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Mcgraw-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto GEOMETRY DEMYSTIFIED STAN GIBILISCO McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto [11:38 6/6/ 69 n:4069 GIBI- ebook_copyright 7.5x9.qxd 9/29/03 11:39 AM Page 1 Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as per- mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-143389-9 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141650-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate train- ing programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904- 4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS”. McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, spe- cial, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071433899 DOI Page 7.38x9.25 9/23/02 11:02 AM Page 1 Want to learn more? , We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. For more information about this title, click here. CONTENTS Preface vii PART ONE: TWO DIMENSIONS CHAPTER 1 Some Basic Rules 3 Points and Lines 3 Angles and Distances 6 More about Lines and Angles 11 Quiz 17 CHAPTER 2 Triangles 20 Triangle Definitions 20 Direct Congruence and Similarity Criteria 26 Types of Triangles 30 Special Facts 33 Quiz 36 CHAPTER 3 Quadrilaterals 39 Types of Quadrilaterals 39 Facts about Quadrilaterals 44 Perimeters and Areas 50 Quiz 56 CHAPTER 4 Other Plane Figures 58 Five Sides and Up 58 Some Rules of ‘‘Polygony’’ 62 iii Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. [11:39 6/6/03 n:4069 GIBILISCO.751/4069-Prelims.3d]Ref: 4069 GIBILISCO: Geometry Demystified Prelims Page: 3 1-8 iv CONTENTS Circles and Ellipses 67 Quiz 74 CHAPTER 5 Compass and Straight Edge 76 Tools and Rules 76 Linear Constructions 83 Angular Constructions 90 Quiz 94 CHAPTER 6 The Cartesian Plane 97 Two Number Lines 97 Relation versus Function 100 Straight Lines 103 Parabolas and Circles 108 Solving Pairs of Equations 115 Quiz 120 Test: Part One 122 PART TWO: THREE DIMENSIONS AND UP CHAPTER 7 An Expanded Set of Rules 137 Points, Lines, Planes, and Space 137 Angles and Distances 143 More Facts 150 Quiz 157 CHAPTER 8 Surface Area and Volume 160 Straight-Edged Objects 160 Cones and Cylinders 166 Other Solids 172 Quiz 176 [11:39 6/6/03 n:4069 GIBILISCO.751/4069-Prelims.3d]Ref: 4069 GIBILISCO: Geometry Demystified Prelims Page: 4 1-8 CONTENTS v CHAPTER 9 Vectors and Cartesian Three-Space 179 A Taste of Trigonometry 179 Vectors in the Cartesian Plane 182 Three Number Lines 186 Vectors in Cartesian Three-Space 189 Planes 195 Straight Lines 199 Quiz 202 CHAPTER 10 Alternative Coordinates 205 Polar Coordinates 205 Some Examples 208 Compression and Conversion 216 The Navigator’s Way 219 Alternative 3D Coordinates 223 Quiz 230 CHAPTER 11 Hyperspace and Warped Space 233 Cartesian n-Space 233 Some Hyper Objects 237 Beyond Four Dimensions 245 Parallel Principle Revisited 250 Curved Space 254 Quiz 257 Test: Part Two 260 FinalExam 274 Answers to Quiz, Test, and Exam Questions 300 Suggested AdditionalReferences 304 Index 305 [11:39 6/6/03 n:4069 GIBILISCO.751/4069-Prelims.3d]Ref: 4069 GIBILISCO: Geometry Demystified Prelims Page: 5 1-8 This page intentionally left blank. PREFACE This book is for people who want to get acquainted with the concepts of basic geometry without taking a formal course. It can serve as a supplemental text in a classroom, tutored, or home-schooling environment. It should also be useful for career changers who need to refresh their knowledge of the subject. I recommend that you start at the beginning of this book and go straight through. This is not a rigorous course in theoretical geometry. Such a course defines postulates (or axioms) and provides deductive proofs of statements called theorems by applying mathematical logic. Proofs are generally omitted in this book for the sake of simplicity and clarity. Emphasis here is on practical aspects. You should have knowledge of middle-school algebra before you begin this book. This introductory work contains an abundance of practice quiz, test, and exam questions. They are all multiple-choice, and are similar to the sorts of questions used in standardized tests. There is a short quiz at the end of every chapter. The quizzes are ‘‘open-book.’’ You may (and should) refer to the chapter texts when taking them. When you think you’re ready, take the quiz, write down your answers, and then give your list of answers to a friend. Have the friend tell you your score, but not which questions you got wrong. The answers are listed in the back of the book. Stick with a chapter until you get most of the answers correct. This book is divided into two sections. At the end of each section is a multiple-choice test. Take these tests when you’re done with the respective sections and have taken all the chapter quizzes. The section tests are ‘‘closed- book,’’ but the questions are not as difficult as those in the quizzes. A satis- factory score is three-quarters of the answers correct. Again, answers are in the back of the book. vii Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. [11:39 6/6/03 n:4069 GIBILISCO.751/4069-Prelims.3d]Ref: 4069 GIBILISCO: Geometry Demystified Prelims Page: 7 1-8 viii PREFACE There is a final exam at the end of this course. It contains questions drawn uniformly from all the chapters in the book. Take it when you have finished both sections, both section tests, and all of the chapter quizzes. A satisfactory score is at least 75 percent correct answers. With the section tests and the final exam, as with the quizzes, have a friend tell you your score without letting you know which questions you missed. That way, you will not subconsciously memorize the answers. You can check to see where your knowledge is strong and where it is not. I recommend that you complete one chapter a week. An hour or two daily ought to be enough time for this. When you’re done with the course, you can use this book, with its comprehensive index, as a permanent reference. Suggestions for future editions are welcome. Acknowledgments Illustrations in this book were generated with CorelDRAW. Some clip art is courtesy of Corel Corporation, 1600 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Z 8R7. I extend thanks to Emma Previato of Boston University, who helped with the technical editing of the manuscript for this book. STAN GIBILISCO [11:39 6/6/03 n:4069 GIBILISCO.751/4069-Prelims.3d]Ref: 4069 GIBILISCO: Geometry Demystified Prelims Page: 8 1-8 PART ONE Two Dimensions Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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