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Tartu Ülikool EESTI MEREINSTITUUT Tartu Ülikool EESTI MEREINSTITUUT EESTI KALANDUSSEKTORI RIIKLIKU TÖÖKAVA TÄITMINE 2020.-2021. AASTAL (riigihange viitenumbriga 215079). Töövõtulepingu nr 4-1/20/3 lõpparuanne 2020. a. kohta Osa: Rannikumere kalad Põhitäitjad ja aruande koostajad: R. Eschbaum H. Špilev K. Jürgens K. Hommik T. Arula K. Hubel L. Saks M. Rohtla A. Verliin Ü. Talvik jt. Tartu 2021 Uuringut toetas Euroopa Merendus- ja Kalandusfond Sisukord Sissejuhatus ............................................................................................................................... 3 Töös kasutatavad lühendid .................................................................................................. 3 1. Metoodika ............................................................................................................................. 4 Püsiuurimisaladel läbiviidud seirepüükide geograafilised koordinaadid ja sügavused 7 2. Väinameri ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.1. Matsalu laht ................................................................................................................. 15 2.2. Hiiumaa kagurannik ................................................................................................... 35 3. Liivi laht .............................................................................................................................. 54 3.1. Kihnu püsiuurimisala ................................................................................................. 54 3.2. Pärnu laht ..................................................................................................................... 63 3.3. Kõiguste laht .............................................................................................................. 107 4. Avameri ............................................................................................................................. 119 4.1. Küdema püsiuurimisala ............................................................................................ 119 4.2. Vilsandi püsiuurimisala ............................................................................................ 130 5. Soome laht ......................................................................................................................... 150 5.1. Vaindlo püsiuurimisala ............................................................................................. 150 5.2. Käsmu püsiuurimisala .............................................................................................. 160 5.3. Narva laht ................................................................................................................... 174 6. Angerja saagikus püsiuurimisaladel ............................................................................... 182 7. Rannikumere kalasaakide dünaamika ........................................................................... 186 7.1. Soome laht .................................................................................................................. 186 7.2. Avameri ...................................................................................................................... 190 7.3. Väinameri ................................................................................................................... 194 7.4. Liivi laht ..................................................................................................................... 198 7.5. Pärnu laht ................................................................................................................... 202 8. Soovitused püügi reguleerimiseks ................................................................................... 206 Kasutatud kirjandus ............................................................................................................ 208 Lisa 1. Eesti kalade nimestik ............................................................................................... 209 2 Sissejuhatus Käesolevas aruandes esitatakse kokkuvõte rannikumere kalavaru uurimisest 2020. aastal, seda nii katsepüükide põhjal püsiuurimisaladel kui ka töönduspüükide analüüsile tuginedes. Arvestades varu väga intensiivset ekspluateerimist (ka tugevad töönduskalade põlvkonnad püsivad saagis reeglina vaid 1-2 aastat ja osa põlvkonnast püütakse välja juba juveniilsetena) ning ebaregulaarset täiendit, ei ole endiselt võimalik anda keskpikka prognoosi. Tööndusliku varu prognoos on antud lähiaastateks, kui seda võimaldavad andmed. Eraldi peatükina ei ole käsitletud püügipiirangute mõju, kuna nende efektiivsuse selgitamine on praktiliselt võimalik vaid pikas perspektiivis (näiteks võime öelda, et ahvenale alammõõdu kehtestamine on kaasa aidanud varu seisundi paranemisele, aga mil määral see efekt väljendus ühel või teisel aastal, me öelda ei saa, sest puudub kontrollkatse võimalus ja andmed piirangutest kinnipidamise kohta on puudulikud). Olemasolevad piirangud saab üle vaadata vaid käsitledes iga piirangut eraldi ja see eeldab koostööd püüdjatega, et piirang ka reaalselt toimiks. Oleme sellist koostööd teinud eriti Pärnu lahe piirkonnas. Püüdjatelt tulnud ettepanekud on tihti ebaratsionaalsed ning kuna ressurss on piiratud ja kasutajaid on palju, siis lähtutakse soovituste andmisel sageli omakasust. Vajalik on jätkata regulaarseid kohtumisi kaluritega kalandusadministratsiooni osavõtul, et ühiselt selgitada ühe või teise piirangu eesmärke, mõttekust ja muutmise võimalusi. Keskkonnatingimustest on rannikumere kaladele olulisimad abiootilised sigimistingimused (temperatuur, soolsus, jõgede suurvee tase ja vältus), toitumistingimused ja vee temperatuur kasvuperioodil ning looduslike vaenlaste arvukus. Neid mõjusid on käsitletud erinevates peatükkides liikide varu seisundi kirjeldamisel. Töös kasutatavad lühendid CPUE catch per unit effort, saak (isendite arv) püügiühiku kohta (enamasti saak standardse nakkevõrkude jada kohta ühe öö jooksul) 3 HELCOM Helsingi komisjon e. Läänemere merekeskkonna kaitse komisjon (Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission - Helsinki Commission) ICES Rahvusvaheline Mereuurimise Nõukogu (The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) n isendite/proovide arv SL standardpikkus (ninamikust sabauime alguseni) TL üldpikkus (ninamikust sabauime lõpuni) TW täiskaal (sisustega kaal) WPUE weight per unit effort, saagi mass (kaal) püügiühiku kohta (enamasti saak standardse nakkevõrkude jada kohta ühe öö jooksul) Z üldsuremus (Z=M+F; M – looduslik suremus, F – tööndussuremus) 1. Metoodika Rannikupiirkonna mageveeliste töönduskalade varu (ahven, koha, haug, särg jt.), samuti mittetöönduskalade (sh. kaitstavate liikide) ja kalakoosluste dünaamika uuringud jätkusid 2020. a peamiselt püsiuurimisaladel ja need tööd on lisaks varu haldamise tagamisele ning keskkonnaseirele vajalikud rahvusvaheliste kohustuste täitmiseks (HELCOM, ICES, Euroopa Liidu direktiivid) ja Euroopa Liidu ühise kalanduspoliitika raames liikmesriikidele täiendavalt seatud kohustuste täitmiseks. Katsepüügid nakkevõrkude ja angerjarüsadega viidi läbi vastavalt rahvusvaheliselt kokkulepitud (HELCOM) metoodikale ja töö lähteülesandele. Bioloogiliste andmete read elektroonilises andmebaasis algavad 1992. aastast, paberkandjatel on varasemad andmed 1940ndatest aastatest. Andmed salvestatakse digitaalsel kujul. Kõigi algandmete kohta säilitatakse ka esialgsed mõõtmistulemuste protokollid. Tööde teostamisel kasutatakse rahvusvaheliselt aktsepteeritud metoodikaid ja juhendeid (nt. Thoresson, 1993 ja 1996). Mainitud juhendid on kooskõlas Euroopa Komisjoni kalanduslike andmete kogumist käsitleva õigusaktiga: COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2019/909 ja COMMISSION DELEGATED DECISION (EU) 2019/910, millega võeti vastu liidu mitmeaastane programm kalandus- ja vesiviljelussektori andmete kogumiseks ning mis on suunatud EL ühtse kalanduspoliitika elluviimisele. Rannikumere kalastiku seiremeetodid 4 on aktsepteeritud HELCOM’i poolt. Alates 2015. aastast on meie seirepüükide metoodika: „Kalastiku liigilise koosseisu, arvukuse ja biomassi määramaine“ akrediteeritud Eesti Akrediteerimiskeskuse poolt (tunnistuse nr. L179). Teadusuuringute tulemused vaatab vajadusel läbi TÜ Eesti Mereinstituudi nõukogu. Katsepüükide metoodika on rahvusvaheliselt kooskõlastatud ja soovitatav kasutamiseks rannikumere kalastiku uurimisel. Standardiseerimine hõlmab nii püüniste ehitust, püügikoha valikut, mõõdetavaid abiootilisi ja biootilisi parameetreid, vanust registreerivate struktuuride kogumist ja vanuse määramist (Thoresson, 1996). Püsiuurimisalade paiknemine ja uurimistööde alustamise aasta on joonisel 1.1. Joonis.1.1. Püsiseirealad: - soojaveeliste koosluste seire, külmaveeliste koosluste seire, meritindi seire Narva lahes; sulgudes on iga-aastase seire algusaasta. Näitajad Mõõdetavad näitajad ja analüüsitavad komponendid: 1) välitöödel: 5 a) ilmastik: vee temperatuur, tuule suund ja tugevus, vee läbipaistvus (Secchi); b) püügi parameetrid: jaama asukoht, number, kuupäev, võrgu silmasuurus, vee sügavus; c) kalad: täispikkus, täiskaal, sugu, küpsusaste, toitumisandmed, vanuseliste struktuuride kogumisel individuaalne number; 2) laboratoorsetel töödel: a) koosluste liigirikkus; b) CPUE/WPUE (saagikus: isendite arv/kogukaal standardse jaamöö kohta liikide kaupa); c) võtmeliikide vanuseline, pikkuseline, sooline jaotumine; d) võtmeliikide kasvukiirus; e) võtmeliikide põlvkondade suhteline tugevus. Andmete kogumise, edastamise ja säilitamise tingimused
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