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Table of Contents A MYSTERIOUS CULTURE OF GYPSIES – A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT BAHAWALPUR By Sajid Hussain Roll.No. 20 Session 2011-2013 Program: M.Phill History Supervisor Dr.Syed Shahid Hassan Rizvi Chairman Department of History Department of History and Pakistan Studies The Islamia University of Bahawalpur i “A MYSTERIOUS CULTURE OF GYPSIES – A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT BAHAWALPUR” A thesis submitted to the Islamia University of Bahawalpur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of M. Phil in History. By SajidHussain Department of History and Pakistan Studies The Islamia University of Bahawalpur ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... IX ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ XIV 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF BAHAWALPUR REGION ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 A DETAILED HISTORY OF BAHAWALPUR CITY ............................................................................... 8 1.3 GENERAL DEFINITION AND SHORT HISTORY OF GYPSIES ............................................................. 17 1.4 NOMADISM: A COSMOPOLITAN PHENOMENON .............................................................................. 27 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY .......................................................................................................................... 33 1.6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 35 2 CHAPTER 2 RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL NORMS ............................................................ 41 2.1 RELIGION ...................................................................................................................................... 41 2.2 SOCIETY ....................................................................................................................................... 49 2.3 GYPSIES’ CULTURE ...................................................................................................................... 57 2.4 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 70 3 CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS OF GYPSIES ...................................................................................................... 75 3.1 PROBLEMS FACED BY GYPSIES ...................................................................................................... 75 3.2 PROBLEMS CREATED BY GYPSIES .................................................................................................. 79 3.3 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 82 4 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................... 88 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................................... 94 GYPSY’S CAST IN DISTRICT BAHAWALPUR ................................................................................................ 94 TERMS ARE USED IN THESIS ....................................................................................................................... 97 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 100 xi Abstract The history of Bahawalpur region has not been explored fully. Especially its social aspect needs more attention of the researchers than usual. Same is the case with the life style of gypsies of this region; especially of the Bahawalpur District. Gypsies of this District have unique social features due to their increasing interaction with the civic life; especially their professions have greatly been influenced in the face of their increasing sociability with the indigenous settled people which are the core theme of the research work in hand. xiv 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Brief History of Bahawalpur Region Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan I1 integrated the area of Bahawalpur in the United India. It was included in the Punjab province in 1739. Nawab Sadiq a taaaaQ‎ btaB‎ a‎ iaa‎ aianQiQ‎ iwht‎ a‎ hwhai‎ P ‎ “laiaa”‎ ai‎ hti‎ laQwn‎ utat.‎ Technically this state came in to reality in 1702.2 The first English book that was published in the 19th century says that, on the eastern side of the state, there was British possession of Sirsa. And on the western side there Indus River while the northern boundary was created by Garra River. At the southern frontier of this state, there was Bikaner and Jeyselmeer. Its total length from eastern side to western side was around 324 miles. There is much variation in its breadth. It varies from 80, ranges from 60 to 15 miles.3 It was the start of 20th century and the state was lying at the extreme southwest side P ‎hti‎PnPtwBai‎)p Baaa(.‎aha‎aPaahwPB‎iaa‎PniaintiQ‎aa:‎27.42’‎aBQ‎ 30.25’‎ lPnht‎ aBQ‎ 69.31’‎ aBQ‎ 74.1’‎ aaah,‎ itwai‎ hti‎ hPhaa‎ ania‎ iaa‎ 15,918‎ ai ani‎ miles. The mean breadth of the total occupied area was 40 miles though the length of the whole area from north-east side to the south-west was 300 miles. There was a desert area of sand-dunes of utmost height. The height was 500 feet. The total desert area is of 9,881 square miles.4 There were 3 administrative units also known 1 as Nizamats. Name of those units were: Bahawalpur, Minchanabad and Khanpur. All three states were comprised of a total amount of 10 towns and 1,008 villages.5 Tehsils is known as further sub-division of each unit (Nizamats). So, there is a total of 9 Tehsils in three administrative units. Figure 1-1 Bahawalpur’s Position in Pakistan On the basis of census report of 1891, there was a population of 650,042 in Bahawalpur and there were 546,680 Muslims, 90,013 Hindus, 13,321 Sikhs and only 11 Christians. Muslims were the landlords and Hindus were in the money and banking management sectors. Later, in 1901, there were 720,877 residents recorded by the British government, among which 83% were Muslims. The cast of Hindus located there were Arora, Rajput and Jat while the cast of most of the Muslims were Daudpotra, Mogul, Pathan, Syed, Arain, Jat, Rajput, Joiya, Sheikh and Baloch.6 2 When Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V (1904-1966)7, the last Nawab was ruling, the state of Bahawalpur was merged the western side of Pakistan in the year 1954. After that incredible event, the state of Bahawalpur became an administrative unit of Pakistan, having the headquarters in the city area of Bahawalpur. The new location of the Bahawalpur was covered with River Sutlej, Panjnad and Indus River from the northern side that was separating the areas of Dera Ghazi and Multan. Both of these areas are adjacent to areas like Vehari, Multan, Sahiwal, Lodhran and Muzaffargarh. The southern side of Bahawalpur was covered with Sukkur (division of Sindh province) and East Punjab (states of Jeyselmeer and Bekaneer) are sharing the border with the southern side of Bahawalpur. The area of Bahawalpur is exceptionally significant concerning about the national defense as well as from a tactical point of view. The three integral divisions of Bahawalpur are: RaheemYar Khan, Bahawalnagar, and Bahawalpur District.8 Bahawalpur division remained as p Baaa’a administrative part )paawahaB’a‎pnPtwBai(‎and this position existed until the revolution of 2000. It was hti‎hwai‎itiB‎zPtinBaiBh’a‎3rd tier was abolished. As a result of this dramatic change, Bahawalpur became a district which was bound by Lodhran District, the northern side. From the eastern side, it was bound by India and District Bahawalnagar while on the southern side by India. The western side was also bounded by Muzaffargarh and RahimYar Khan districts. Among the largest districts of Punjab, one is Bahawalpur and its total area is 24,830 square miles.9 The area is known for its peculiar features such as 3 geographical characteristics, topographic and demographic features. The elevation of this district is 152 meters (from sea level) and is located approximately in the middle of the country. There are Five Tehsils that are: i. Ahmad Pur East ii. Hasilpur iii. Bahawalpur iv. Yazman or you can say Cholistan, and v. Khairpur Tamewali In 1988, the population was 2.411 million while in 1981, it was 1.453 million so, it reflects a growth of 3.88% year as compare with 3.3% of p Baaa’a‎ total population. If we talk in terms of density, then the density had been increased from 59 to 97 by 1998.10 There are mostly plains of Indus basin in the soil of central Bahawalpur and its height is approximately 150 meter (above the sea level). On the southern side, there is desert that is known as Rohi or Cholistan which is undulated because of sand dunes and the peak of these dunes of sands is not more than 150 meters. The irrigation system was with the flood water of River Sutlej, but before the construction of canal system
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