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Final Thesis DISCLAIMER: This document does not meet current format guidelines Graduate School at the The University of Texas at Austin. of the It has been published for informational use only. Copyright by Kiana Tipton 2018 The Thesis Committee for Kiana Tipton Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Thesis: Recording the Movement: The Role of Citizen-Generated Videos in Perceptions of Police and Police Use of Deadly Force APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Samuel Craig Watkins, Supervisor Wenhong Chen Recording the Movement: The Role of Citizen-Generated Videos in Perceptions of Police and Police Use of Deadly Force by Kiana Tipton Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2018 Dedication To my dad, who has been a victim of the very system that supposedly set us free- I know you are trying- this research is for you. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor, and friend, Craig Watkins for being a mentor to me over the last two years and going out of his way to make sure I felt like I belonged in the intimidating space of academia. Thank you for believing in and encouraging me. I would also like to thank Professor Chen for her patience and kindness over the past two years, and introducing me to the scary but fulfilling research of social networks and quantitative analysis. To Jennifer McClearen, I am so happy I had the opportunity to take two of your classes in your time at UT. You enriched my experience here, and I feel so lucky to have learned from you. I want to thank my cohort for their support, laughs, and encouragement, especially Chloe Gilke and Andrew Craig, I can’t wait to watch you each kill it out there. To my mom, who put her life on hold so I could have more than she ever had, I hope this makes you and the twins proud. And finally, I want to give a huge shoutout myself. Because anyone who romanticizes the writing process is a liar. This has been the most exhausting commitment I have ever made, but I am so proud of the work I produced here, and the person I have become along the way. !v Abstract Recording the Movement: The Role of Citizen-Generated Videos in Perceptions of Police and Police Use of Deadly Force Kiana Tipton, MA The University of Texas at Austin, 2018 Supervisor: Samuel Craig Watkins Since the shooting death of Michael Brown in 2014, there has been widespread mobilization of activist groups and individuals both online and on the ground, to address issues of police brutality, racial bias, and equity within the criminal justice system. The emergence of citizen-generated videos as well as the democratization of internet access has enabled marginalized groups often targeted by law enforcement to have a voice in new and meaningful ways. More specifically, citizen-generated videos of police brutality and the different avenues they are disseminated across have been able to challenge mainstream narratives of police-citizen encounters. Through a critical technocultural discourse analysis of comments surrounding the shooting death of Michael Brown, Philando Castile, and Dajerria Becton, I will code for racialized and gendered understandings of the cases and perceptions of police. Further, I utilize Jackson and Welles notion of counter-publics and Castells development of ‘mass self-communication’ to uncover what elements of technology contributed to self-efficacy and activism, which lead to these cases becoming national news stories. I argue that there is something !vi uniquely impactful about the visceral nature of citizen-generated videos of police brutality, which has lead to a pervasive push for transparency within police departments and their interactions with the Black community. As a result, the public discourse surrounding police brutality has heightened, and the public's perceptions of law enforcement is shifting !vii Table of Contents List of Tables..................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures................................................................................................................... xiii List of Illustrations............................................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 CTDA: Theoretical Framework and Application........................................... 9 1.2 Research Questions:............................................................................................ 10 1.3 Significance......................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Organization of the Thesis.................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................... 26 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................. 26 2.1. Protest and #BlackLivesMatter......................................................................... 26 2.2 Citizen-Journalism .............................................................................................29 2.3 Perceptions of Police.......................................................................................... 34 2.4 Mass Self-Communication................................................................................. 37 2.5 The Counterpublic and Counternarratives.......................................................... 39 2.6 Critical technocultural discourse analysis........................................................... 44 CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................... 53 MIKE BROWN................................................................................................................. 53 3.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 53 3.2. Case Study......................................................................................................... 59 !viii Chapter 3 Research Questions...................................................................... 64 3.3 Methodology....................................................................................................... 64 CTDA ...........................................................................................................64 Method.......................................................................................................... 66 Analyzing Tweets.......................................................................................... 67 Mass Self-Communication and Counter-Networks...................................... 69 3.4 Results: The Impact of Video in Ferguson.......................................................... 69 Perceptions of Police..................................................................................... 70 Counterpublics and Mass Self-Communication........................................... 83 Change Post #Ferguson................................................................................. 89 3.5 Discussion ..........................................................................................................93 CHAPTER 4: ...................................................................................................................98 DAJERRIA BECTON....................................................................................................... 98 4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 98 4.2. Case Study....................................................................................................... 103 Chapter 4 Research Questions.................................................................... 109 4.3 Methodology..................................................................................................... 110 CTDA .........................................................................................................110 Method........................................................................................................ 111 Analyzing Youtube Comments................................................................... 112 Mass Self-Communication and Counter-Networks.................................... 114 4.4 Results: The Impact of Video in Ferguson........................................................ 115 Perceptions of Police................................................................................... 116 !ix Counterpublics and Mass Self-Communication......................................... 131 Change Post #McKinney............................................................................ 140 4.5 Discussion......................................................................................................... 141 CHAPTER 5: .................................................................................................................143
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