ISSN 2617-2909 (print) Journal of Geology, ISSN 2617-2119 (online) Geography and Geoecology Journ.Geol.Geograph. Geoecology, Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua 27(2),323-331 doi:10.15421/111856 I. Rusanova, Y. Onufriv, A. Ignatyuk Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(2), 323-331 ______Recreational skiing in the formation of local settlement systems of Prykarpattya region

I. Rusanova, Y.Onufriv, A.Ignatyuk

Department of Urban Planning and Design, Institute of Architecture, Lviv Polytechnic National University; Bandery Street, 12, room 323, 79013, Lviv, , e-mail: [email protected]

Received 08.07.2018; Abstract. The formation of local settlement systems is considered on the example of Received in revised form 27.07.2018; mountainous areas of Ivano-Frankivsk region (Ukraine), so-called Prykarpattya region, Accepted 01.08.2018 and is based on a complex set of factors. Recreational skiing plays an important role in the functioning and development of such systems and is simultaneously an integral part of them. The settlement systems in the mountainous areas of Ivano-Frankivsk region, which are based on recreational skiing are highlighted and investigated, in particular they are: the system, the - system (consisting of two subsystems of the Yaremche and Vorokhta -Yablunytsya), the system and autonomous centers of recreational skiing in the villages Vyshkiv and Guta . Their detailed profile in demographic terms, including migration processes; natural resource possibilities; socio- economic potential and interaction with recreational skiing is outlined. The methodological principles of the spatial structure formation of local settlement systems are based on the following states of the system approach: - the main territorial-planning elements of the systems are defined: skiing complexes (one large enterprise or a group of enterprises) with a ski area and a development zone; center of the system, which is a tourist center with services, production and transport; settlements with rural territories and enterprises of the agro-industrial complex; valuable landscape (national parks, nature reserves); focal points of tourist destinations;- functional and spatial associations of ski recreation facilities with settlements, recreational, natural and nature-protected areas, and engineering-transport infrastructure are established;- the approximate boundaries of systems are determined on the basis of spatial, functional and labour relations, types of their territorial-spatial structure, distances between settlements accepted within the radius of one hour transport accessibility.Planning types, directions and trends of development and spatial transformation of local settlement systems with recreational skiing are identified. The role and significance of local settlement systems with recreational skiing as an urban planning object is demonstrated within the general system of recreational zoning.

Key words: local settlement systems, recreational skiing, spatial structure of resettlement

Гірськолижна рекреація у формуванні локальних систем розселення Прикарпаття

І.В. Русанова, Я.О. Онуфрів, А.О. Ігнатюк

Кафедра містобудування, Інститут архітектури, Національний університет «Львівська політехніка»; вул. С. Бандери, 12, к.323, 79013, Львів, Україна;e-mail: [email protected]

Анотація. Формування локальних систем розселення, розглянутих на прикладі гірських районів Прикарпаття (Івано- Франківська область, Україна) відбувається на основі складного комплексу чинників, серед яких гірськолижна рекреація відіграє провідну роль у функціонуванні і розвитку таких систем та одночасно є їх складовою. Виділено і досліджено сис- теми розселення в гірській частині Івано-Франківської області, які розвиваються на базі гірськолижної рекреації, а саме: Косівську, Яремчансько-Ворохтянську (до складу якої входять дві підсистеми Яремчанська і Ворохтянсько-Яблуницька), Верховинську та автономні осередки гірськолижної рекреації в с. Вишків і в с. Гута. Подана їх детальна характеристика за демографічною ситуацією, в тому числі міграційними процесами; природно-ресурсними можливостями; соціально- економічним потенціалом та взаємодією з гірськолижною рекреацією. Розроблені методичні засади формування територіа- льно-просторової структури локальних систем розселення на основі положень системного підходу. Визначено типи плану- вальних структур, напрямки і тенденції розвитку й просторової трансформації систем розселення . Показано роль і значення систем розселення з гірськолижною рекреацією як об’єкта містобудівного проектування у загальній системі рекреаційного районування.

Ключові слова: локальна система розселення, гірськолижна рекреація, територіальна структура розселення

323 I. Rusanova, Y. Onufriv, A. Ignatyuk Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(2), 323-331 ______Introduction. Nowadays recreational skiing is one strategies have been developed and implemented. of the most popular types of winter recreation. Its One of them, “EU Macro-regional strategy for the popularity is attested by the construction of new ski Carpathian region” (Szuba, 2017) determines the resorts and other objects connected to this form of modern directions of development of this region, recreation in mountains, and their spread through- which mainly concerns higher-ranking systems. out the world. This work has not paid attention to the formation of Ski resorts or sets of recreational skiing ob- settlement systems at the local level with the speci- jects function in settlement systems of different ficity of solving problems and taking into account hierarchical ranks – regional, district and local. The the features of the territorial planning on the basis closest connections between recreational skiing of recreational skiing. objects exist within a limited local area because of The aim of this study is to develop criteria the common use of recreational potential of the and mechanisms for the formation of local settle- territory, infrastructure, workforce and socio- ment systems on the basis of recreational skiing in economic base of the settlements, which are subor- the mountainous areas of the Carpathians (on the dinated to self-government bodies and territorial example of Ivano-Frankivsk region) and to deter- communities. mine the principles for improving their territorial The formation of local settlement systems is organisation and development. considered on the example of Ivano-Frankivsk re- Material and methods. The research is based on gion (Ukraine), which consists of six mountainous the analysis of the research publications and project areas. These areas differ in the amount of recrea- materials in relation to this topic, as well as on field tional skiing objects of different capacity, natural surveys of 13 ski resorts in the mountain districts of resource potential, socio-economic development of Ivano-Frankivsk region.During field surveys the the settlements and infrastructure. capacity of ski resorts, the quantity and quality of Recreational skiing as a leading branch of their services, their role and significance beyond economic activity of closely located and intercon- and within the boundaries of the state, region and nected settlements (local settlement systems) district were determined (Onufriv, 2017). creates the base for the production activity of the During the study of individual settlements, population, increases the chances of introducing statistical data, empirical methods and content other additional sectors of tourist servicing, thereby analysis of the theory and practice of recreation exercising the mutual influence of mountain formation in resettlement systems were used. In the recreation and settlement systems. survey of ski recreation objects and settlements Investigation of recreational territories is within the studied territory, cartographic materials highlighted in numerous works of researchers cov- were used. ering a wide range of problems in the spheres of The basic method of research is system anal- geography, economics, social ecology, urban plan- ysis and principles of system formation, where at ning, etc. In Ukraine, a thorough basis of settlement the lowest level - the local system, interconnected systems research was laid out by the urbanist re- settlements are considered as a single organism searchers: Y. Bilokon, I. Fomin, M. Kushnirenko, with territorial-production, cultural and economic, M. Dyomin, M. Habrel, I. Rusanova and others. transport, tourist and recreational links. The formation of territorial recreational systems Results and discussion. On the Ukrainian territory was investigated by the urbanists T. Panchenko, V. of the Carpathians, the Prykarpattya region is dis- Shulyk, V. Vladimirov, and also by geographers O. tinguished as a separate region with the predomi- Preobragenskyi, V. Dgaman, A, Dotsenko, P. Mas- nant function of mountain recreation. Part of Ivano- lyak, M. Palamarchuk, F. Mazur, O. Beidyk and Frankivsk region is fully part of Prykarpattya, and others. Regional problems of the Ukrainian Carpa- this is almost 50% of the area of the region with thians, in particular landscape and urban problems, mountain ranges: the Eastern Beskydy, , resource base, historical and cultural potential, were Pokutski mountains, and separately - the ranges of explored by T. Panchenko, M. Habrel, Y. Taras, H. Chornogora with the highest peak of . Es- Petryshyn, G. Shulga and others. The influence of tablishment of settlements in these areas is traced to various types of recreation, and in particular recre- the 16th-17th centuries, and the population consists ational skiing, on the activation of the development mainly of Ukrainian-highlanders - with of settlements of the Carpathian region is discussed their rich culture, customs, architecture, which is by scientists: M. Greta, T. Kostrzewa-Zielinska, J. reflected in the specifics of these mountainous re- Mirek, A. Ilieş, D. Ilieş, O. Dehoorne. gions. In recent years on the initiative of the Euro- Since ancient times, natural conditions have pean Union and with the participation of Ukraine, made this region a tourist pilgrimage area, which mountainous areas development programmes and later became the place of recreational skiing on a

324 I. Rusanova, Y. Onufriv, A. Ignatyuk Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(2), 323-331 ______large scale- the main direction of economic activity located on a limited local area, establish close links and socio-economic development of local settle- with neighbouring settlements, providing not only ments. recreational services, but also performing territorial The recreational attractiveness of this area functions through the sharing lies not only in the natural-landscape conditions and of natural, labour and other resources. picturesque landscapes, but also in its geographical Ski complexes, as a rule, are combined with po-sition on the border with Romania, through other types of recreation (from extreme to passive which the tourist routes to Bulgaria, Serbia, Monte- recreation), and aimed at their year-round operation negro, and Greece are laid. regardless of the season. Mountain recreation A group of recreational facilities (or one ob- spreads its influence on the surrounding settlements ject) create their own zone of influence associated with their cultural-historical and ethnic characteris- with the zoning of the recreational area. In this tics, which provide a material base and service, and case, the concept of "recreational territory" is promote the attractiveness and multiplicity of treated as a component of the land fund with a sys- mountain resorts. Due to such interconnections tem of interconnected natural, natural-social and local settlements are formed, in which mountain social components (Beidyk, 2001). The methodolo- recreation becomes the organizer of socio- gy of taxonomic zoning of recreational territories is economic development of settlements themselves considered by T. Panchenko (2009) at the level of and in the system. the region, district, tourist area, taking into account Methodological aspects of the research on the area of the recreational territories. Specialists settlement systems that operate on a separate terri- use different criteria for zoning of territories, re- tory include the following factors: natural re- flecting the spatial dispersion of recreational re- sources, socio-economic potential, demographic sources . According to V. Shulyk (2007), a recrea- situation, migration processes in the formation of tional area is a type of functional-branch zoning, settlement potential (Dgaman, 2003). The general which is based on recreational orientation. G. Shul- factors of formation affecting local systems of re- ga (2015) emphasizes the role of landscapes in the settlement with recreational skiing are manifested zoning of a territory. The proposed methodology of in the identification of natural and recreational re- "landscape-spatial pools", which are territories li- sources that contribute to the directions of the re- mited by watersheds of different order, is attached lated types of recreation within such systems, the to urban systems at the level of the region, zone, socio-economic and demographic situation of set- district, area. tlements for recreation services and infrastructure The existing method of regionalisation of re- development. These same factors generally deter- creational territories does not give a clear definition mine the spatial structure of systems. of the size and subordination of taxonomic units of The methodological principles of the forma- these territories, their connection with the settle- tion of the spatial structure of local systems are ment systems. A more objective definition exists based on the following states of the system ap- for territorial-recreational systems in the territory of proach: a certain taxonomic rank of the complex of recrea- - the main territorial-planning elements of the tional establishments based on the use of resources systems are defined: skiing complexes (one large of this territory, spatially and territorially intercon- enterprise or a group of enterprises) with a ski area nected ones (Maslyak, 2008). Thus, the system and a development zone; center of the system, concept of recreation, which includes the territorial which is a tourist center with services, production integrity of the system with interconnected subsys- and transport; settlements with rural territories and tems (natural resources, objects of historical and enterprises of the agro-industrial complex; valuable urban planning and cultural heritage, engineering landscape (national parks, nature reserves); focal infrastructure, service and management), is in- points of tourist destinations. cluded in this definition; hierarchy (region, zone, - functional and spatial associations of recre- district, territorial recreation complex). The terri- ational skiing facilities with settlements, recreation- torial recreational complex can be regarded as a al, natural and nature-protected areas, and engineer- low link in such a hierarchy, represented by an ob- ing-transport infrastructure are established. ject or a group of recreational facilities operating on - the approximate boundaries of systems are a particular territory with natural and socio- determined on the basis of spatial, functional and economic characteristics. Objects of territorial recr- labour relations, types of their territorial-spatial eational complexes provide a significant set of va- structure, distances between settlements accepted riants of territorial and economic system formation within the radius of one hour transport accessibility. at different hierarchical levels. At the lower hierar- Local settlement systems are not internally chical level, recreational facilities (ski resorts) are closed, but exist in the system of external connec-

325 I. Rusanova, Y. Onufriv, A. Ignatyuk Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(2), 323-331 ______tions, which are found not only in the flows of rec- Placement of settlements relative to the main high- reation, but also in the influence of the foreign eco- ways and secondary roads, their status, size, as well nomic situation of the state, region, and district. as the role in the system (center, sub-centers, spe- The internal factors of the formation of sys- cialised centers, settlements) determine the type of tems determine the type of the system, the bounda- their planning structure (Fig. 1). ries of its localisation, which depend on the nature The analysis of local settlement systems in and parameters of the system-forming elements the mountainous areas of Ivano-Frankivsk region, (recreational institutions, their concentration and based on the indicators of the demographic situa- territorial combination), socio-economic and demo- tion, the number and size of settlements with the graphic conditions of settlements, and communica- presence in their composition of the ski resort facil- tion infrastructure. ities, shown in Table 1, revealed differences in their Systems with recreational skiing are consi- characteristics. Thus, the number of interconnected dered as those where the set of services is different settlements (and hence rural communities) is com- from other recreational territories. In some of them, bined into set-tlement systems of different sizes that recreational skiing dominates other industries, do not correlate with the general density and per- while in others it is an important but not the major centage of urban and rural population (0.67%) than function. the average indicator (0.57%) in the region. This Unlike areas in the plains, the processes of characteristic is supplemented by other factors: living in mountain settlements are greatly compli- natural resources, urban conditions, labour poten- cated due to the smaller amount of agricultural tial, transport accessibility and a role of mountain land, the small sphere of application of labour, poor recreation in a group of settlements. All these fac- accessibility of public services, etc. Prykarpattya is tors determine the specifics of each of the systems. a densely populated and weakly urbanised region The Kosiv system (Fig. 2 A) is located in the with a specific weight of urban population of foothills and lowlands of the Pokutsko-Bukovynian 42.9%. The density of the village settlement net- Carpathians, and has a linear-polycentric structure work in the mountainous area is much smaller than with a center in Kosiv, which lies on the highway in the lowlands, and at the same time the average of regional significance, which unites Verkhovyna, population of a mountain village (1300 people / Vorokhta, Yaremche. This settlement system is km2) is greater than that of the villages in the plains distinguished by a rather high percentage of urban (946 people / km2) (Dotsenko, 2007). population and large populations of settlements. In The peculiarity of living conditions in moun- the Kosiv area, there are three ski complexes that tainous areas is acknowledged in the State Law of are weakly interconnected. In the town Kosiv and Ukraine "On the Status of Mountainous Settle- urban village most service facilities are cen- ments" ( of Ukraine, 2005), which tered. The largest settlement Pistyn, with a popula- provides some privileges to mountain settlements, tion of more than 4 thousand inhabitants, is located which are clearly insufficient for their stable devel- at the intersection of highways with a branch in opment. The functioning of mountain settlements Sheshory, has medical facilities and archeological and, in particular, sparsely populated settlements, remains. This system includes the national park can be achieved by linking them to more developed "Hutsulshchyna", sanctuaries and protected tracts, district centers, small towns or urban-type settle- and the settlements themselves form strands of ments, which ensure their development as ski re- resettlement along the roads. The multifunctionality sorts. This goal also corresponds to the unification of the system recreation, which is operated year- of territorial communities, which is taking place in round, gives all grounds to consider it promising Ukraine today, creating local resettlement systems. with high development potential. On the basis of territorial proximityof settlements, The Yaremche-Vorokhta settlement system their close interrelationships, common use of natu- (Fig. 2 D) is divided into 2 subsystems. One of ral and material resources, common touristic infra- them consists of the city of the regional signific- structure in the mountainous areas of Ivano- ance Yaremche and the historical settlements My- Frankivsk region, the following local settlement kulychyn and Tatariv, which form a linear structure systems based on recreational skiing are singled on the highway of international significance. The out: the Kosiv system, the Yaremche-Vorokhta center of this system in Yaremche is the oldest tour- system (consisting of two subsystems of the Ya- ist center of the Carpathian region. The multi- remche and Vorokhta -Yablunytsya), the Verkho- occupancy of this resort is complemented by a ski vyna system and autonomous centers of ski resort with medium difficulty trails. recreation in the Vyshkiv area and in Guta village.

326 I. Rusanova, Y. Onufriv, A. Ignatyuk Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(2), 323-331 ______

Fig. 1: Types of planning structures of local settlement systems with ski recreation: 1) - international highways; 2) - regional highways; 3) - roads of local importance; 4) - settlements with ski recreation; 5) - settlements (source: Iryna Rusanova, Iaryna Onufriv).

Tab. 1. Characteristics of local settlement systems of Prykarpattya (by the demographic situation and the presence of ski recreation facilities). Source: Main Department of Statistics in Ivano-Frankivsk Region, Ukraine (2017) Yaremche- Yaremche- Vorochta (1 – Vorochta (2 – Local settlement systems Kosiv subsystem with subsystem with Verchovyna Vyshkiv the center in the center in Yaremche Vorochta towns 1 1 - - - - urban Number of 1 - 1 1 - 1 villages villages 12 3 3 11 3 6

The system center Kosiv Yaremche Vorokhta Verkhovyna Vyshkiv Solotvyno

total 37651 17147 7182 20675 2001 14522

Number of center 8280 8168 4263 5872 651 3891 population urban, % 44 48 47 28 - 28

rural, % 56 52 53 72 100 72

Population total 200.63 332.60 258.20 35.40 12 130 density (people/km2) center 727.00 658.00 441.40 104.00 12.61 206.00 Kosiv, Vorochta, Yablu- Ski recreation objects loca- Verchovyna, Sheshory, Yaremche nytsya, Polyanyt- Vyshkiv Guta tion Iltsi Tyudiv sya (Bukovel) Capacity of ski resort up to 450 450-1200 150-20000 450-1200 150-450 150 (people/day)

327 I. Rusanova, Y. Onufriv, A. Ignatyuk Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(2), 323-331 ______

Located near Mykulychyn village with a livestock and plant cultivation, and industrial population of about 5 thousand people, it has de- production on the basis of woodworking. This veloped as a climatic resort. Tatariv village within settlement system is an example of how the Carpathian National Nature Park on the banks recreational skiing with large scale skiing of the River can be considered as the most complexes contributed to the multiplicity of these promising mountain resort due to the rich natural settlement systems. Spa complexes, summer resources and geographical location on the highway recreation by the water, quad bike rides and cycling leading to the largest ski resort Bukovel, village complement the attractiveness of these complexes Yablunitsa and the urban village Vorokhta, forming in the summer. The development in these areas of a second subsystem with the center in Vorokhta year-round recreational skiing complexes has led to near Yablunitsky Pass. The economic basis of the the development of once remote peripheral formation of this system, in addition to the settlements with the involvement of local residents multifunctional ski resort with tourist facilities, in service recreation facilities, thereby providing sports schools, health and recreational facilities, is them with work.

А

D

B

C E Fig.2: Local settlement systemswith ski recreation: A – Kosiv system; B – Verkhovyna system; C – Solotvyn system ; D – Yaremche-Vorokhta system; E – Vyshkiv system(source: Iryna Rusanova, Iaryna Onufriv).

The Verkhovyna settlement system (Fig. 2 along the highway of regional significance with the B) is characterised by a low population density, center in the urban village Verkhovyna (until 1962 located in a mountainous area with the highest - it was called Zhabye) with the branching of a peaks of the Eastern Carpathians. This resulted in a group of settlements along the Black Cheremosh linearly dispersed planning structure stretching River and in the south-easterly direction. Small ski

328 I. Rusanova, Y. Onufriv, A. Ignatyuk Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(2), 323-331 ______resorts are concentrated in Verkhovyna and Iltsi, - ecological (climate, lack of sources of air and such villages as Kryvorivnya (ethnographic and pollution, etc.); cognitive tourism), Kryvopillya, Bystrets, - urban planning (number and size of Zamagora are specialised centers of hiking tourism, settlements, transport infrastructure, the presence of Dzembronja - the center of rural and extreme links); tourism (Kryvoruchko, Korol, Ignatyuk, 2007). The - demographic (population density, age and multifunctionality of recreation contributed to the gender structure, migration processes, etc.); development of light and food industries in the - economic (recreational sphere, local settlements. Land resources, unfavourable for production base, folk crafts). arable land, led to the development of livestock and As an obstacle to the development of the logging. settlement network, the external factors inherent to The Vyshkiv settlement system (Fig. 2 E) the mountainous areas are: difficult living includes the autonomous group of settlements in the conditions at a distance to the centers with public mountainous area of the Dolynsky district - the services; deficit of agricultural land; low village of Vyshkiv and Myslivka on the highway employment rate. The specificity of mountain Lviv-Khust and the village Senechiv near the territories is reflected in the "Development Strategy village Vishkiv. This is a sparsely populated area of the Ivano-Frankivsk Region 2020" (Ivano- with the lowest population density in the region. Frankivsk Regional Administration, 2014), which However, the rich natural conditions, the location focuses on the social needs of the population and along the tourist routes along the road to Lake the economic benefits of the territories. With regard Synevir, Vyshkivsky and the Torunsky Pass have to local settlement systems, this means created a tourist center here with hotels, camps, ski subordination to local interests and those internal infrastructure in Vishkiv and Myslivka. The factors that promote the development of territorial recreational potential of this area is far from communities. The local settlement systems exhausted, which makes it possible to create new themselves are becoming areas of a community- multidisciplinary ski resorts here. based administrative-territorial entities network Recreational skiing in Guta village, which is formation. a part of the Solotvyn settlement system (Fig. 2 C), Currently, within the framework of local is not dominant. The settlements are mainly settlement systems, the consolidation of territorial concentrated in the valley of the Bistrica river, communities aimed at coherence of socio-economic where the population is mostly occupied in and environmental measures, which will promote agriculture and forestry, which is the economic the sustainable development of systems, is being basis for the development of this system. Guta implemented. The association of villages with each village is considered to be the residence of elite other, as well as with urban settlements to solve recreation, here a small ski complex "Sinegora" common problems can be considered as an essential works, as well as the beginning of tourist hiking mechanism for the promotion of local systems to a trails in the mountain range of Gorgany . qualitatively new level. The effect of such a The results of the analysis of existing mechanism can be seen on the example of settlement systems showed their irregularity in size, Yaremche district in the developed strategy of the number and density of population, natural and Yaremche-Vorokhta system development with the urban conditions, infrastructure, the degree of most important center of ski recreation. recreational potential development, socio-economic On the example of the considered settlement base. According to these indicators, the most systems it is possible to determine their future spa- developed systems are the Yaremche-Vorokhta, tial development, having different forms of manife- Kosiv and Verkhovina systems. station, defined as follows: Determination of trends in the further - Functional specialisation of each settlement development of settlement systems should be based system while preserving the leading role of the on factors that reflect the specifics of mountain center of the system (Yaremche-Verkhovyna sys- areas: tem: Mykulychyn, Tatariv, Polyanitsa). - natural conditions (mountain ranges, - Territorial association of a group of settle- reservoirs, forests, national parks and nature ments with the purpose of creating a specialised reserves); center-node (Verkhovyna, Kosiv system). - recreational and tourist resources - Creation of a chain of settlements by inte- (availability and diversity of recreation, its capacity grating small settlements with a concentration of and attractiveness, conditions for all types of service functions in the center (Vyshkiv system). tourism); Factors and principles of settlement systems formation, considered on the example of mountain-

329 I. Rusanova, Y. Onufriv, A. Ignatyuk Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(2), 323-331 ______ous areas of Ukrainian Carpathians, can be applied Dotsenko, A., 2007. Sotsialno-ekonomichni problemy to other regions of the . rozselennia i zainiatosti naselennia hustozasele- These settlement systems are based on new criteria noho slabourbanizovanoho rehionu (na prykladi in the conditions of dynamic economic entities. The Ivano-Frankivskoi oblasti)[Socio-economic peculiarity of the considered systems is the active problems of resettlement and employment of the population of a densely populated weakly inclusion in the process of their development of urbanised region (on example of Ivano-Frankivsk recreational skiing, which is associated with the region)]. Retrieved from: creation of a single natural-economic complex and http://ekhsuir.kspu.edu/bitstream/123456789/521 at present is a critical condition for their function- 7/1/А.%20І.%20Доценко.pdf ing in the long term perspective. Greta, M. andKostrzewa-Zielinska, T., Conclusions. Based on the above-mentioned ma- 2011.Turystykaelementemaktywizacjigospodarcz terial, it can be argued that local settlement systems ejregionówperyferyjnych – funkcjonowanieEuro- are the main form of resettlement in the moun- regionuBeskidy[Tourism as an element of tainous regions of the Carpathians. The principles economic activation of peripheral regions - of the formation of such systems on the basis of functioning of the Beskidy Euroregion]. Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, 690(79) recreational skiing are considered only as a frag- “Sport i recreacja. Szansa rozwoju regionu”, ment of scientific knowledge on this problem, Szczecin, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu which allows a connection to be established be- Szczecińskiego, 35-50. tween recreational skiing and settlement systems. Ilieş, A., Dehoorne, O., Ilieş, D.C.,2012. 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