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Provincialism and Environmental Change in the Early Cretaceous Provicialis ad eviroetal chage i the Early Cretaceous – Paleoceanographic and stratigraphic applications of calcareous nannofossils and geochemistry Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften an der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften der Ruhr-Universität Bochum vorgelegt von Carla Möller geboren in Dortmund Bochum, Mai 2017 Data! Data! Data! he ried ipatietly. I a’t ake riks without lay. Sherlock Holmes Erklärung Ich versichere an Eides statt, dass ich die eingereichte Dissertation selbstständig und ohne unzulässige fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die in ihr angegebene Literatur nicht benutzt und dass ich alle ganz oder annähernd übernommenen Textstellen sowie verwendete Grafiken, Tabellen und Auswertungsprogramme kenntlich gemacht habe. Außerdem versichere ich, dass die vorgelegte elektronische mit der schriftlichen Version der Dissertation übereinstimmt und die Abhandlung in dieser oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht anderweitig als Promotionsleistung vorgelegt und bewertet wurde. (Carla Möller) Declaration of authorship This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the present thesis. Chapters 2, and 3 are papers which have been published in peer-reviewed journals, chapter 4 is a manuscript that has been submitted for publication. Chapter 5 contains the conclusions of the present thesis. All data generated and used for this thesis is enclosed with the electronic version. Chapter 2 Möller, C., Mutterlose, J., Alsen, P., 2015. Integrated stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous sediments (Ryazanian–Hauterivian) from North-East Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 437, 85-97. Belemnite rostra for the analysis were supplied by J. Mutterlose and P. Alsen. C. Möller sampled the shells and analyzed the data. The paper was written by C. Möller with contributions from J. Mutterlose and P. Alsen. Comments and suggestions of two anonymous reviewers have been included in the final version. Chapter 3 Möller, C., Bornemann, A., Mutterlose, J., submitted. Size changes of calcareous nannofossils and the nature of the Weissert Event (Early Cretaceous). C. Möller performed the sampling of one of the cores. Also the preparation of the microscope slides, and the analyses of the calcareous nannofossil assemblages in the samples from northern Germany was done by C. Möller. A. Bornemann supplied microscope slides and biometric data for Watznaueria barnesia for the third core; all other biometric measurements as well as data analyses were done by C. Möller. The paper was written by C. Möller with contributions from A. Bornemann and J. Mutterlose. Chapter 4 Möller, C., Mutterlose, J., 2014. Middle Hauterivian biostratigraphy and palaeoceanography of the Lower Saxony Basin (Northwest Germany). Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 165 (4), 501-520. C. Möller performed the sample preparation, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the nannofossil assemblages, and data analysis. The analyzed belemnite samples were supplied by J. Mutterlose. C. Möller wrote the paper with contributions from J. Mutterlose. Comments and suggestions of Martin Hiss (Geologischer Dienst NRW) and one anonymous reviewer have been implemented into the final version. I. Table of contents II. ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... IV III. KURZFASSUNG ............................................................................................................................................. VII IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................. X 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Thesis structure .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Calcareous nannofossils ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1. Biology .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2. Nannoliths ..................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.3. Evolution and fossil record of calcareous nannofossils .................................................................... 9 1.2.4. Significance of coccolithophores for ocean chemistry and biogeochemical cycles ...........................11 1.2.5. Applications ..................................................................................................................................15 1.3. The Early Cretaceous .........................................................................................................................16 1.3.1. Climate .........................................................................................................................................16 1.3.2. Sea level and ocean circulation ......................................................................................................19 1.3.3. Environmental change and Oceanic Anoxic Events .........................................................................21 1.4. Aims and objectives...........................................................................................................................26 1.5. References ........................................................................................................................................27 2 INTEGRATED STRATIGRAPHY OF LOWER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS (RYAZANIAN-HAUTERIVIAN) FROM NORTH-EAST GREENLAND .....................................................................................................................................42 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................43 2.2. Geological setting .............................................................................................................................45 2.3. Section ..............................................................................................................................................45 2.4. Material and methods .......................................................................................................................46 2.5. Results ..............................................................................................................................................47 2.5.1. Element composition.....................................................................................................................47 2.5.2. Strontium isotopes ........................................................................................................................47 2.5.3. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes................................................................................................49 2.6. Discussion .........................................................................................................................................49 2.6.1. The Ryazanian-Valanginian boundary ...........................................................................................49 2.6.2. The Weissert Event and the Valanginian nannoconid decline .........................................................52 2.6.3. The lower / upper Valanginian boundary .......................................................................................57 2.6.4. The Valanginian / Hauterivian boundary .......................................................................................57 2.6.5. Lowermost Cretaceous palaeotemperatures ..................................................................................58 2.7. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................59 2.8. Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................60 2.9. References ........................................................................................................................................60 3 SIZE CHANGES OF CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS AND THE NATURE OF THE WEISSERT EVENT (EARLY CRETACEOUS) ........................................................................................................................................................67 3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................68 3.2. Study sites and stratigraphy ..............................................................................................................69 3.2.1. Lower Saxony Basin, Northern Germany ........................................................................................69 3.2.2. Blake Bahama Basin, western Atlantic Ocean ................................................................................70 3.3. Material and methods .......................................................................................................................71 i 3.3.1. Nannofossil biostratigraphy ..........................................................................................................71
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