(JPMNT) Journal of Process Management – New Technologies, International Vol. 5, No.1, 2017.

BEDESTENS FROM OTTOMAN PERIOD: FACTORS OF INFLUENCE IMPLEMENTED IN CONTEMPORARY CITY CONCEPT

Prof. Petar Namicev PhD Goce Delchev University - Stip, Republic of Macedonia e-mail:[email protected]

Original Scientific Paper doi:10.5937/jouproman5-12809

Abstract : Bedesten or covered marked, Bedestens in , and Stip are usually located in the area of the Balkan is one of the most important preserved city type. Bedesten was served as a place for the transactions of valuable goods, quality fabrics and Ottoman buildings of the present day in the shops with luxury items in the past. The Republic of Macedonia, as part of the analysis of factors are presented at three former (Pavlov, 2008). characteristic preserved bedestens in Bitola, Skopje These buildings had modest architectural and Shtip, dating from XV-XVI century.Through values with functional values adjusted, presented factors were investigated the impacts of re-building and conservation interventions on the usually rectangular or irregularly shaped activity of objects in modern urban context, the role basically, where are highlighted several of the local community, which affects at the entrances to the complex of small development of cultural tourism,at theambiental commercial spaces. Bedesten space values of the environment, raising awareness, conception can be basilica (Bitola) or identifying and attitude of the population to the monuments.The identification of factors which multi-domed (Shtip), (Waltenberger, affecting the modern treatment of historic buildings 2014). is important because of their adequate treatment Depending on the needs and size of adapted to modern needs, raising of awareness of population and development of cultural tourism. the city and its population they had different sizes, tailored to the needs of the Key words : bedesten, bazaar, conservation, ambient, urbanism, ottoman, population. At the beginning of their tradition existence they were meant for selling textiles, and later other valuable products, Introduction which gradually formed separate rooms for Bedestens building is part of different craft stores. in the period XV- As complex buildings they were XIX th century. Ottoman concept of built of solid material, with vaulted domes grouping of public buildings practiced and arches, covered with lead or copper, building: a , a hammam, a han and closed with iron gates at the entrance an bedesten in a spatial concept, in their (Bogoevic 2014). The interior space has urban (Cipan, 1955). This concept is been fitted the square fields, covered with practiced throughout the Ottoman Empire, domes or arches (Bitola) ( Ко cаnkovska, and the Balkan cities. Bedesten or covered 2008). From the outside they were clinging marked, are usually located in the bazaar stores that were within the city bazaar area of the Balkan city type. Bedesten was (Skopje). served as a place for the transactions of The interior space as a single, valuable goods, quality fabrics and the covered, could if necessary make a by shops with luxury items in the past. The partitions at different times (Stip) old Bezistan in Skopje was a series of (Tomovski, 2006). connected streets that housed shops of various craftsmen (Celebija, 1957)

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Mostly after more conservation Bedestens in Bitola and Skopje had set interventions at different times they were aside spaces for specialized trade services functionally integrated in the downtown of certain kind of products, while Stip core, or part of the historic city. Bedesten had single rectangular open The main direction of research is the space at the beginning for textile analysis of form and treatment of products(Fig.1). bedestens in the modern urban Changing the space, with constant development of cities. Having regard in interventions of the construction and use of particular to analyze their historical different materials, in different periods development of architectural form through they are changing their purpose. These changes occurring in the structure and facilities include ambient, have historical, space, their inclusion in active function of urban, cultural and economic importance. the needs of the city and participation in Indigenous values of these buildings are cultural and tourist development of the recognizable by the impact with the settlements. immediate environment, structural and spatial conception, and with stylistic 1. Purpose of bedestens features that form the outer appearance. The main function of bezestens Bedestens contain stylistic features of since their initial construction is wrapping Ottoman Turkish School, through craftsmen, where they offered their influences from the Byzantine and Oriental products to a single space or in a complex, architecture, but also elements from the as secure building with doors that could be local tradition of building (Waltenberger, locked by night. (Celebija,1957). 2014).

Bedesten

Bedesten, Shtip Bedesten, Bitola Bedesten, Skopje Total space 1750 m² 517 m² 477.99m² Used space 637.34 m² 159,36 m² 386.19m² % 36,5% 30.7 % 80,7% Corridors 587.66m² 195m² / % 33.5 % 37% / Walls/ 525 m² 162.24 m² 91.8 m² construction % 30% 32,3 % 19.03 Number of shops in 41 17 One space bedesten m²/shop 22-28m² 7,92 -24 m² / Inside high 5,7 – 6,2 m 2,7 – 5,3 m 13,25 m Citizens XVI-XIX c 30-50.000 30-32.000 3.800-10.000 City bazaar – number of 2.000 2.150 450 shops

Fig.1. Comparative analysis of architectural space of the bedestens

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The design characteristics of external shape. Still is the basic concept bedestens from their initial forms, was preserved of application materials constantly havecertain changes, regarding (stone, brick and lime mortar), which held interventions of construction and aesthetic the authentic form of construction(Fig.2.).

Bedesten, Bitola

Bedesten,Skopje Bedesten, Shtip Brick Brick, stone Stone Lime mortar Lime mortar Lime mortar Arch Arch Dome lead/sheet lead/ceramide lead XVII c. stone plates XX c. Decorative facade / Minimal decorative facade Brick/stone Brick/stone Stone Basilica / Multi-domed Moisture Moisture Moisture Fig.2.Comparative analysis of construction of the bedestens

2. System of applied protection availability and promotion of the monument The measures that were taken to in the environment and so on. Existing protect bedestens realized in the second legislation allows incorporating all aspects half of the 20th century and applied basic and modern scientific methods to improve measures for their conservation. Today, the condition and treatment of the despite their steady state after 30 to 50 monument. It is needed to complement the years, requires extra care for their law on protection of monuments that are continual rehabilitation. Despite this it is protected and which are extremely necessary to apply measures of preventive important for the preservation of cultural care in the process before construction heritage (Marasovic, 1985). resulted in critical shape. 3. Factors of influence Depending on the complexity of the In particular analysis of the factors structure requires a multivalent approach influencing the success of the integration of to determine the protective measures bezestens, active in the urban context, we which will largely correspond to the facts. find a group of influential factors: The original function and condition of the 1. Through a comparative method of monument changed in continuity till today. analysis of the dimensions and volumes of Its necessary to undertake complex the bedestens, we can conclude that they do analyzes and procedures that would satisfy not affect the functional properties of space. a certain contemporary needs. The direction New modified concepts are adapted to the of interventions should meet the elements needs and within the permissible as visual recognition, preservation of the interventions they respect the basic vital elements of the building, the comfort architectural concept of the Bedesten of space, integration of the space, improve (Fig.1.).

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Bedesten, Bitola Bedesten, Skopje Bedesten, Shtip XV-XVI c. XV-XVI c. XVI-XVII c. XVII-XIX c. - rebuild XVII c.- earthquake XVIII-XIX c. - prison Late XIX c.–reconstruction XVII c. – destroyed by fire Set on fire XIX c.- 84 shops inside 1689- rebuild -2150 shops in the city 1892/93 was restored 1899 -renovation Mid XIX c.- destroyed 1908- damaged in fire End of XIX c.- rebuilding Mid XX -1169 shops in the city

Mid XX c. rebuild- south facade 1964 –rebuilding XX c.-warehouse 1977-80- adaptation Today- public space 1959-63 adaptation -pediments in neo-baroque style 1964-today-art gallery conservation 1983-1985 1983-lead cover Today- shopping center Administration/trade space Art gallery 4 streets 2 streets One street 4 enters 4 enters 2 enters (3 enters) Fig.3. Chronology and conservation of historic buildings - bedestens

2. Bedestens with more height represent the attractiveness of external decoration attractive spaces, thanks to the applied (Bitola). design, which achieves a significant visual 5. Interventionsof preservation over the impact. It is important not to disturb the second half of the 20th century has been spatial concept of authentic and influenced the authenticity of space and recognizable appearance(Fig.3.). structure, their structural and aesthetic 3. Due to the historical conditions of their solidity.To pay special attention of construction periods (15-16 century) and structural stability, consistency of to repeated reconstructions in the 18th, architectural form and complete visual 19th century (Skopje), the building has image recognition of the historical style of been transformed in terms of dimensions, the bedestens (Fig.3). by increasing or decreasing the useful area, 6. The attitude of bedestens spatial concept based on conditions applied and the means to other historic buildings or historic cores of their construction (Fig.1). are fostered through respect and adjust to 4. Incertain changes to the architectural the ambient concept of environment. The concept in repeated interventions of the relationship of bedestens with the ambient bedestens in 19th and 20th century (Bitola) (environment) is very important for its were observed changes of stylistic features integration into the modern needs of the of external decoration. It does not reduce city (Fig.4).

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7. Beside values of spatial and structural traditional form is expressed by elements is achieved the effect of a minimalism in decoration, where it harmonious geometric stile, transparency receives harmonious aesthetics, which of forms, emphasized the symbolism of leads to high ambient achieved values certain decorative elements, where the (Fig.4.).

Bedesten, Bitola Bedesten, Skopje Bedesten, Shtip Transformation with additional Transformation with additional No transformation of interior shops and corridors from outside shops in the middle of the building space Flexible interior space Flexible out space in the middle of Open interior space complex No interior decoration No interior decoration Minimal interior decoration Simple geometric constructive Simple geometric constructive Expressed constructive elements forms- arch forms Fig.4. The impact of the internal decoration on the values of the monument

4. Analysis of further measures work on the monument or the According to the analysis and environment, it requires a study of the methodology of research it is particularly level of intervention envisaged (in terms of important to determine the priority of aesthetic form, decoration, interior design, factors that lead a certain course of action etc.), which should not disrupt certain toward treating bedestens: long-term policy (Fig.4). 1. The essential characteristics of Ottoman 3. Ambiental environment has influence, buildings need to have authentic historical but not mandatory, under the the environment as a factor of guidelines for successful of integration of facility- adaptation and use of their space. By bedesten in the city core. Surrounding of choosing the location, the monument of its the monument is a long process that existence, gets some recognition of the depends on a number of factors in the location. The recognition of the place and urban development of the city (Fig.5). its environment depends on the treatment 4. The extent of conservation measures of the monument in a new urban concept taken (an adaptation) affect at the arise where relations monument successful of the integration of modern surroundings are transformed and adapted monument to the modern needs of the city. to the contemporary needs. The success of Despite realization of more renovations the incorporation of historic buildings in through the last period (15-19th centuries), the area is dependent on many factors of recent conservation measures undertaken urban approach and attitude of the in the second half of the 20th century, the community towards the monument(Fig.5.). condition of the buildings is stable (Fig.3.). 2. Adjustments of space in order to meet the needs of the community while not compromising the protection of the authentic form of the building. Before any

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Bedesten, Bitola Bedesten, Skopje Bedesten, Shtip Near to the bazar Core of the bazar Surrounded with contemporary architecture Center of the city Center of bazar Center of the city Close to the old bazar Into bazar Into city center Cultural monument Cultural monument Cultural monument Urban position-independent Incorporated in the old bazar Historic monument in contemporary structure environment Contemporary use Contemporary use Cultural use successfully fitted into the Incorporated in function of the Individual building incorporated in environment bazar. cultural public life Fig.5The urban context of the bazaar as a factor of influence

Their need for constant monitoring and century, in Skopje bedesten with upgrading taking additional measures is always of the corridor in the middle. Does it affect present and should be included in the the attractiveness of the building due to the annual and long-term municipal planning large functional changes and application of measures, in order to make their modern materials, which are undermining incorporation into modern cultural broadly authenticity of the internal tourism(Fig.3.). environment and the external 5. The care for the monument, its appearance(Fig.3.). maintenance ( construction, aesthetic look, Conclusion adapting to the needs of the population and Bedestens had a simple form, using so on.) affect to enhance the development poor construction technique, which to date of cultural tourism at local and national have managed to maintain their role, based level. on a building and historic values within the 6. We need to developa sufficient degree of bazaar. Although in certain historical identification of the population and tourists periods, they were destroyed and re-built with historic buildings, so they differently (Skopje) or stored in the original affect in particular their affirmation. These architectural form, the transformation did facilities fall into the category of important not affect their functional purpose, which as historic buildings in the city, which should an area transformed from open space to represent a solid base for the promotion of space corridors with separately allocated certain cultural value of the environment. It spaces shops. is necessary to assess and to take certain According to the analysis of factors actions to implement the concepts of active influencing the urban context of the city, we cultural tourism(Fig.5.). can conclude that in addition to maintaining 7. The level of change of the look and the historic buildings in terms of the layout in different buildings with different architecture features, it requires constant extent does that affect the attractiveness. adaptation to modern urban concept of the Major interventions are undertaken in a city and the changes that occur. bedesten in Bitola in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the 20th 12 www.japmnt.com (JPMNT) Journal of Process Management – New Technologies, International Vol. 5, No.1, 2017.

Within modern urbanism historic buildings [7] Mohammadreza, P. (2014): Role of in different ways tailored to contemporary as a unifying factor in traditional cities of Iran: The Isfahan bazaar, Frontiers of standards of care and their treatment. Thus Architectural research, 3, 10-19 precautions should be taken into cultural history, economic, climatic, social, urban, [8] Pavlov, Z., Petkova, R., (2008): Macedonian Cultural heritage: Ottoman tourism and other aspects of modern monuments, Office in Venice, UNESCO treatment of bedestens. It requires analysis of the real needs of local government or [9] Stein, C. (2010): Greening Modernism: Preservation, Sustainability, and the population to determine strategy towards Modern Movement, New York, W. W. implementation of methods for activation of NORTON & Company historic buildings and space that allows [10] Tomovski, К., (1967): Аdaptacija bezistena them some useful function. u Stipu u galerija slika i skulptura, Zbornik Zastita spomenika kulture, knjiga 18 tom , Beograd, 99-104 Reference [11] Tomovski, К. (2006): Bezisten Stip, Zbornik zastita na spomenicite na kulturata [1] Arsovski, T. (1971): Stara skopska carsija, br.2 , Skopje, 97-101 Skopje , Svetlost [12] Tyler, N., Ligibel, T., and Tyler, I., (2009): [2] Bogojevic, K. L. (2014): Оsmanliski Historic Preservation: An Introduction to spomenici vo Skopje , Skopje,Та bеrnakul Its History, Principles, and Practice , 2nd ed. New York, W.W. NORTON & Co [3] Celebija, E. (1957): Putopis, Odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama, [13] Cipan, B., (1955): Zastita spomenika kulture u NR Makedoniji, Ansambl [4] Kocankovska, V. (2008): Оsvrt vrz Kursumli – hana u Skoplju (han, dzamija, izvrsenata revitalizacija na bezistenot vo аmаm), Savezni Institut za zastitu Bitola , Zbornik Kulturno nasledstvo, 26- spomenika culture, Zbornik Zastita 27/2000-2001 , Skopje, 137-169 spomenika kulture IV-V, Beograd , 319-322 [5] Krishevljakovik, H. (1954): Nasi bezistani , [14] Waltenberger, T. (2014): The Ottoman Zbornik Nase Starine , Sarajevo 233-244 heritage , Architecture in Macedonia, [6] Мarasovik, T. (1985): Aktivni pristup Skopje, LogosA. graditeljskog nasledja, Split, Sveuciliste u Splitu

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