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The Wuhan Campaign, Home 11 June to 27 October 1938 by Terence Co

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The Wuhan Campaign, Home 11 June to 27 October 1938 by Terence Co Buy Now! The Wuhan Campaign, Home 11 June to 27 October 1938 By Terence Co sary. By December 1937, however, Fuju had retreated—without authoriza- tion—leaving the provincial capital of Jinan defenseless. That was followed by the rapid Japanese seizure of all of northern Shandong, the occupation of Tsingtao and the siege of Nanjing. The last development forced the Chinese government to move to Wuhan. Gen. Fuju was arrested on 11 January 1938, and he was tried and An amazingly well equipped Chinese tactical HQ unit somewhere along the central Yangtze at the very start of the campaign. sentenced to death by a special mili- tary tribunal chaired by Chiang and Eventually Japanese fi repower his top generals. The execution of Fuju and discipline proved too much for was a clear message there would be the Chinese defenders. Moving by no further unauthorized retreats, and night while making good use of any such moves would bring on the the terrain and weather, Gen, Li death of the offi cer who ordered them. Tsung Jen instituted a skillful (and A Japanese combined-arms column moves out in the north at the start of the offensive. In order to follow up their offi cially authorized) retreat from victories in northern and eastern Xuzhou with his remaining 500,000 China, during that same month men, evading Japanese encirclement the Japanese conceived a plan to attempts all along the way and link units of their North China Area regrouping in the Dabei Mountains. Army (commanded by Field Marshal The Chinese lost 100,000 men Hisaichi Terauchi) with those of their in the Xuzhou campaign, while the Central China Expeditionary Force Japanese lost 30,000. Though an (Field Marshal Shinroku Hata) at operational Chinese defeat, Xuzhou the important rail junction city of actually caused their morale to Xuzhou (Jiangsu province). United, rise, as the Japanese had suffered those two forces would then launch reverses for the fi rst time in the war. a coordinated attack to capture the new Chinese capital of Wuhan. The Yellow River Dikes Japanese hoped that would end organized Chinese resistance. While the Xuzhou campaign was Recognizing the importance of occurring, 45,000 Japanese troops Xuzhou, Chiang gathered some 60 of First Army (Lt. General Kiyoshi divisions around the city under the Katsuki) of their North China Area command of Gen. Li Tsung Jen. The Army advanced into northern Henan plan was to delay and weaken the province with the ultimate objective of Background Several months earlier Gen. Japanese offensive long enough for capturing the important rail terminus Fuju had been a close associate of substantial forces to be gathered, of Kaifeng along with the provincial t 7:00 a.m. on 24 January 1938, Chiang Kai Shek, and had therefore and impregnable defenses to be capital of Zhengzhou, which was a single shot rang out inside been given the task of defending the set up, for the defense of Wuhan. also an industrial and rail center. A the third story sanctuary of important province of Shandong, From 14 March through 21 May, Its importance to the Chinese was the Forever Spring Taoist Temple on northern China’s most populous then, some 600,000 Chinese and second only to Wuhan. Its capture the south side of Shuangfeng Hill, region. Shandong had also been 240,000 Japanese engaged in a would enable the Japanese to outfl ank near the Chinese city of Wuchang. the strategic buffer protecting the brutal and fi erce seesaw campaign Wuhan from the north and also Gen. Hu Zongn an had just put a important port of Tsingtao and for Xuzhou. That fi ghting saw the fi rst threaten the city of Xian further west. bullet through the head of a kneeling the national capital of Nanjing. Japanese tactical defeats of the war at Facing them were 300,000 Chinese Gen. Han Fuju , whose army had At the outbreak of the Second Sino- the towns of Linyi and Taierzhuang, in around 50 divisions of the First War surrendered control of Shandong Japanese War, in the summer of 1937, which in turn forced the invaders Area. The Japanese advance to Kaifeng province to Japanese invaders. Chiang had ordered Fuju to hold the to bring in major reinforcements province, resisting to the last if neces- from Manchuria and Japan. continued on page 52 » 48 WORLD at WAR 29 | APR–MAY 2013 WORLD at WAR 29 | APR–MAY 2013 49 Adm. Oikawa Koshiro, IJN Gen. Bai Chongxi Gen. Chen Cheng, Chinese Gen. Han Fuju Gen. Yasuji Okamura Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko commander at Wuhan Commander at Wuhan Orders of Battle for 10th Infantry Division Republic of China Thirty-Seventh Army Thirty-Second Army Group 92nd Infantry Division 162nd Infantry Division LI Corps (Gen. Yu Hsueh Chung) Wuhan Campaign (Lt. Gen. Yoshio Shinuzuka) Kuomintang National (Gen. Wang Ching Chiu) (Gen. Kuan Lin Cheng) Hupei Provincial Air Defense Units LXVII Corps (Gen. Hsu Shao Tsung) 113th Infantry Division 13th Infantry Division Revolutionary Army XXV Corps (Gen. Wang Ching Chiu) LII Corps (Gen. Kuan Lin Cheng) 150th Infantry Division 114th Infantry Division Empire of Japan (Lt. Gen. Ryuhe Shigisu) 52nd Infantry Division 2nd Infantry Division Thirtieth Army 167th Infantry Division LXXI Corps (Gen. Sung His Lien) 16th Infantry Division Ninth War Area 109th Infantry Division 25th Infantry Division (Gen. Lu Han) 36th Infantry Division Imperial Japanese Army (Lt. Gen. Keisuke Fujuie) (Gen. Chen Cheng with LXXIV Corps (Gen. Yu Chih Shih) XCII Corps (Gen. Li Hsien Chou) LX Corps (Gen. Lu Han) Eleventh Army Group 61st Infantry Division ≈ 800,000 men) 51st Infantry Division 21st Infantry Division 49th Infantry Division (Gen. Li Pingxian) 88th Infantry Division Central China Imperial Japanese Navy I Army Corps (Gen. Hsueh Yueh) 58th Infantry Division 95th Infantry Division 102nd Infantry Division LXXXIV Corps (Gen. Chin Lien Fang) Expeditionary Force XXIX Corps (Gen. Chen An Pao) 184th Infantry Division 188th Infantry Division Twenty-Seventh Army (Gen. Shunroku Hata Third & China Area Fleets Twentieth Army Group 40th Infantry Division Tienpei Fortress Command 189th Infantry Division (Gen. Chang Tse Chung) ≈ 130,000 men) (Adm. Oikawa Koshiro & Vice Adm. (Gen. Shang Zhen) 79th Infantry Division (Gen. Li Yen Nien) Twenty-Sixth Army XLVIII Corps (Gen. Chang Yi Shun) LIX Corps (Gen. Chang Tse Chung) 15th Infantry Division Kiyoshi Hasegawa) XXXII Corps (Gen. Shang Zhen) II Corps (Gen. Li Yen Nien) (Gen. Wan Fu Lin) 172nd Infantry Division 30th Infantry Division (Lt. Gen. Yoshio Iwamatsu) Armored Cruisers Izumo 139th Infantry Division Independent Units 9th Infantry Division LIII Corps (Gen. Wan Fu Lin) 174th Infantry Division 180th Infantry Division 17th Infantry Division (fl agship) & Iwate 141st Infantry Division 167th Infantry Division 57th Infantry Division 116th Infantry Division 176th Infantry Division 13th Cavalry Briga de (Lt. Gen. Takishi Kuoya) Aircraft Carrier Soryu 142nd Infantry Division Po Yang Lake Garrison (div. equiv.) Tienchiachen Fortress 130th Infantry Division LXVIII Corps (Gen. Liu Ju Ming) XLV Corps (Gen. Cheng Ting Hsun) 18th Infantry Division Salt Gable Brigade II Army Corps (Gen. Chang Fe-kuei) 119th Infantry Division 125th Infantry Division (Lt. Gen. Seiichi Kuno) 1st Squadron XVIII Corps (Gen. Huang Wei) Tiennan Fortress Command Fifth War Area 143rd Infantry Division 127th Infantry Division 22nd Infantry Division 12 x torpedo boats 11th Infantry Division Thirtieth Army Group (Gen. Hou Kuei Chang) (Gens. Li Tsung Jen & Bai LXXXVI Corps (Gen. Ho Chih Chung) (Lt. Gen. Ichiji Dobashi) 16th Infantry Division (Gen. Wang Lingji) LIV Corps (Gen. Hou Kuei Chang) Chongxi ≈350,000 men) 103rd Infantry Division Twenty-Fourth Army Group 116th Infantry Division 11th Squadron 50th Infantry Division LXXII Corps (Gen. Yu Chi Shih) 14th Infantry Division III Army Corps (Gen. Sun Lianzhong) 121st Infantry Division (Gen. Han Deqin) (Lt. Gen. Yoshishige Shimizu) 11 x gunboats New 13th Division 18th Infantry Division LVII Corps (Gen. Miao Cheng Liu) 3 x destroyers Ninth Army Group New 14th Division Second Army Group Twenty-Sixth Army Group 111th Infantry Division Eleventh Army 1 x minelayer (Gen. Wu Qiwei) LXXVIII Corps (Gen. Chang Tsai) Yangtze River North Region (Gen. Sun Lianzhong) (Gen. Xu Yuanquan) 112th Infantry Division (Gen. Yasuji Okamura with IV Corps (Gen. Ou Chen) New 15th Division (Gen. Wan Yao Huang) XXX Corps (Gen. Tien Chen Nan) X Corps (Gen. Xu Yuanquan) LXXXIX Corps (Gen. Han Deqin) ≈ 125 ,000 men) 12th Squadron 59th Infantry Division New 16th Division VI Corps (Gen. Kan Li Chu) 30th Infantry Division 41st Infantry Division 33rd Infantry Division 6th Infantry Division 4 x minelayers 90th Infantry Division 93rd Infantry Division 31st Infantry Division 48th Infantry Division 117th Infantry Division (Lt. Gen. Shiro Inaba) 3 x gunboats VIII Corps (Gen. Li Ye Tung) Third Army Group XVI Corps (Gen. Tung Chao) XLII Corps (Gen. Feng An Pang) 199th Infantry Division 9th Infantry Division 1 x torpedo boat 3rd Infantry Division (Gen. Su n Tongxuan) 28th Infantry Division 27th Infantry Division Twenty-Seventh Army Group (Lt. Gen. Ryosuke Yoshizumi) 5th Infantry Division XII Corps (Gen. Sun Tongxuan) 44th Infantry Brigade Twenty-First Army Group (Gen. Yang Sen) 27th Infantry Division 3rd Flying Group LXVI Corps (Gen. Yeh Chao) 20th Infantry Division Yangtze River South Region XXVI Corps (Gen. Hsiao Chi Chu) (Gen. Liao Lei) XX Corps (Gen. Yang Sen) (Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma) 2 x seaplane tenders 159th Infantry Division 22nd Infantry Division (Gen. Chao Ai) 32nd Infantry Division XXXI Corps (Gen. Wei Yun Sung) 133rd Infantry Division 101st Infantry Division 1 x torpedo boat 160th Infantry Division 81st Infantry Division LXXV Corps (Gen. Chao Ai) 44th Infantry Division 131st Infantry Division 134th Infantry Division (Lt. Gen. Masatoshi Saito) 6th Infantry Division LV Corps (Gen. Tsao Fu Lin) 135th Infantry Division 106th Infantry Division Okamoto Special Naval Twenty-Ninth Arm y Thirty-First Arm y Group 13th Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division 138th Infantry Division Seventeenth Army (Lt.
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