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The Last Giants of the Gulf the Magazine of the Marine Biological Issue 8. April 2017 ISSN 2052-5273 The Marine The magazine of the Biologistmarine biological community The last giants of the Gulf Blue whales in the Sea of Cortez Plus BIO The Torrey Canyon: 50 years on INE LO R G A IC M A E L Pelagic ecosystems; a history written in tiny teeth H T A N S O S I We’re all individuals! Identifying tompot blennies O C I A T Est. 1884 Incorporated by Royal Charter Persistent PCBs | Camera tech for monitoring marine life | Women in STEM | Ocean literacy Editorial A warm welcome to The Marine As a member of the Marine Biologi- Biologist magazine. Our cover story in cal Association, you are more likely this issue is an evocative and beautifully than most to be conscious of human illustrated account of fieldwork from impacts on the marine environment. the Gulf of Mexico, concerned with However, this awareness needs to conservation of the elusive blue whale. spread to all parts of society. Ocean Editorial Office 50 years ago the Torrey Canyon ran literacy is a global movement address- aground off Cornwall, southwest ing that need, helping citizens to better Editor Guy Baker England. Eve Southward was there at understand the ocean’s influence on us [email protected] the time and recounts the MBA’s and our influence on the ocean. Find +44 (0)1752 426239 response to the oil spill. If there was a out more about ocean literacy and how silver lining to this disaster it was that a major European project is making a Executive editor Matt Frost MBA scientists had surveyed rocky sea change in our attitudes to the ocean [email protected] intertidal sites in south west England (p. 20). +44 (0)1752 426343 for a long period prior to the spill. As In a new feature (p. 22) we are Editorial Board Guy Baker, well as being able to determine how plundering the MBA archives for Kelvin Boot, Matt Frost, Paul long it took for shores to return to a images of famous people, places and Rose, Mike Thorndyke. pre-spill state, they were also able to events that capture a moment in Membership Alex Street assess the toxicity of the dispersants marine biological history. I hope [email protected] and provide the science that informed younger readers in particular will enjoy +44 (0)1752 426347 the way spills were dealt with this edition, and if you have any www.mba.ac.uk/membership subsequently. comments about which parts you liked Correspondence From its establishment to the or disliked I’d love to hear from you. present day the MBA has taken the Please have a look at our new The Marine Biological Association Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK long view. We have the history and website www.mba.ac.uk/marine- The Marine Biologist is published by experience to recognize the importance biologist where you will find dozens of the Marine Biological Association, of long-term science and of vital areas articles from back issues of the Registered Charity No. 1155893 of research that are perceived as less magazine and much more. ISSN number: 2052-5273 charismatic. Taxonomy is an area of As ever I am grateful to all our Submissions marine biology that is suffering a contributors for shortage of qualified people. There are the fantastic We welcome submissions of original and relevant material, letters and many reasons for this ‘taxonomic content, which responses to published articles. For impediment’ (see ‘Where have all the makes this guidance, please see the magazine taxonomists gone?’ p. 24), not least a (probably) the website at lack of career pathways for systematic best association www.mba.ac.uk/marine-biologist scientists. It is also worth remembering magazine in the or contact the Editor. that the standard academic route is not world. Disclaimer: Views expressed in The Marine Biologist are the only way in to the subject (see those of the authors and do not Waking up to Wakeham, p. 19). necessarily represent those of the Marine Biological Association. Copyright statement. Anyone wishing to reproduce material published in The Marine Biologist must contact the Marine Biological Association. We welcome your articles, letters and reviews, and we can advertise events. Please contact us for details or see the magazine website at www.mba.ac.uk/marinebiologist Front cover: A blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) photographed in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Image: Michael Fishbach. www.mba.ac.uk Back cover: The eye of a Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). The eyes of almost @thembauk all individuals of this species bear a parasitic copepod. Image: Julius Nielsen. 02 The Marine Biologist | April 2017 Contents Issue 8. April 2017 02 Editorial 04 In brief Research digests 06 Evolution of the pelagic ecosystem: a history written in tiny teeth Elizabeth Sibert 08 “We’re all individuals! How identifying individuals can shine new light on fish behaviour” Paul Naylor Features 10 The last giants of the Gulf Michael Fishbach 14 Where next for camera technology? Anthony Bicknell 06 16 The 50th Anniversary of an environmental disaster Eve Southward 18 PCBs – an unresolved marine mammal problem Robin Law and Paul Jepson 19 Waking up to Wakeham Matt Frost Sharing marine science 20 What is ocean literacy? Fiona Crouch, Katharine Clayton and Jon Parr 22 Marine biological miscellany 23 Women in marine science Katharine Clayton 10 24 Where have all the taxonomists gone? Ellis Moloney 25 Who are we? A look at the membership of the Marine Biological Association 26 The 51st European Marine Biology Symposium Matt Frost 26 And the winners were ... Reports from MBA Bursary awardees 28 Reviews 16 Top: Fish microfossils, Elizabeth Sibert. Middle: Blue whale breath at sunset, Michael Fishbach. Bottom: Oiled shore Porthleven, UK, 1967. A.J. and E.C. Southward. April 2017 | The Marine Biologist 03 In brief The Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus. Image: Julius Nielsen. that much about the Greenland shark Capture Our Coast remains unknown, and determining this project and take part in training led by their age has proven challenging. Capturing Our Coast is a UK-wide marine biologists. We aim to share best Counting growth bands from the project investigating the species that practice and work with other organizations vertebrae is a widely recognized tech- live in our seas and how we can protect leading related marine projects, achieving nique used to age fish. However, due them. The project involves Citizen a co-ordinated marine survey effort that to the absence of calcified tissues in Science, where members of the public will benefit the marine environment. the Greenland shark skeleton, Nielsen contribute to scientific knowledge and Scientific aims of Capturing Our Coast and his team used radiocarbon dating discovery by collecting data, or by include providing detailed distribution of the metabolically inert eye lens tissue analysing and interpreting findings. The maps of marine species, exploring how instead to determine age. Using samples responsibility for protecting our seas and climate change and other human impacts from 28 sharks between 81 and 502 wonderful marine biodiversity belongs are affecting our seas, studying how cm in length, the study suggests the to all of us and at ‘CoCoast’ we believe species interact, tracking marine invasive oldest shark is with 95% probability that members of the public should be species, investigating if conservation somewhere between 272-512 years old. empowered to contribute in meaningful policies are effective, and exploring local An unfortunate side effect of such ways, sharing their skills and enthusiasm. issues on the coastlines of the UK. If you slow growth and reproduction rates We have seven Regional Hubs around would like to be involved, contact us at: is extreme vulnerability to human the UK including The Marine Biological [email protected] www.capturingour- impacts such as fisheries by-catch. Association in Plymouth, University of coast.co.uk/ Twitter: @CapturingRCoast Understanding more about these unique Newcastle, University of Hull, University Nova Mieszkowska animals will therefore be essential to of Portsmouth, University of Bangor, sustaining a healthy future population. Scottish Association for Marine Science Radiocarbon dating suggests Alice Walsh and the Marine Conservation Society. At centuries of longevity in the these hubs you can find out more about A major new practical guide to Greenland shark plankton biology While the thought of having to wait Over fifty experts worldwide have approximately 150 years to reach sexual collated their knowledge in an effort to maturity may seem far-fetched, it appears provide a detailed account of the marine that this is ordinary life for the Greenland plankton found across the North Atlantic shark Somniosus microcephalus. A recent ocean. Claudia Castellani, co-Editor of the study carried out by Julius Nielsen of the book writes: “Working on this project has University of Copenhagen’s Department been challenging but a very rewarding and of Biology in close collaboration with life-changing experience. I sincerely hope an international team, and published in that the vast knowledge and expertise Science provides evidence to suggest it encapsulates will be useful to many that Greenland sharks are the long- future generations of marine scientists”. est living vertebrate on the planet. Marine Plankton: A practical guide to Inhabiting close to freezing tempera- ecology, methodology, and taxonomy is Volunteers receive training to carry out tures in the deep waters of the Arctic and published by Oxford University Press. marine surveys. Image: CoCoast / MBA. North Atlantic Ocean it is understandable Access a 20% online discount when you 04 The Marine Biologist | April 2017 In brief order directly via www.oup.com/academic suggests that because of thinning sea using promotion code ACFLYP8.
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