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The Urban Cartography of Cyprus: Between the 16 And THE URBAN CARTOGRAPHY OF CYPRUS: BETWEEN THE 16TH AND 20TH CENTURIES by Merve Senem Arkan Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Eötvös Loránd University Ph.D. Dissertation Submitted to the Cartography and Geoinformatics PhD Programme (László Zentai , Prof.) PhD School of Earth Sciences (József Nemes-Nagy, Prof.) Eötvös Loránd University Advisor: Zsolt Győző Török, Assoc. Prof. Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest 2016 ABSTRACT Since the late 15th century, urban maps have illustrated with greater accuracy and reliability, detailed information about cities and towns. Such maps, in addition to offering the physical appearance of cities, have also given us an insight into the social and political contexts of the era. Cyprus, with its turbulent history, is no exception. The island has been occupied by various powers, in which time historical and cultural contexts of the main cities of the island have changed and left behind material traces. However, maps do not always reflect the true image of a city similar to other historical sources they can be biased as well and so the researcher must tread with care. There are two purposes of this research therefore; the first is to observe the representation of six cities of Cyprus throughout a timeframe from the 16th to 20th centuries; the second is to examine how the maps portrayed the ever-changing context of these cities, and offer suggestions as to the possible motivations behind the depictions. Even though urban maps have significant importance and had been produced in large numbers, there are relatively few studies on them and only a handful deal with Cypriot cartography. There is no comprehensive study of Cypriot city maps, and so, my MA thesis took the first step to fill this academic gap by starting with the urban maps of Famagusta. However, the study was limited to one city and lacked detailed research on the maps. In this dissertation, Famagusta will be detailed with additional maps and re-evaluated together with other cities. It will give us a complete look at the Cypriot cities. The aim of this dissertation is to take further steps towards the completion of the research on the urban maps of Cyprus. The representations of these cities will highlight the history of the island and its reflection in the maps. They will also show the perspective of the cartographers towards the island and the expectations and needs of the audience from the cartographers and the cities. The dissertation will analyse the maps of the six cities to understand the image of the cities and will question what they represent and meant for the cartographer and the audience. With the analyses of these maps, the dissertation tries to understand the relation between the city and history; the image, the cartographer and the audience. As the maps and history are interlinked with each other, as Cyprus changed, so too did the cartographic depictions of the city. In each period, various factors effected the changing representations of the cities which will be examined in this dissertation by analysing maps throughout history. This study concerns itself with the 16th-20th centuries and should contribute a deeper understanding to both historians of the time and place. Keywords: Cypriot Cartography, city mapping, Cyprus, cartographic representation, Famagusta, Nicosia, Larnaca, Limassol, Kyrenia, Paphos. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Zsolt Győző Török for the continuous support of my Ph.D. study and related research, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this dissertation. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Ph.D study. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank to Dr. László Zentai, the head of the department for his support and encouragement. Last but not the least, I would like to express my gratitude to my family Engin and Tugba Arkan; especially my sister Tugce Arkan for their support, consideration and motivation. I am indebted to all. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….….......i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………..……….…………….……ii LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………………..vi 1 INTRODUCTION…………..................................................................................................1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................5 3 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS OF CARTOGRAPHY AND CYPRIOT CARTOGRPHY 3.1 The Venetian Era Cartography....................................................................................9 3.2 The Venetian Era Cypriot Cartography.....................................................................10 3.3 The Ottoman Era Cartography..................................................................................13 3.4 The Ottoman Era Cypriot Cartography.....................................................................15 3.5 The British Era Cartography.....................................................................................15 3.6 The British Era Cypriot Cartography........................................................................16 4 FAMAGUSTA MAPS BETWEEN THE 16TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 4.1 The Venetian Era Famagusta Maps...........................................................................18 4.1.1 History of Famagusta.........................................................................................18 4.1.1.1 The Siege of Famagusta, 1571...................................................................19 4.1.2 Portrayal of Venetian Famagusta.......................................................................21 4.1.3 Analysis of the Maps.........................................................................................24 4.2 The Ottoman Era Famagusta Maps...........................................................................36 4.2.1 History of Famagusta….....................................................................................36 4.2.2 Portrayal of Ottoman Famagusta.......................................................................39 4.2.3 Analysis of the Maps.........................................................................................41 4.3 The British Era Famagusta Maps..............................................................................48 4.3.1 History of Famagusta…....................................................................................48 4.3.2 Portrayal of British Famagusta.........................................................................50 4.3.3 Analysis of the Maps........................................................................................51 5 NICOSIA MAPS BETWEEN THE 16TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 5.1 The Venetian Era Nicosia Maps................................................................................56 5.1.1 History of Nicosia….........................................................................................56 5.1.1.1 The Siege of Nicosia, 1570........................................................................57 5.1.2 Portrayal of Venetian Nicosia...........................................................................59 iii 5.1.3 Analysis of the Maps.........................................................................................61 5.2 The Ottoman Era Nicosia Maps.................................................................................67 5.2.1 History of Nicosia….........................................................................................67 5.2.2 Portrayal of Ottoman Nicosia...........................................................................69 5.2.3 Analysis of the Maps........................................................................................71 5.3 The British Era Nicosia Maps....................................................................................74 5.3.1 History of Nicosia…..........................................................................................74 5.3.2 Portrayal of British Nicosia...............................................................................74 5.3.3 Analysis of the Maps.........................................................................................75 6 LARNACA MAPS BETWEEN THE 16TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 6.1 The Ottoman Era Larnaca Maps................................................................................79 6.1.1 History of Larnaca….......................................................................................79 6.1.2 Portrayal of Ottoman Larnaca..........................................................................81 6.1.3 Analysis of the Maps.......................................................................................83 6.2 The British Era Larnaca Maps...................................................................................90 6.2.1 History of Larnaca….......................................................................................90 6.2.2 Portrayal of British Larnaca............................................................................92 6.2.3Analysis of the Maps........................................................................................92 7 LIMASSOL MAPS BETWEEN THE 16TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 7.1 The Ottoman Era Limassol Maps..............................................................................94 7.1.1 History of Limassol….....................................................................................94
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