Reading Cyberspace
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READING CYBERSPACE FICTIONS , FIGURES AND (DIS )E MBODIMENT Submitted for examination for the degree of Ph.D. in English Literature by ROBIN STOATE Student No. 069063233 SCHOOL OF ENGLISH LITERATURE , LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... III INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 SECTION ONE CHAPTER ONE : THE AVATAR ................................................................................ .............. 46 CHAPTER TWO : THE HACKER ............................................................................... .............. 76 CHAPTER THREE : THE NANOTECHNOLOGICAL SWARM ................................................ 114 INTERSECTION .................................................................................................................. 147 SECTION TWO CHAPTER FOUR : THE FURSONA .......................................................................................... 152 CHAPTER FIVE : THE CARING COMPUTER ......................................................................... 182 CHAPTER SIX : THE DECAYING DIGITAL ........................................................................... 212 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 23 9 WORKS CITED ........................................................................................................ .................. 24 8 I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My writing this thesis was aided and abetted by a large number of people and institutions. My first thanks go to the Arts and Humanities Research Council, whose generosity and trust were expressed in the form of a Research Fellowship, which has supported me financially while I have pursued this study. Newcastle Univer sity’s School of English also provided me with a grant that helped to tide me over before I acquired full AHRC funding, and have also been incredibly trusting in allowing me to convene an honours module no fewer than three times. I am also indebted beyond all possible recompense to my Ph.D supervisor and friend Stacy Gillis, for too many reasons to list, but which include: her module on cybertheory at the University of Exeter inspired me to pursue not only this subject area, but any kind of postgraduate work; her professional and personal support has been almost impossibly helpful, and her faith in my ability to produce the thesis has, at times, gone far beyond my own. For their friendship, ideas —and, in many cases, their proof reading skills —I am indebted to Katie Cooper, Paul Crosthwaite, Katherine Farrimond, Fen Felton-Pitt, Lucy Gallagher, Al Gillis, Si ân Harris, James Kinsman, Mike Osaer, Pete Lucas, Jess Stoate, Mel Waters and Jonny West. And finally, for longstanding friendship and support, as well as their role in shaping my deep and personal understanding of Internet life, I hereby recognise some of my closest friends and fellow co-constituting cyber-subjects: Astro, ig, lmf, Mag, Outrider, Paz, sdm, Spitter, TF, and Vigil. I’ll see you all online. II ABSTRACT My thesis tracks the human body in cyberspace as a popular cultural construct, from its origins in cyberpunk fiction in the 1980s to the pervasion of cyberspatial narratives in contemporary fictions, along with its representations within wider cultural texts, such as film, the mainstream media, and on the Internet. Across the two respective sections of the thesis, I focus upon six recurring literal-metaphorical characters, entities or motifs which serve as points of collision, entanglement and reiteration for a wide variety of discourses. These figures —the avatar, the hacker, the nanotechnological swarm, the fursona, the caring computer, and the decaying digital —have varying cultural functions in their respective representations of the human/technological interface. Informed by theorists such as Donna Haraway (1991, 2008), N. Katherine Hayles (2001) and others, I trace both their origins and their shifting and (often increasingly prolific) representations from the 1980s to the present. This allows me to uncover these figures’ registering of contextual discourses, and permits, in turn, an interrogation of the extent of their normative character, along with measuring how and to what extent, if any, these figures may offer alternative visions of human (and other) subjectivity. It also permits a rethinking of “cyberspace” itself. Section One analyses three figures that depict the human/technological interface as a space for reinscribing and reifying Cartesian dualistic views of human subjectivity, along with the exclusive and marginalising implications of the remapping of that dualism. The figures in Section One —the avatar, the hacker, and the nanotechnological swarm —have their roots in the 1980s, and have stratified over time, commonly deployed in describing the human/technological interface. These figures function in first evoking and then managing the threats to the unified masculine subject posed by the altering human/machine relationship, policing rather than collapsing the subjective boundaries between them. They maintain and reiterate their attendant logics of identity, recapitulating an image of technology as the object of human invention, and never a contributor to the substantiation of the human subject. Science fiction –especially cyberpunk —has at least partially set the terms for understanding present-day relationships between humans and technologies, and those terms are relentlessly humanistic and teleological, despite their putatively postmodern and fragmentary aesthetic. The threat of the technological other is almost invariably feminine- coded, and my work in this section is explicated particularly in the light of Haraway’s work and feminist theories of embodiment, including the work of Elizabeth Grosz (1994) and Margrit Shildrick (1997, 2002). Section Two analyses three emerging figures —ones not so clearly and widely defined in fiction and popular culture —that depict the human/technological interface as fundamentally co-substantiating, rather than the latter being the product of the former. Acting as nodes of connection and constitution for various phenomena both depicted in fiction and enacted/performed at the human/technological interface itself, these three figures —the fursona, the caring computer, and the decaying digital —demonstrate potential ways to understand the human/technological interface outside of conventional, dualistic discourses of transcendental disembodiment of a bounded subject-self. Deploying theoretical work on concepts such as Alison Landsberg’s notion of prosthetic memory (2004) and Brian Massumi’s reading of the “real -material-but-incorporeal” body (2002), as well as Haraway’s III later work on companion species (2008), I position these figures as representative visions of technologically-mediated subjectivity that allow us to imagine our relationships with technology as co-operative, open and materially co-substantiating. I argue that they recover the potential to rupture the unified and dualistic mind-subject that is both represented and contained by the figures seen in Section One, while reflecting a more recognisably prosaic, ongoing transformation of subjective participants in human/technological encounters. In opening up these two respective clusters of human-technological figures, I map two attendant visions of cyberspace. The first is the most common: the smooth, Euclidean grid into which the discrete unified consciousness is projected away from the body, which is conflated with (a reductive understanding of) virtuality, and to which access is allowed or denied based on highly conventional lines of gender, race, sexuality and so on. The second vision is emerging: it is possible to view cyberspace as less of a “space” at all, and more of a technologically-mediated field of material implication —one which is not discrete from the putatively offline world, which is implicit in the subject formation of its users and participants, and accounts for, rather than disavowing, the physical, bodily substrate from which it is explicated. IV Robin Stoate (Student No. 069063233) Reading Cyberspace: Fictions, Figures and (dis)Embodiment INTRODUCTION The question of what happens to understandings of the human subject, at a point in time when all categories previously taken for granted are undergoing a fundamental reconfiguration as a result of the global capital-driven permeation of increasingly advanced information technologies, is one that has been asked countless times in the last few decades. Prompted by the need to react politically, theoretically and philosophically to the contested condition of postmodernity in the West, a strategy of scrutinising the fluxing intersections between the putative categories of the ‘human ’ and the ‘technological ’—and trying to determine what subjective transformations (if any) take place on and across that stage —has proven a recurrent theme throughout scholarly work in a variety of disciplines. The tenor of the response has, of course, varied. For instance, frequently cited in descriptions of the turn to interrogating the putatively postmodern technologically-engaged subject is the work of Jean Baudrillard.