 468, 474 10Base-FB, 413, 421, 428 router, 755 10Base-FL, 413, 421, 428 token, 92 10Base-T, 117, 413, 420, 421, 427, 428, ACK, 195, 684 437, 438, 441, 752 frame, 476 full-duplex, 441 ACR, 261, 268 ports, 491 Active concentrator, 461 10G Ethernet, 388, 397, 436, 540, Ad-hoc networks, 474 753, 812 Adapter, 30 10GBase-LX4, 540 Adaptive Load Balancing, 557 10GBase-R, 540 Adaptive routing, 692 10GBase-W, 540 ADC, 292, 293 10GBase-X, 540 Add-Drop Multiplexer, 355 16-QAM, 289 Add/drop ports, 351, 354 Address: 2G mobile cellular anycast, 41, 45 networks, 471 broadcast, 45 3Com, 400, 436 hardware, 46 3G mobile cellular MAC, 46 networks, 468, 471, 893 multicast, 45, 588 4B/5B code 294, 300, 464 numeric, 45 5-4-3 rule, 416 symbolic, 45 802.11a, 468, 473 table, 513 802.11b, 473 unicast, 45, 588 802.16 standard, 861 Address Resolution 802.1p/Q, 568 Protocol (ARP), 48, 597 802.2, 409 Address space, 46 802.3/LLC frame, 408 flat, 46 802.3z, 451 hierarchical, 41, 46 INDEX 953

Addressing, 45 ARP, 597, 817 Administrative unit, 353 cache, 601 ADSL, 168, 170, 860, 864, 886 server, 601 Advanced Encryption Standard table, 596, 597 (AES), 899, 902 ARP record: Aggregate channel, 70 dynamic, 600 Aggregate ports, 351, 354 static, 600 Aggressive behavior of the port ARPANET, 15, 133, 768 switch, 525 ASCII, 125 AH, 901, 907 ASIC, 490 All-optical networks, 370 ASK, 286, 288 ALOHA, 91, 389 ASN.1, 845 Alternative traffic routes, 193 ASP, 166, 171 AM: Assured Forwarding, 742 bands, 322 Astrolink, 336 ranges, 259 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber America On Line, 170 Line, 170, 886 American National Standardization Asynchronous Balance Mode, 808, 812 Institute, 128 Asynchronous Transfer Mode AMI, 294, 298 (ATM), 186, 309, 313, 733, 757, Amplitude modulation, 286, 287 808, 810, 826, 915 Amplitude shift keying, 286, 288 traffic classes, 789 Analog-to-digital AT&T, 157, 347, 437 converter, 292, 293 ATM, 21, 28, 80, 119, 136, 277, 309, 313, ANSI, 128, 347 583, 753, 779, 808 Antenna: protocol stack, 792 isotropic, 320 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), 793 omnidirectional, 320 ATM cell: See also ATM frame API, 113, 114, 900 format, 796 APNIC, 593 ATM Forum, 128 AppleTalk, 750, 813, 816 ATM frame: See also ATM cell Application: ATM VPN, 898, 917 distributed, 36 Attachment unit interface network, 36 (AUI), 413, 414, 440 Application layer, 113, 114, 125 port, 491 Application Service Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio, 261, 268 Provider, 166, 171 Auditing, 198, 202 Aplication-specific integrated Authentication, 198, 202 circuit, 490 application-level, 202 Arbitrator, 50, 60, 388, 393 mutual, 202 Arcnet, 10, 14, 18, 397 Authorization, 202 ARIN, 593 Authorized users, 201 954 INDEX

Autonegotiation, 441 Audio layer, 485 Automatic Protection Baseband layer, 484 Switching, 361 Control layer, 485 Autonomous system, 691, 696 Link manager, 485 Autopartitioning, 493 Logical Link Control Adaptation Availability, 191, 192, 198, 201, 206 Layer, 485 Average delay, 184, 188 Physical radio layer, 484 Average information rate, 191 profiles, 484 AWG, 367, 374 SCO channels, 488 Bluetooth frame: B access code, 486 data field, 486 B-ISDN, 787. See also Broadband ISDN frame header, 486 Back hauling, 351 Bluetooth SIG, 480, 481 Back-off timer, 477 Bluetooth Special Interest Group, 480, Backbone, 16, 150, 151, 152, 164 481. See also Bluetooth SIG Backbone routers, 753 BNC, 416 Backpressure, 525 BOC, 157 Backward resource management Border gateway protocol, 690, 691 cell, 787, 801 version, 4, 710 Bandwidth, 39 Bottlenecks, 182, 191 Banyan VINES, 816 BPDU, 549, 551 Base station, 328, 468, 471, 474 BPSK, 286, 289 Basic NAT, 745 Bridge, 98 Basic rate interface (BRI), 877, 880 Bridge protocol data unit, 549, 551 Basic service set, 474 Bridge: Batch-processing system, 12 classical, 518 Best effort: BRM cell, 787, 801 delivery, 135 Broadband-ISDN, 787 service, 72, 79 Broadcast: BFSK, 480, 485 address, 45, 400 BGP, 142, 690, 691, 829, 922 domain, 564 BGPv4, 690, 697, 710 radio, 322 Billing Service Provider, 171 radio ranges, 259 Binary PSK, 286, 289 storm, 514 Bipolar Alternate Mark BSS, 474 Inversion, 294, 298 BT, 800 Bit robbing, 349 Buffer overflow, 802 Bit stuffing, 813 Buffering, 74 Blowfish, 905 Buffering time, 84 Bluetooth, 91, 339, 458, 481 Burst Mode, 451 ACL channels, 488 Burst period, 191 INDEX 955

Burst size, 184, 191 Circuit switching, 15, 50, 61, 62, 66 Burst Tolerance (BT), 800 Circuit-switching network Bursty traffic, 15 performance, 87 Cisco, 400, 557, 819, 850 C access list, 729 CLI language, 728 CA Unicenter, 841 IOS, 728 Cable & Wireless, 159, 169 Classless interdomain routing Cable lines, 258 (CIDR), 582, 638, 651 Cable modem termination Clear-to-send frame, 478 station, 890, 891 CLEC, 158 Cable TV, 860 Client component, 34 Call setup, 769 Client–server architecture, 869 Capacity, 37, 39 CLNP, 130 Card protection, 351, 362 CLR, 787, 791 Carrier frequency, 401 CMIP, 845, 850 Carrier of carriers, 157 CMTS, 890, 891 Carrier sense, 399, 401 Coaxial cable, 256, 259 CATV, 860, 861, 864 Code: local loop, 890 2B1Q, 300 CBR, 787, 789, 799. See also Constant 4B/5B, 440 Bit Rate 8B/6T, 440 CCITT, 347, 775, 780 AMI, 298 CCK, 468, 473 EBCDIC, 125 CDMA, 309, 336, 340, 392 Manchester, 117 CDMA/CA, access method, 893 NRZ, 296 CDMF, 905 NRZI, 298 CDP, 171 violation, 300 CDV, 787, 792, 799 variable length of, 294, 305 Centronics, 30 Code Division Multiple Challenge Handshake Authentication Access, 309, 336, 340 Protocol (CHAP), 808, 815, 816 Coefficient of variation, 189 Channel, 256 Collision, 92, 388, 392, 402 digital, 16 avoidance, 468, 471 fiber-optic, 22 detection, 399, 402, 468, 470 Channel Service Unit, 816 detector, 413, 415 Channel trunking, 816 domain, 413, 422, 564 Channelized port, 817 COM port, 30 Checksum, 37, 39, 101, 118, 903 Commitment Information Rate, 184, 190 Chipping rate, 339 Common bus, 41, 44, 100 CIR, 190 Common Management Circuit, 256 Information Protocol, 845 956 INDEX

Communication carrier, 809 CSMA/CD, 401, 413, 419, 436, 437, 450, Communication device 477, 512 queue, 210 CSPF, 838 Communication link, 20, 24 CSU, 816 ideal, 256 CTD, 787, 792 open wire, 258 CTS, 478 total length, 42 Customer-provided VPN, 914 Communication protocol, 108 Cyclic Redundancy Check Competitive Local Exchange (CRC), 306, 307 Carrier, 158 Complementary code keying, 468, 473 D Computer network, 10, 11 evolution, 10 DA, 292, 293 Concentrator, 44, 91, 95, 418, 490 DAC, 466 Confidentiality, 201, 206 Daisy-chain connection, 59 Configuration switching, 497 DAS, 463, 466 Congestion, 74 Data centers, 150, 151 avoidance methods, 183, 213 Data Circuit Terminating Connection setup, 68 Equipment, 256, 259, 775 Connection-oriented Data compression, 294, 304 protocols, 66, 79, 102 dynamic, 304 Connectionless protocols, 102 Data Encryption Standard, 899, 902 CONP, 130 Data flow, 50 Constant Bit Rate, 211, 418, 490 Data link layer, 113, 114, 117 Content Distribution functionality, 117, 118, 119 Provider, 166, 171 Data network, 22 Contention window, 477 Data network identification Controller, 30 codes, 775, 777 Convergence Sublayer (CS), 794 Data Service Unit, 816 Convergence time, 691 Data Terminal Equipment, 150, 256, Copper cables, 259 260, 775 Core network, 150, 151 Data-transmission network, 11 Corporate client, 153, 156 Datacom network, 10, 11 Corporate network, 23 Datagram, 76, 113, 117 Corporate routers, 755 networks, 186 CPE-based VPN, 913 transmission, 76, 77 CPVPN, 914 dBase, 36 CR-LDP, 925 DBMS, 36, 115, 199 CRC, 306, 307 DCE, 260, 775 Cryptographic system, 202 DCF, 468, 476 CS, 794 DCF IFS, 479 CSMA/CA, 476 Demultiplexer, 57, 58 INDEX 957

DEC, 388, 407 Distance vector algorithms, 693 Decimal packing, 294, 305 Distributed application, 36 DECnet, 114, 145, 750, 813, 816 Distributed computing concept, 16 Decomposition: Distributed coordination hierarchical, 109 function, 468, 476 Decoupling elements, 415 Distribution density, 184, 187 Default route, 625 Distribution system, 475 Default router, 625 service, 468, 475 Delay of packet delivery, 187 DNIC, 775, 777 Demand Priority, 437, 446 DNS, 134, 582, 585, 605, 676, 678, 721, Demultiplexing, 674, 675 816, 912. See also Domain Name Dense Wave Division System Multiplexing, 309, 310, 346, 367 fully qualified domain name, 603, 605 Department routers, 756 names, 585 DES, 899, 902 relative name, 603, 605 Descrambler, 299 reverse lookup zones, 608 Designated port, 549, 551 short name, 603, 605 Designated switch, 549, 551 Driver, 30 Destination address, 77 DSAP, 409 Determinate access method, 92 DSL, 156, 886 Deterministic access, 388, 393 access multiplexer, 886, 888 Dynamic host configuration protocol DSS, 468, 475 (DHCP), 134, 582, 609 DSSS, 336, 339, 473 automatic assignement of static DSU, 816 addresses, 610 DSU/CSU, 816 dynamic address distribution, 610 DTE, 260, 775 lease duration, 610 Duplex link, 40 manual mode, 610 DVA, 693 Differentiated Services, 726, 731 DWDM, 125, 280, 311, 346, 367, 756, Diffie-Hellmann concept, 904 757, 808, 809 DiffServ, 726, 731, 811 DXC, 355 DIFS, 479 Digest function, 902 E Digital channel, 16 Digital Cross-Connect (DXCs), 355 E-2, 347 Digital Equipment, 128 E-3, 347 Digital Equipment Corp, 388 E-mail, 15, 36, 139 Digital signature, 198, 202, 899, 903 E.164 standard, 781 Digital-to-analog converter, 292, 293 Edge routers, 755 Dijkstra’s iterative algorithm, 706 EF, 731 Direct sequence spread EFCI, 796 spectrum, 336, 339 Effective protocol bandwidth, 411, 412 958 INDEX

ENCAPS, 659 Extensibility, 203 Encoding, 37 Exterior Gateway Protocol potential method, 37 (EGP), 690, 691, 697, 710 pulse method, 37 Exterior gateway, 697 Encryption, 202 Extra high frequency, 322 End System Identifier (ESI), 798 Extranet, 913, 915 Enterprise-wide network, 150, 582 Extremely low frequency (ELF), 322 EPP, 519 EPS, 351, 362 F Equipment protection switching, 351, 362 Failure: Ericsson, 481 probability, 192 Ericsson, Lars Magnus, 319 rate, 192 ESI, 798 Fast EtherChannel, 557 ESP, 901, 909 Fast Ethernet: 19, 39, 136, 162, 186, 277, ESS, 468, 474, 475, 483 388, 397, 410, 436, 437, 438, 439, Ethernet, 10, 14, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 60, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 448, 100, 117, 118, 119, 136, 299, 388, 449, 450, 812, 889 412, 413, 414, 420, 421, 428, 437, media independent 440, 525, 550, 583, 751, 808, 826, interface, 436, 440 868 physical coding sublayer, 440 II, 407, 409, 410 physical layer device, 436, 440 10 Mbps, 388, 597 reconciliation sublayer, 440 10G, 21, 388 Fast IGP routing, 925 DIX, 407, 409, 410 Fast link pulse, 436, 442 Fast, 388 Fault tolerance, 192 fiber-optic, 422 FCS, 113, 118, 186 Gigabit, 388 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Limitations, 93 Interface), 10, 18, 24, 60, 117, 119, packet processor, 519 136, 162, 277, 389, 397, 458, 463, SNAP, 407 507, 525, 583, 597, 751, 789 EtherSwitch, 519 dual attachment, 463, 466 EtherType, 409 dual attachment Euro Skyway, 336 concentrator, 463, 466 European Telecommunications dual attachment station, 463, 466 Standards Institute dual homing, 467 (ETSI), 351, 471 fault tolerance, 466 Event-dependent routing, 691 optical bypass switches, 467 Expedited Forwarding, 742 primary ring, 464 Explicit Congestion Forward Identifier secondary ring, 463, 464 (EFCI), 796 single attachment, 463, 466 Extended Service Set, 468, 474, 475 single attachment concentrator, 463, 466 INDEX 959

single attachment station, 463, 466 Frame Relay, 119, 128, 168, 583, 752, SMT layer, 463, 465 779, 808, 826, 915 station management layer, 463, 465 data-link layer, 781 stations, 466 Forum, 780 thru mode, 463, 464 physical layer, 781 wrapping operation, 464 VPN, 898, 917 FDM, 50, 58, 261, 309, 842, 865, 870 Frequency division duplex, 309, 314 FEC, 468, 469, 483 Frequency Division Multiplexing FHSS, 336, 337 (FDM), 50, 58, 261, 309 Fiber amplifier, 369 Frequency modulation, 286, 287 Fiber Channel, 450 Frequency shift keying, 286, 288 Fiber-optic cable, 256, 259 Frequency-hopping spread FIFO (First In, First Out), 218 spectrum, 336, 337 File service, 36 FRF, 780 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 25, 134, FRM cell, 787, 801 484, 676, 721, 870 FSK, 286, 288 Filtering, 513 FTAM, 131 Firewall, 198, 199 Fully connected topology, 41, 42 Flat names, 603 Fundamental frequency, 290 Flood, 514 routing, 691, 692 G Flow attributes, 51 Flow control, 231 G.703, 817 Flow label, 51 Gated software router, 730 FLP, 436, 442 Gateway, 899 FM bands, 322 General packet radio service, 891, 893 FOIRL, 413, 421 GEO, 326, 333 Forward error correction, 468, 469 Geostationary: Forward resource management cell, orbit, 326, 333 787, 801 satellite, 326, 333 Forwarding, 119, 513 Gigabit EtherChannel, 557 table, 56, 77 Gigabit Ethernet, 19, 60, 136, 162, 186, Forwarding Equivalence Class, 821, 834 277, 388, 397, 410, 446, 448, 449, Four hubs rule, 419 450, 451, 507, 709, 753, 812, 889 Four-level FSK, 289 Gigabit Medium Independent Fourier formula, 290 Interface, 540 FQDN, 603, 605 Global aggregate unique address, 662 Fragment, 654 Global One, 159, 169 Frame, 50, 113, 117 Global positioning system data field, 118 (GPS), 326, 334 header, 118 Globalstar, 326, 335 Frame Check Sequence, 113, 118, 186 GPRS, 891, 893 960 INDEX

Granularity, 228 error message format, 718 Grosh, Herbert, 14 echo request, 692 Grosch’s Law, 10, 14, 16 ICMP messages: GUI, 36 types, 714 ICP, 171 H ICQ, 198 Ideal network, 184 Half-duplex link, 40 Identification, 198, 202 Handoff, 329 Idle Source, 191, 195 Hardware: IDN, 775, 777 address, 46 IEEE, 428, 437 controller, 30 IEEE 802 Committee, 397 Hash, 899, 902 IEEE 802.11, 318, 320, 389, 458, Header, 72, 113, 116 469, 471 network-layer, 120 IEEE 802.11g, 473 HELLO interval, 551 IEEE 802.15.1, 458, 484 Hewlett-Packard, 437, 850 IEEE 802.16, 891, 892 Hidden terminal, 470, 478 IEEE 802.1D, 511 Hierarchical IEEE 802.1H, 526 decomposition, 109 IEEE 802.1Q, 562, 565, 568 High-Level Data Link Control IEEE 802.1w, 555 (HDLC), 118, 778, 811, 877 IEEE 802.3, 128, 399, 407 frame format, 813 IEEE 802.3ad, 555, 557, 561 supervisory frames, 814 IEEE 802.3ae, 540 Hold down, 705 IEEE 802.õ, 397 Home PNA, 91 IETF, 126, 129, 731, 822, 845 Hosting Provider, 171 IFS, 476 HP OpenView, 840 IGMP, 136 HP Operations center, 841 IKE, 904 Hub, 95, 413, 418, 490 ILEC, 158 Huffmann algorithm, 306 IN: See Intelligent Hypertext Transfer Protocol Network (HTTP), 135, 484, 676, 721, 900 Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier, 158 Individual client, 153, 156 I Infocommunication IANA, 605 network, 23, 159 IBM, 127, 132, 458, 461, 903 Information flow, 50 cabling system types, 458, 462 Information rate, 37, 39, 210 ICMP, 136, 674, 713, 728, 847. See also characteristics, 184, 190 Internet Control Message Information service, 139 Protocol Infrared band, 322 INDEX 961

Input: InterXchange Carrier, 153, 158 buffer, 74 Intranet, 21, 913, 915 queue, 74 services, 174 Instant messaging, 198 IntServ, 726, 731, 811 Integrated Services, 726, 731 IP, 28, 135, 204, 391, 750, 813, 900 Integrated Services Digital internets, 808 Network, 20, 22 QoS, 731 Integrity, 201, 206 routers, 726, 808 Intel, 128, 388, 407, 557 switching, 822 Intelligent Network, 23 telephony, 22, 210 Interface, 29 WANs, 808 inter-module, 108 IP addresses, 585 logical, 29 broadcast, 586, 590 peer-to-peer, 112 Class A, 587 physical, 29 Class C, 588 service, 109 Class D, 588 Interface card, 30 limited broadcast, 589 Interframe space, 476 private, 593 Interior Gateway Protocol undefined, 586, 589, 590 (IGP), 690, 691, 832 IP networks: Intermediate system to intermediate pure, 808 system, 690, 691 IP/MPLS, 915 Internet, 10, 15, 21, 166, 198, 200, 582, IPAE, 659 710, 808, 876 IPCP, 816 Internet Architecture Board IPG, 399, 402, 439 (IAB), 126, 129 IPSec, 668, 898, 900 Internet Content Provider, 171 encryption, 902 Internet Control Message Ipsilon, 821 Protocol, 136, 674, 713, 728, 847 IPv4, 692 Internet Engineering Task Force IPv4-compatible IPv6 (IETF), 126, 129 addresses, 658, 665 Internet eXñhange, 166, 170 IPv4-mapped IPv6 address, 665 Internet Group Management IPv6, 45, 618, 692 Protocol, 136 format prefix, 658, 661 Internet Protocol, 135 private addresses, 661 Internet Service Provider, 166, 167 IPX, 131, 391, 750, 813, 900 Internet Society (ISOC), 126, 129 IPX/SPX, 126, 129, 131, 145, 583, 845 Internetwork, 21, 119, 204 IPXCP, 816 InterNIC, 605 IRTF, 126, 129 Interpacket gap, 399, 402, 439 IS-IS, 690, 691, 694, 821, 833, 836, 922. Intersymbol See also Intermediate System to interference, 318, 324 Intermediate System 962 INDEX

ISDN, 128, 143, 260, 302, 779, 797, 812, LAN topologies, 391 877, 878, 882. See also Integrated ring, 391 Services Digital Network star, 391 ISM ranges, 318, 325 tree, 391 ISO, 113, 114, 128, 144 LAP-B, 751, 775, 778, 808, 812 ISO 7498-4, 840 LAP-D, 752, 781, 882 ISO 8802.3, 128 LAP-F, 751, 808, 812 ISO 8824:1987, 845 LAP-F, control, 781 ISOC, 126, 129 LAP-F core, 781 ISP, 166, 167 LAP-M, 808, 812 ISP network, 204, 732 Large-scale integrated circuit, 16 ITU, 128 Laser diode, 280 ITU-T, 113, 114, 144, 347, 775 Layer 2 VPN, 917 ITU-T X.208, 845 Layer 3 switch, 757 ITU-T X.700, 840 LCAP, 555, 561 IX, 166, 170 LCN, 778 IXC, 153, 158 LCP, 808, 815 LDP, 821, 824, 833 J LEO, 326, 333. See also Low Earth Orbit Jabber control, 415 LER, 824 Jam sequence, 402 Light Emitting Diode (LED), 280 Jitter, 188 Line, 256 cable, 258 K port, 351, 354 Kalpana, 519 open wire, 258 Link, 256 ACL, 483 L SCO, 483 L2CAP, 485 Link aggregation, 555 L2VPN, 913, 917 protocol, 555, 561 Label Distribution Protocol, 821, 824, Link Control Protocol, 808, 815 833 Link integrity test, 420 Label stack, 826 Link state algorithm, 694 Label Switch Edge Router, 821, 824 Link state database, 690, 706 Label Switch Router, 821 Link-local addresses, 661 Label Switching Path, 821, 824 Link-state request, 709 Label-switching tables, 925 Link-state update, 709 Lambda routers, 375 LLC, 388, 391. See also Logical Link LAN, 18, 24, 28 Control extensions, 471 LLC1, 396 switches, 727 LLC2, 396 INDEX 963

LLC3, 396 Maximum delay, 189 LMDS, 891, 892 Maximum delay variation, 184, 189 Load balancing, 42, 72, 78, 210 Maximum network diameter, 405 Local loop: MBS, 787, 791, 800. See also Maximum universal, 864 Burst Size Local multipoint distribution MCR, 787, 791 service, 891, 892 MD2, 903 Logical channel number, 778 MD4, 903 Logical connections, 76 MD5, 903 Logical link control, 388, 391 MDI 436, 443. See also Medium Logical network layout, 91, 93 Dependent Interface Logical network structuring, 96, 98 MDI-X, 443, 492. See also Medium Logical segment, 98 Dependent Interface with Loopback, 590 Crossover Low Earth Orbit, 326, 333 port, 443 LSA, 694. See also Link state algorithm Mean Time Between Failures, 191, 192 LSI, 16. See also Large-scale integrated Media Access Control, 388, 391 circuit Medium: LSP, 824. See also Label Switching Path physical, 256, 258 LSR, 821, 822. See also Label Switching shared, 91, 118 Route wired, 258 wireless, 258 M Medium Access Control, 113, 118, 388, 391, 826 M/M/1 model, 404, 508 Medium Dependent Interface, 436, 443 MA, 399, 401 Medium Dependent Interface with MAC, 113, 118, 388, 391, 826. See also Crossover, 443, 492 Medium Access Control Medium Earth orbit, 326, 333 MAC address, 46, 119, 399 Medium Independent grouping, 566 Interface (MII), 436, 440 Mail worms, 198 MEMS, 367, 375 Mainframe, 12 MEO, 326, 333. See also Medium Earth IBM 360, 18 Orbit MAN, 24, 28. See also Metropolitan Message, 32, 117, 125 Area Network Message transmission time, 84 Manageability, 204 Metcalfe, Robert, 389 Management Information Base, 841 Metric, 52, 549, 703 Manchester code, 117, 299 Metropolitan Area Network, 21, 24 Marker, 92 MFSK, 286, 289. Mask, 587 See also Multilevel FSK MAU, 458, 461 MIB, 841. See also Management Maximum Burst Size (MBS), 787, 791, 800 Information Base 964 INDEX

MIB-I, 845, 846 MSP, 351, 363 MIB-II, 845, 846 MTBF, 192. See also Mean Time Micro-electro mechanical Between Failures systems, 367, 375 MTU, 721, 811 Microcom, 876 Multi Link PPP, 808, 815, 816 Microcomputer LSI-11, 18 Multi-service network, 22 Microsegmentation, 536 Multi-terminal system, 12 Microsoft, 127, 132 Multicast address, 45, 399, 400, 590 Microsoft System Management Multilevel FSK, 286, 289 Server, 841 MultiLink Trunking, 557 Microsoft/IBM, 397 Multipath fading, 324 Microwave band, 322 Multiple access, 399, 401 Minicomputer, 16 Multiplex section protection, 351, 363 HP, 18 Multiplex section shared protection PDP-11, 18 ring, 351, 365 Minimum routing table, 633 Multiplexer, 58 Mixed topology, 41, 45 Multiplexing, 28, 57, 675 MLPPP, 808, 815 Multi-Protocol Label Switching, 808 MLT-3, 441 MMDS, 891, 892 N MMF, 279, 280 MNP, 876 Name: Mobile access, 468, 471 flat, 603 Mobile LANs, 471 server, 48 Modems, 8812, 75 NAP, 166, 170. See also Network Access Modulation, 38 Point Motorola, 877 NAPT, 745, 746. See also Network MP-BGP, 921, 927 Address Port Translation MPLS, 168, 808, 821. See also NAT, 726, 745. See also Network Multi-Protocol Label Address Translation Switching traditional, 745 header, 825 National Computer Security L2VPN, 921 Center, 128 L3VPN, 921 National terminal number, 777 TE, 821, 832, 834 NCP, 125, 131, 808, 815 VPN, 821, 832, 917 NCSC, 128 VPN 2L, 920 NDIS, 489 VPN 3L, 920 Near End Cross Talk, 261, 267 VPN tunnel, 923 Negative Acknowledgment, 195 MS-DOS, 132 NetBEUI, 132, 397 MS-SPRing, 351, 365 NetBIOS, 132, 397, 900 MSAU, 458, 461 NetBIOS/SMB, 129, 145 INDEX 965

NetWare, 408 Network Management Network: System, 204, 808, 839 circuit-switched, 257 Network node, 41 computer, 10, 66 Network number, 582, 584 congestion, 210 Network Operating constituent, 583 System, 15, 29, 34 convergence, 211 Network response time, 184, 189 corporate, 23, 160, 204 Network scalability, 182 data-transmission, 11 Network server, 18 datacom, 11 Network sniffing, 488, 494 department-level, 162 Network technology, 14, 18 enterprise-wide, 150 Network topology, 182 heterogeneous, 203, 205 choosing, 28 ideal, 184 common bus, 41, 44 infocommunication, 23 mixed, 41, 45 Metropolitan Area, 21 ring, 41, 42 multi-service, 22 star, 41, 44 overlay, 16 tree, 44 switching, 50, 56 Network-to-network telephone, 66, 257 interface, 775 topology, 41 Networks: transmission, 16, 257 datagram, 186 Wide Area, 14 packet-switched, 186 workgroup-level, 162 public, 199 X.25, 15 telecommunication carrier’s, 150 Network Access Point, 166, 170 NEXT, 261, 267. See also Near End Network adapter, 91, 92 Cross Talk Network address, 120, 584 NFS, 125. See also Network File Network Address Port Translation, 746 System Network Address Translation, 726, 745 NIC, 62, 92, 488. See also Network Network application, 36 Interface Card Network architecture, 108 NLSP, 131, 821 Network control protocol, 808, 815 NMS, 204. See also Network Network convergence, 10, 257 Management System Network File System, 125 NNI, 775 Network interface, 45 Node: Network Interface Card, 62, 92, 488 transit, 42 Network layer, 113, 114, 119 number, 584 Network layout: Nominal protocol rate, 411 logical, 91, 93 Non Return to Zero with physical, 91, 93 ones Inverted, 294, 298 Network manageability, 203, 204 Nortel, 557 966 INDEX

Novell, 124, 127, 132, 408 OUI, 399, 400, 409. See also Novell 802.3, 407 Organizationally Unique Identifier Novell IPX, 816 Output queue, 74 Novell NetWare, 18, 125, 603 Overlay network, 16, 809 nrtVBR, 799 OWF, 899, 902. See also One-way NRZI, 294, 298, 464 function Numeric address, 45 OXC, 375 Nyquist formula, 256 Nyquist-Kotelnikov Signal Sampling P Theory, 293 Nyquist-Kotelnikov Theorem, 293 P routers, 924 Packet, 50, 72, 113, 117, 120 O buffering delay, 88 OC-N, 351, 352 Packet assembler–disassembler, 775 OFDM, 336, 473 Packet Delays, 210 Offered load, 37, 39, 184 Packet forwarding methods: One-way function, 899, 902 connection-oriented, 76 OPEN LOOK, 128 connectionless, 76 Open Shortest Path First, 136, 690, 691 virtual circuit, 76 Open specifications, 126, 127 Packet headers Open System, 126 additional Open System Interconnection transmission delay, 88 (OSI), 108, 113, 114 Packet Losses, 210 model Packet Over SONET, 808, 810 Operating system, 15 Packet switching, 14, 50, 61, 62, 72 local, 15 Packet switching: network, 15, 29, 34 methods, 23 Orbcomm, 336 network, 186, 188, 809 Organizationally unique queue, 210 identifier, 399, 400 Packet, 72 Orthogonal frequency division, 336 PAD, 775. See also Packet assembler– Orthogonal frequency division disassembler multiplexing, 473 PAN, 458, 891 OS-400, 510 PAP, 808, 815 OS/2, 603 Parity control, 306, 307 OSI, 108, 113, 114, 129, 145, 465, 694, Partially connected topologies, 42 809, 816 Passive concentrator, 461 OSI model, 126, 129, 260, 391, 751 Password Authentication Protocol, 808, layers, 114 815, 816 OSPF, 136, 138, 139, 142, 633, 690, 691, Path MTU Discovery, 668 694, 704, 706, 728, 817, 821, 833, PBX, 150, 152, 159, 885. See also Private 836, 922 Branch eXchange INDEX 967

PCF, 476 Point-to-point tunneling PCF IFS, 479 protocol, 899, 900 PCM, 292 Polling, 471 PCR, 787, 791, 799 algorithms, 393 PDA, 91, 480. See also Personal Digital POP, 153, 159, 860 Assistants Port, 29, 674, 675 PDH, 346, 347, 787, 809. See also Port identifier, 549, 550 Plesiochronous digital hierarchy Port numbers: PDU, 113, 117, 850. See also Protocol well-known, 676 Data Unit POS, 808, 810 PDV, 450 Positive Acknowledgement, 191, 195 PE routers, 924 Potential code, 286, 288 Peak Cell Rate (PCR), 799 PPP, 118, 136, 808, 811, 815, 826, 866, 868 Peak information rate, 184, 190, 191 negotiation procedure, 815 Penultimate Hop Popping, 831 PPTP, 899, 900. See also Point-to-point Per Hop Behavior, 741 tunneling protocol Permanent virtual circuits, 769 PPVPN, 913, 914 Personal area networks, 458 Preamble, 401, 415 Personal digital assistants, 480 Presentation layer, 113, 114, 124 Phase shift keying, 286, 288 PRI, 877, 880 PHB, 741 Primary rate interface, 877, 880 Photonic switches, 367, 375 Print service, 36 PHP, 831 Priority, 225 Physical layer, 113, 114, 117 Priority Queuing, 224, 225 functions, 117 Private Branch Exchange, 22, 150, 152 Physical link, 41, 94 Private key, 902 Physical medium, 256, 258 Private NNI, 788 Physical network layout, 91, 93 Programs: Piconet, 480, 481 distributed, 36 master, 481 Promiscuous mode, 512 slaves, 480, 481 Proprietary standards, 128 PIFS, 479 Protected channel technology, 202, 203 Pilot signal, 342 Protocol, 33, 112 Ping, 674, 713, 717 point to point, 118 PIP, 659 Protocol Data Unit, 113, 117 PIR, 190 Protocol entity, 113 Plesiochronous digital hierarchy, 346, 347 Protocol set, 108, 113 PNNI, 788 Protocol stack, 108, 113 Point coordination function, 468, 476 OSI, 129 Point of Presence, 153, 159, 860 Protocol suite, 113 Point-to-multipoint, 156 Protocols: Point-to-Point Protocol, 811 connection-oriented, 79 968 INDEX

Provider Edge router, 921, 924 Queuing: Provider-provisioned VPN, 914 negative effects, 210 Proxy-ARP, 867 Queuing theory, 88, 404 PSK, 286, 288 PSTN, 870 R Public key, 904 Public networks, 199 Radio band, 322 Public switched telephone network, 870 Radio Ethernet, 259 Pulse Code Modulation, 292, 347 RADSL, 886 Punched card, 12 Random access method, 92, 199, Pure IP networks, 808 388, 392 PVC, 769, 772, 820 Random Early Detection, 733 PVV, 427 RARP, 601 RAS, 36, 861, 866. See also Remote Access Server Q Rate Adaptive DSL, 886 Q.2931, 770, 820 Raw 802.3, 407 Q.921, 781 RBOC, 157 Q.931, 882 RC5, 905 Q.933, 769 Real-time traffic, 69, 102 QAM, 286, 289, 315. See also Receiver, 414 Quadrature Amplitude Receiver window, 686 Modulation RED, 733 QoS, 23, 180, 182, 707, 808, 810, 819. Weighted, 736 See also Quality of Service Redirector, 34 long-term behavior Redundant codes, 294, 300 characteristics, 180, 182 Regenerators, 355 medium-term characteristics, 182 Relative encoding, 294, 305 short-term Remote access, 861 characteristics, 180, 183, 213 Remote access server, 36, 861, 866 QoS characteristics: Remote node mode, 861, 867 security, 182 Remote office routers, 756 performance, 182 Repeater, 95, 490 reliability, 182 Request For Comments (RFC), 126, 129 QPSK, 286, 289. See also Quadrature Request-to-send frame, 478 PSK Residential access, 468, 471 Quadrature Amplitude Reverse address resolution Modulation, 286, 289, 315 protocol, 601 Quadrature PSK, 286, 289 Reverse ARP, 601 Quality characteristics: RFC, 126, 129, 659. See also Request classification, 181 For Comments Quality of Service, 23, 180. See also QoS RFC 1213, 847 INDEX 969

RFC 1490, 782 Routing table, 56, 72, 77, 121, 513, 623 RFC 1517–1520, 594 minimum, 633 RFC 1577, 136 RS-232, 484 RFC 2858, 927 RS-232C, 30, 776 RFC 768, 674 RS-449, 817 RFC 792, 713 RSA, asymmetric algorithm, 904 RFC 854, 868 RSVP, 142, 731 Ring topology, 41, 42 TE, 838 RIP, 131, 136, 139, 142, 633, 690, 691, RTS frame, 478 697, 817, 821, 833, 922 RTT, 190, 674, 688, 717 RIP IP, 694, 821 rtVBR, 799 RIP IPX, 694, 821 RIP messages, 698 S RIPE, 593 RIPv1, 697 S/MIME, 900 RIPv2, 697 SA, 904. See also Security RJ-45, 117, 488, 491 Association RMON, 845 SAD, 911. See also Security RMON 2, 845 Association Database RMON MIB, 846, 852 SAP, 131 Roberts, Lawrence, 732 SAP R3, 171 Root port, 549, 550 SAR, 794, 820 Root switch, 549 SAS, 463, 466 Round Trip Time, 190, 674, 688 Satellite communications, 326, 331 Route, 28, 49, 52 Scalability, 24, 182, 203, 204 Routed protocol, 123 Scatternet, 483 Router, 56, 120, 184 SCP, 152, 153 backbone, 753 SCR, 787, 791, 800 functional model, 752 Scrambler, 298 interface, Scrambling, 301 unnumbered, 808, 817 SDH, 125, 157, 346, 352, 458, 787, links advertisements, 706 808, 809 Routing, 28, 56 SDH ring, 351, 360 adaptive, 692 SDH/SONET, 788, 810 event-dependent, 691 SDSL, 886 flood, 691, 692 Secure channel, 899 redistributive mode, 695 Secure Socket Layer (SSL), 125 static, 692 Security association, 899, 904 Routing advertisements, 693 Security association database, 911 Routing Information Security gateways, 899, 906 Protocol, 136, 690, 691, 697 Security incidents, 199 Routing protocol, 113, 123 Security policy database, 911 970 INDEX

Security tools: SIP, 659 computer, 198, 199 SIR, 190 network, 198, 199 Site-local addresses, 662 Segment, 113, 117, 549 SLA, 183, 191, 213, 820 logical, 98 Sliding window, 191, 195, 808, 814 Segmentation And Reassembly (SAR), 794 algorithm, 195, 684 Self-healing networks, 361 SLIP, 136, 811 Server: Slot size, 477 file, 36 Slot time, 403 component, 34 Slotted ALOHA, 392 Service: Slow links, 195 availability, 180 SMB, 125, 132 control points, 151, 152 SMS, 839 E-mail, 36 SMTP, 135 file, 36 SNA, 114, 128, 145, 782, 900 interface, 109 SNAP, 410 print, 36 SNC-P, 351, 364 provider, 155, 181 SNMP, 143, 808, 845, 869 remote access, 36 SNMPv2, 845 Service Level Agreement, 180, 183, SNMPv3, 845 213, 820 Socket, 674 Services: Software router, 757 network, 29, 36 SONET, 351. See also Synchronous Session layer, 113, 114, 124 optical NET Sessions, 76 SONET/SDH, 753, 757, 797 Set-up packet, 81 Source Routing, 668, 692 Setup request blocking, 68 Spanning tree, 553 SHA, 903 algorithm, 548, 549 Shannon, Claude, 902 protocol, 549 Shannon formula, 256 SPD, 911 Shared channel, 60 Split horizon, 705 Shared media, 60, 91, 118 Spread spectrum methods, 469 Shielded twisted pair, 256, 259 SPX, 124, 131 Short IFS, 479 SS7, 870, 873. See also Signaling system Signal propagation time, 72, 84 SSAP, 409 Signaling protocol, 349, 769 SSCOP, 797 Signaling system, 7, 870, 873 SSL, 898 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol STA, 518, 548, 549, 708. See also (SMTP), 135 Spanning Tree Simple Network Management Stack: Protocol, 808, 845 TCP/IP, 126, 133 Simplex link, 37, 40 Standard access list, 728 INDEX 971

Standards: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, 125, international, 126, 128 346, 352 national, 126, 128 Synchronous optical NET, 351 proprietary, 128 SynOptics, 436 Start of frame byte, 401 System: Static routing, 692 batch-processing, 12 Statistic encoding, 305 distributed, 11 Statistical methods, 186 multi-terminal, 12 Statistical TDM, 309, 313 time-sharing, 13 STDM, 309, 313 System Management System STM-16/64, 709 (SMS), 839, 841 STM-N, 351, 352 Store-and-forward technique, 66, 74 T STP, 256, 259, 282 STP Type 1, 458, 462 T-carrier systems, 346, 347 Structuring: T-connector, 416 logical, 96, 98 T1, 816 STS-N, 351, 352 T2, 347 Subchannel, 69 Tag switching, 821, 822 Subnet, 21 TCP, 124, 135, 137, 667, 674, 728, 847 Subnetting, 592, 638, 651 ports, 676 Subnetwork connection segment format, 679 protection, 351, 364 TCP/IP, 108, 114, 119, 129, 145, 166, Sun, 128 204, 397, 484, 582, 821, 845 SunNet Manager, 841 types of addresses, Supernetting, 592, 651 TCP/UDP port number, 48 Sustained information rate, 184, 190 TDM, 50, 58, 261, 309, 311, 809, 870 SVC, 769 TE, 808, 836 Switch, 55, 100, 184 tunnels, 834 nonblocking, 524 Technology: performance, 100 Bluetooth, 91 Switch identifier, 550 network, 14, 18 Switched virtual circuits, 769 packet switching, 14 Switching, 28, 49, 55 Telecommunication carrier, 150, 153 fabric, 74 Teledesic, 336 hub, 100 Telephone line: table, 55, 72, 77, 121 analog, 38 Symbol suppression, 294, 305 Telepolling, 23 Symbolic address, 45 Telnet, 135, 676, 721, 868, 869 Symmetric cryptographic system, 902 Terminal access mode, 861, 868 Symmetric DSL, 886 Terminal Multiplexer, 355 Synchronization, 37, 38 TFTP, 676, 721 972 INDEX

Throughput, 37, 39 Transmission network, 16, 809 Time division duplex, 314 Transmitter, 414 Time Division Multiplexing Transparent bridge algorithm, 511 (TDM), 50, 58, 261, 309, 311, 388 Transport layer, 114, 123, 124 Time to Live, 554 Transport service, 139 Token Bucket algorithm, 733, 734 Tree topology, 44 Token passing, 393 Trellis codes, 290 Token Ring, 10, 14, 18, 20, 21, 24, 60, Tributary ports, 351, 354 117, 119, 136, 162, 299, 389, 458, Tributary unit, 351, 353 525, 550, 583, 597, 751 Triggered updates, 705 active monitor, 459 Triple DES, 905 early token release, 460 Truncated binary exponential back-off multistation access unit, 458, 461 algorithm, 403, 477 token-holding time, 460 Trunk, 555 Token Ring 16 Mbps, 460 TTL, 554, 633, 692, 717, 739 Token Ring 4 Mbps, 459 TUBA, 659 Token-holding interval, 393 Twisted pair: Topological database, 706 shielded, 256, 259 Topologies, 41 unshielded, 256, 259 partially connected, 42 fully connected, 41, 42 U typical, 93 U.S Departament of Defence, 15, 850 Traceroute, 674, 719 UBR, 799 Tracert, 719 UDP, 124, 135, 137, 667, 674, 702, 728, 847 Traffic: datagram, 679 aggregates, 228 packet, 674, 677 bursty, 15, 189 ports, 676 Engineering, 210 socket, 679 filtering, 727 UNI, 775, 813. See also User-to- localization, 97 Network Interface pulsation coefficient, 71, 72 Unicast, 399, 400 real-time, 23, 102 address, 45 real-world, 210 messaging, 22 Trailer, 72, 116 Universal local loop, 864 Transceiver, 413, 414 UNIX, 120, 127, 510, 630, 633, 719, 730, Transit node, 42 757, 869 Transmission: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP), 256, connection-oriented, 76 259, 418 connectionless, 76 Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR), 787, 792 Transmission Control Protocol, 135 User Datagram Protocol, 135 Transmission media: User-to-network interface, 775 shared, 389 Utilization coefficient, 216, 219 INDEX 973

UTP, 282, 418. See also Unshielded Weighted RED, 736 twisted pair WEP, 468, 480. See also Wired Type 3, 458, 462 Equivalent Privacy Type 6, 458, 462 WFQ, 229. See also Weighted V Fair Queuing Wide Area Network, 14 V.21, 875 Window size, 195 V.34, 875, 887 Windows, 120, 125, 757 V.34+, 875 2000, 633, 719 V.35, 816 XP, 489 V.42bis, 306 Wired (guided) medium, 258 V.90, 887 Wired Equivalent Privacy, 468, 480 V.92, 876 Wired OR scheme, 44 Variable Bit Rate (VBR), 212, 787, Wireless (unguided) medium, 258 789, 789 Wireless LANs, 891 VCI, 770, 796 external noise, 468 VDSL, 886 Wireless link, 318, 320 Very high-speed DSL, 886 Wireless local loop (WLL), 318, 322, Very small aperture terminal, 326, 333 891, 892, 318, 322, 891, 892 Virtual channel, 76 World Wide Web, 21 Virtual channel identifier, 769, 770 WorldCom, 169 Virtual circuit, 76, 80, 102, 119 WRED, 736 Virtual LAN, 519, 548 WWW, 139, 676, 870. See also World Virtual path identifier, 796 Wide Web Virtual Private Network, 156, 198, 200 Visible light band, 322 X VLAN, 548, 563, 758, 839, 898 Voice over IP (VoIP), 10 X.121 CCITT VPI, 796. See also Virtual Path Identifier Recommendation, 777 VPN, 155, 156, 198, 200, 898, 913 X.21, 775, 777 VSAT, 333 X.21bis, 777 Vulnerabilities, 198 X.25, 15, 80, 81, 128, 136, 137, 168, 583 751, 768, 779, 782, 812, 842, W 868, 882, 915 WAN, 14, 15, 20, 24, 28, 808 data link layer, 778 WAN link, 21, 779 network layer, 778 Wave Division Multiplexing, 309 physical layer, 777 Wave routers, 367, 375 Õ.400, 131 WDM, 309, 310, 540. See also Wave X.500, 131, 912 Division Multiplexing xDSL, 886 Weighted Fair Queuing, 229 Xerox, 128, 388, 407, 414 Weighted queuing, 224, 228 XGMII, 540