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Multienzyme Producing Marine Fungi from the Mangalore Seacoast *S M Arif, *Chetana, *Huligesh, *Sahana, *Sumangala C

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Multienzyme Producing Marine Fungi from the Mangalore Seacoast *S M Arif, *Chetana, *Huligesh, *Sahana, *Sumangala C Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681 Website: www.biotechjournal.in Research Paper Volume-8, Issue No: 1, Year: 2021 (January-June) PP: 1-5 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5118371 Peer Reviewed Journal Multienzyme Producing Marine Fungi from the Mangalore Seacoast *S M Arif, *Chetana, *Huligesh, *Sahana, *Sumangala C. H, **Dr. Bharathi Prakash2 *Students,Dept.of Microbiology ,University College,Mangalore.1,2-Faculty Dept. of Microbiology,University College,Mangalore **Corresponding author-Dr Bharathi Prakash, Head, Dept. Of Microbiology, University College, Mangalore University, Mangalore. Article History ABSTRACT Received: 15/02/2021 Mangalore is one of the prominent cities in South Canara, Karnataka Accepted: 08/04/2021 situated in costal region. Marine environment has diverse species including microbe. Marine microorganisms make up about 70% of the biomass in the ocean. The beach sand harbor it‘s own flora such as bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses and protozoans etc. These microbes are known for their enzymes and metabolic by products useful for various purposes. Potential resources of these marine microbes can be tapped for wider applications in bio industries. In the present study seaweed samples were collected from the NITK beach, Suratkal and sand samples were collected from NITK, Someshwar and Tannirbhavi beaches of Dakshina Kannada District Mangalore, India. The marine fungi were isolated from these samples and the they were screened for enzymes like amylases, cellulases, chitinase and protease production. The fungi isolated using specific marine agar from seaweed and sand samples were identified based on colony morphology and microscopic characteristics. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans were about 75% and Penicillium chrysogenum was 25% of the total isolates. In the screening, Aspergillus species were the prevalent multi-enzyme producer comprising amylases, Cellulases, chitinase and proteases whereas Penicillium isolates showed predominant proteolytic activity, moderate chitinase, minimal amylase and no chitinase activity. Thus marine isolates of Aspergillus and Penicillium can be leveraged for the large scale production of amylase, cellulose and protease on suitable strain development, considering it‘s wider applications. *Corresponding Author: Key words- Marine fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, sea weed, E-Mail: [email protected] enzymes 50 ©2021 The author(s). Published by Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar. This is an open access article under CC-BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681 Website: www.biotechjournal.in Research Paper Volume-8, Issue No: 1, Year: 2021 (January-June) PP: 1-5 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5118371 Peer Reviewed Journal INTRODUCTION Chromobacterium, Clostridium, Flavobacterium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Oceans cover about 70% of the earth‘s and Streptomycetes can produce chitinase.(5) surface and contain 97% of our planet‘s water. Marine habitats represent the largest Cellulases have a wide range of reservoir of biodiversity of the planet. The biotechnological applications including from microbial diversity of marine origin has the manufacture of paper and textiles, the developed cellular machinery to thrive well formulation of laundry detergents and, even in extreme conditions. Various more recently, in the development of biofuel enzymes have been characterized from production processes from renewable seawater and different marine sediments. cellulosic and lignocellulosic plant material. The main marine enzymes reported so far For bulk fermentation processes, the includes lipases, proteases, laccases, and relatively high cost of cellulases is a polysaccharases. The polysaccharide- significant economic impediment to the degrading enzymes from marine microbes development of cellulosic biofuels. have gained global attention due to novel Amylases are enzymes that break the industrial applications. (1) complex sugars into simple sugar. Due to Carbohydrates are the important advancement of marine science and biomolecules for life, for storage, cell biotechnological research, a large number of recognition, cell adhesion, immunity and microorganisms in the marine habitats are other biological functions. Chitin (β-(1–4)- known to produce amylase. A novel α- poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is the second amylase from marine actinobacteria most abundant polysaccharide and can be Streptomyces sp. was isolated.(6) Bacillus found as essential component in different species collected from decomposing living structures.(2) Chitin-degrading mangrove leaves exhibited maximum enzymes are a heterogeneous group of amylase activity and minimum or no enzymes belonging to glycoside hydrolyses, activity for cellulose.(7) which are able to catalyse the cleavage of β- Proteins are degraded by numerous (1–4) glycosidic linkage in chitin. These hydrolytic enzymes called proteases. The enzymes are found in large numbers of fungi belonging to genera Penicillium and organisms including algae, fungi, bacteria, Aspergillus are known to produce proteases arthropods, insects, higher plants, and of commercial and biotechnological crustaceans.(3) importance. (8) Chitinolytic microbes have been found in Marine bio-enzyme research has been various marine sources such as water, extensively done mainly by Canada, Spain, sediment, and digestive tracts of fish.(4) Finland and Russia and other countries. (9) There is a large amount of chitin available in Present study is focused on dominant fungal the seawater due to continuous shedding of species present in the coastal marine regions marine zooplankton. Available reports states of Mangalore and screened the isolated that a wide variety of microorganisms fungi for enzymes such as amylase, including Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, cellulase, chitinase and proteases. Enzymatic 51 ©2021 The author(s). Published by Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar. This is an open access article under CC-BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681 Website: www.biotechjournal.in Research Paper Volume-8, Issue No: 1, Year: 2021 (January-June) PP: 1-5 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5118371 Peer Reviewed Journal screening is the precursor step in the Conidia, Conidiophores and arrangement of development of novel enzymes of spores. commercial and industrial interest. 4. Screening for enzyme production by plate Methodology assay method: 1. Collection of samples: The isolated marine fungi were screened for Amylase, Cellulase, Chitinase and Protease Four sea weed and sand samples were exo-enzymes. collected on January 15, 2020 at noon from coastal shores of NITK beach, Suratkal at a 4.1. Screening for amylase production: depth of 1.5 meters. The sea weeds were The fungal isolates were screened for uprooted and collected in a sterile polythene amylase production using Starch Agar zip lock bag. Similarly sand samples were Media. also collected from NITK beach, Someshwar beach and Tannirbhavi beach. The samples (Starch Agar Media Composition: Starch - were processed for microbial isolation. 20g, Peptone - 5g, Beef Extract- 5g, Agar - 15g, FRS- 1L).The fungal isolates were 2. Isolation of marine fungi: inoculated on the sterile solid media by line- The seaweed samples collected were streak method and incubated at room crushed in a mortar-pestle and 0.1ml was temperature for 3 days. After incubation, the inoculated into the Malt Extract media plates were flooded with iodine solution prepared in filtered raw seawater and observed for clear zones around the (FRS). The sand samples were serially fungal colony against the dark-blue starch- diluted and inoculated into Malt Extract iodine complex in the surrounding. A clear media by Pour plate method. zone indicated amylase production and was recorded as a positive result. (10) Medium Composition for isolated cultures: 4.2. Screening for chitinase production Agar (20 g. L-1) and Malt extract (20 g.L-1) in FRS (1L) and adjusted to pH 8 by addition The fungal cultures were spotted on the of 3M KOH. The mixed colonies were sub selected Colloidal Chitin Agar cultured to obtain pure cultures designated Media.(Colloidal chitin: 5g/l, KH2PO4: 2g/l, as MF1, MF2, MF3, MF4. (MF= Marine MgSO4.7H2O: 0.3g/l, (NH4)2SO4: 1.4g/l, Fungi) CaCl2.2H2O: 0.5 g/l, Peptone: 0.5g/l, Urea: 0.3 g/l,FeSO4.7H2O: 0.005g/l, 3. Microscopic identification of marine fungi: MnSO4.7H2O: 0.0016g/l, ZnSO4.7H2O: 0.0014g/l, CoCl2.2H2O: 0.002 g/l, Agar: Fungal morphology were studied 15g/l, FRS 1L pH: 6.0) and the plates were macroscopically by observing colony incubated at 28ºC for 5 days. Development features (Colour and Texture) and of halo zone around the colony was microscopically by staining with considered as positive for chitinase enzyme Lactophenol cotton blue and observed production. (11) under compound microscope for the Preparation of colloidal chitin: 52 ©2021 The author(s). Published by Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar. This is an open access article under CC-BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681 Website: www.biotechjournal.in Research Paper Volume-8, Issue No: 1, Year: 2021 (January-June) PP: 1-5 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5118371 Peer Reviewed Journal Chitin powder derived from crab shell protein source of that growth medium. The
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