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Speeding up the Network: a System Problem, a Platform Solution March 2005 Magazine Page 1 Technology @Intel Speeding Up the Network: A System Problem, A Platform Solution Pat Gelsinger Senior Vice President General Manager Digital Enterprise Group Hans G. Geyer Vice President General Manager Networking and Storage Group Intel Corporation Justin Rattner Intel Senior Fellow Director Corporate Technology Group Intel Corporation Copyright © Intel Corporation 2005. *Third-party brands and names are the property of their respective owners. 1 March 2005 Magazine Page 2 Technology @Intel Table of Contents (Click on page number to jump to sections) SPEEDING UP THE NETWORK: A SYSTEM PROBLEM, A PLATFORM SOLUTION ............................................................................................................................................ 3 OVERVIEW: UPDATING THE OUTDATED ..................................................................... 3 T ODAY’S CHALLENGE ............................................................................................ 4 LAUNCHING THE RESEARCH .................................................................................... 4 FIRST T RY: A TRADITIONAL APPROACH .................................................................... 5 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS..................................................................................... 5 IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS.............................................................................................. 5 A MODERN MYTH ................................................................................................. 6 PROFOUND IMPLICATIONS ...................................................................................... 6 ISLANDS OF INNOVATION ........................................................................................ 6 PROVING A NEW SOLUTION .................................................................................... 7 CORRECTING THE VISION ....................................................................................... 7 FROM RESEARCH LAB TO W ORLD STAGE .................................................................. 8 SMALL CHANGES, BIG GAINS .................................................................................. 8 A BALANCED APPROACH ........................................................................................ 8 RESEARCH—A CRITICAL ADVANTAGE ....................................................................... 9 COMMON VISION AND COLLABORATION ..................................................................... 9 INTEL I/OAT—AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE.................................................................... 9 MUSHROOMING SOLUTIONS .................................................................................... 9 IN THE FUTURE .................................................................................................. 10 INDUSTRY SUPPORT............................................................................................ 10 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 10 MORE INFO ....................................................................................................... 11 AUTHOR BIOS .................................................................................................... 11 DISCLAIMER: THE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF ANY KIND INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL INTEL OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE MATERIALS, EVEN IF INTEL HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. BECAUSE SOME JURISDICTIONS PROHIBIT THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. INTEL FURTHER DOES NOT WARRANT THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION, TEXT, GRAPHICS, LINKS OR OTHER ITEMS CONTAINED WITHIN THESE MATERIALS. INTEL MAY MAKE CHANGES TO THESE MATERIALS, OR TO THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED THEREIN, AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. INTEL MAKES NO COMMITMENT TO UPDATE THE MATERIALS. Note: Intel does not control the content on other company's Web sites or endorse other companies supplying products or services. Any links that take you off of Intel's Web site are provided for your convenience. Copyright © Intel Corporation 2005. *Third-party brands and names are the property of their respective owners. 2 March 2005 Magazine Page 3 Technology @Intel Speeding Up the Network: A System Problem, A Platform Solution Pat Gelsinger Senior Vice President General Manager Digital Enterprise Group Hans G. Geyer Vice President General Manager Networking and Storage Group Intel Corporation Justin Rattner Intel Senior Fellow Director Corporate Technology Group Intel Corporation Overview: Updating the Outdated There's something in your network that's very, very old. It was in existence before Sun Microsystems, Microsoft, and Compaq. Your modern, high-speed, large-bandwidth, gigabit Ethernet network is held up by this decrepit element— something that was designed before the Apple Macintosh* computer, before the Radio Shack TRS-80*, before the Commodore 64*. Half of it actually came into being before Intel's first microprocessor, the amazing 4004, which ushered in the world of, yes, 4-bit processing (Intel supports 64-bit processing today). It even predates the world's first portable computer—the IBM Model 5100*, which weighed in at a whopping 55 pounds. This sagging element, this suite that handles your network functions, was actually born the same year the first Cray* I supercomputer went to work in 1974. What is this shockingly aged creature that lingers on, flagging but not quite failing, as it struggles to handle communications at speeds that were not even dreamed of when it was first created, for architectures that were not yet imagined? It is your TCP/IP protocol. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is actually a suite of protocols that have been upgraded continuously since their conception between 1969 and 1973. However, the core of the protocol has remained essentially unchanged for more than a quarter century. As amazingly functional as the protocol has been, it simply cannot handle today's high-speed, high-performance networks without having to make serious changes to server and platform architectures. Intel is now announcing Intel® I/O Acceleration Technology (Intel® I/OAT). This collection of technologies is a comprehensive solution that implements critical changes across the server platform. This includes changes to the processor, chipset, motherboard, LAN (local area network), protocol software, device-interface software, and operating system (OS). Implemented from wire to application, Intel I/O Acceleration Technology dramatically speeds up server-network communications by optimizing the TCP/IP stack, reducing latency, redistributing functions to components that will do each type of work best, and using additional enhancements to improve server system throughput from component to application. With Intel I/OAT, servers can finally begin to take advantage of the high-speed, high-performance bandwidth that is available today. Copyright © Intel Corporation 2005. *Third-party brands and names are the property of their respective owners. 3 March 2005 Magazine Page 4 Technology @Intel Today’s Challenge Networks and servers are beset by a range of problems. Users consistently consume as much bandwidth as is offered them, and then demand even more. The data being processed today (such as video and audio) is increasingly both bandwidth- and CPU-intensive. The amount of data being transferred has also grown at an exponential rate, until we are now entering the “tera era,” in which data is no longer being measured by gigabyte, but by exabyte (a million terabytes). Finally, the trend toward sending and receiving data in smaller, not larger, packets means that more and more server platform time is spent processing the TCP/IP header for each packet, relative to delivering each packet payload. For two decades, improvements in server platform performance matched the demands of network trends. For example, the shift from 10-megabit (Mb) Ethernet to 100-Mb Ethernet took long enough that Intel processors and supporting chipsets easily kept up with the rate of network improvement. Recently however, in just a few years, the industry moved to gigabit Ethernet (GbE) speeds, and is even now shifting to 10 GbE. While the rates of improvement for processor performance have kept pace with network throughput, the performance of the memory subsystem is no longer keeping up with the rest of the server system. Today’s Intel® processors perform at significantly higher speeds than memory. This means that latency (delay) increases as processors wait and wait through hundreds of idle cycles while memory works at its slower read, write, and copy tasks. Disparity results in latency, latency causes inefficiency, and inefficiency means slow going. Ironically, as processor speeds increase, latency actually worsens. Yet servers and networks are the foundation upon which we depend for the increasing use of Web services, the greater adoption of IP addresses for consumer goods, the introduction of sensor networks and RFID (radio-frequency ID) tags, and an increasing momentum
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