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UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) That city is mine! Urban ideal images in public debates and city plans, Amsterdam & Rotterdam 1945-1995 Rooijendijk, C. Publication date 2005 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Rooijendijk, C. (2005). That city is mine! Urban ideal images in public debates and city plans, Amsterdam & Rotterdam 1945-1995. Vossiuspers. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:02 Oct 2021 That City is Mine! Urban Ideal Images in Public Debates and City Plans, Amsterdam & Rotterdam 1945 - 1995 I Ontwerp binnenwerk: Cordula Rooijendijk, Amsterdam Omslagontwerp: René Staelenberg, Amsterdam ISBN 90 5629 382 6 NUR 906, 755 © Vossiuspers UvA, Amsterdam 2005 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voorzover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16B Auteurswet 1912 jº het Besluit van 20 juni 1974, Stb. 351, zoals gewijzigd bij het Besluit van 23 augustus 1985, Stb. 471 en artikel 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3051, 2130 KB Hoofddorp). Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16 Auteurswet 1912) dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. II That City is Mine! Urban Ideal Images in Public Debates and City Plans, Amsterdam & Rotterdam 1945 - 1995 ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam, op gezag van Rector Magnificus, prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden ten overstaan van een door het college van promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula de Universiteit op vrijdag 13 mei 2005, te 12:00 uur door Cordula Rooijendijk geboren op 26 september 1973 te Amsterdam Vossiuspers UvA III Promotores: Promotor: Prof. dr. L.A. de Klerk (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Co-promotor: Prof. dr. P.T. van de Laar (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam) Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. G. Mak (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Prof. dr. R. van Engelsdorp Gastelaars (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Dr. R. Gabriëls (Universiteit Maastricht) Prof. dr. R. Kloosterman (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Prof. dr. A.M.J. Kreukels (Universiteit Utrecht) Faculteit: Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen IV Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Perception is Reality 1 Mainspring 1 Perceptions 1 Perceptions v. reality 3 Urban perceptions: urban images & urban ideal images 4 Differences and similarities between urban ideal images 5 Urban ideal images in public debates 7 The urban intellectual 8 The city planner 9 Variable/invariable urban ideal images 10 Notes 12 Chapter 2 Researching Urban Ideal Images 17 What? 17 Where? 18 When? 19 With whom? 19 How? 20 Controversial city debates 20 Methods for gathering empirical data 21 Analysing data 26 Identifying changes in urban ideal images 26 Identifying differences and similarities 32 Describing data 39 Why? 40 Notes 41 Part I 1945-1960/65 59 Introduction 60 Chapter 3 Rotterdam Basisplan 67 Provocation 67 Urban ideal images in the Basisplan debate 68 The urban ideal image of culturalists 68 Who were these culturalist urban intellectuals? 71 The urban ideal image of progressists 71 Who were these progressist urban intellectuals? 73 The urban ideal image of city planners 73 Strategies in Basisplan debate 78 The strategies of culturalists 78 V The strategies of progressists 80 The strategies of city planners 81 The influence of urban ideal images in the public debate on the final Basisplan 84 Notes 85 Chapter 4 Kaasjager 101 Provocation 101 Urban ideal images in the Kaasjager debate 101 The urban ideal image of culturalists 101 Who were these culturalist urban intellectuals? 102 The urban ideal image of progressists 103 Who were these progressist urban intellectuals? 104 The urban ideal image of city planners 104 Strategies in the Kaasjager debate 106 Strategies of culturalists 106 Strategies of progressists 110 Strategies of city planners 112 The influence of urban ideal images in the public debate on the Nota Binnenstad 115 Notes 119 Conclusions Part I 133 Part II 1960/65-1980/85 145 Introduction 146 Chapter 5 Rotterdam Rehabilitation & redevelopment 153 Provocation 153 Urban Ideal images 153 The urban ideal image of culturalists 154 Who were these culturalist urban intellectuals? 158 The urban ideal image of progressists 158 Who were these progressist urban intellectuals? 163 The urban ideal image of city planners 163 Strategies 168 The strategies of culturalists 168 The strategies of progressists 171 The strategies of city planners 173 The influence of urban ideal images in the public debate on final city plans 178 Notes 182 Chapter 6 The Amsterdam Metro 209 Provocation 209 Urban ideal images 210 The urban ideal image of culturalists 211 Who were these culturalist urban intellectuals? 215 VI The urban ideal image of progressists 216 Who were these progressist urban intellectuals? 219 The urban ideal image of city planners 219 Strategies 224 The strategies of culturalists 224 The strategies of progressists 230 The strategies of city planners 233 The influence of urban ideal images in the public debate on final city plans 237 Notes 243 Conclusions Part II 287 Part III 1980/85-1995 303 Introduction 304 Chapter 7 Kop van Zuid 309 Provocation 309 Urban ideal images 310 The urban ideal image of culturalists 310 Who were these culturalist urban intellectuals? 311 The urban ideal image of progressists 314 Who were these progressist urban intellectuals? 316 The urban ideal image of city planners 320 Strategies 325 The strategies of culturalists 325 The strategies of progressists 327 The strategies of city planners 329 The influence of urban ideal images in the public debate on final city plans 335 Notes 341 Chapter 8 IJ-oevers 359 Provocation 359 Urban ideal images 360 The urban ideal image of culturalists 361 Who were these culturalist urban intellectuals? 367 The urban ideal image of progressists 368 Who were these progressist urban intellectuals? 372 The urban ideal image of city planners 372 Strategies 378 The strategies of culturalists 378 The strategies of progressists 383 The strategies of city planners 384 The influence of urban ideal images in the public debate on final city plans 390 Notes 395 VII Conclusions Part III 429 Chapter 9 Dedicated to the City’s Future 443 Level 1 A Flourishing City 444 Level 2 A Forward-looking CBD or a Backward Centre 447 Level 3 Straight or Bendy, Feet or Wheels, Nuisance or Boredom… 450 That City is Yours! 462 Notes 466 Nederlandse samenvatting 469 VIII Preface Researching urban ideal images means spending endless amounts of time in municipal archives. For three and a half years, I spent day after day, ploughing through newspapers, journals and books, which came out of seemingly bottomless depots. My eyes became sore trying to read the blurred characters in the old documents, and my back and neck became stiff because of the old chairs and low tables that forced me to sit in an uncomfortable position. I drank lousy coffee (and soup that was even worse) and spent long days in dusty, musty rooms with windows so tiny you would think the architect of the building was afraid of fresh air. But I liked being there. A lot. The most interesting people gather in the archives. First of all, most of them are old, and by that I mean really old, which has its consequences. Some of them have such a bent back that just a tiny breeze would blow them down but luckily the tiny windows in the archives are always closed, so there are no breezes. There are these two old men, both of whom are hard of hearing, and for some reason do not wear a hearing aid, but who simply have to tell each other every single discovery they make. And thus, in very loud voices, they try to communicate with each other, and since these gentlemen happen to discover lots of interesting things, this happens quite often. Most of the visitors are familiar with these two men and have accepted the phenomenon, but every once in a while it is more than someone can take. Then, he or she stands up, shouts whether they can ‘Please be quiet!’, and sits down again. This makes no sense at all. The chances are that the gentlemen do not hear anyone shouting and, moreover, like old people should, they do not bother too much about other people.