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European Union Politics European Union Politics http://eup.sagepub.com/ Measuring the size and scope of the EU interest group population Arndt Wonka, Frank R Baumgartner, Christine Mahoney and Joost Berkhout European Union Politics 2010 11: 463 DOI: 10.1177/1465116510369267 The online version of this article can be found at: http://eup.sagepub.com/content/11/3/463 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for European Union Politics can be found at: Email Alerts: http://eup.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://eup.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://eup.sagepub.com/content/11/3/463.refs.html Downloaded from eup.sagepub.com at BTCA Univ de Barcelona on June 6, 2011 Forum European Union Politics 11(3) 463–476 ! The Author(s) 2010 Measuring the size and Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav scope of the EU interest DOI: 10.1177/1465116510369267 group population eup.sagepub.com Arndt Wonka Universita¨t Bremen, Germany Frank R Baumgartner University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Christine Mahoney University of Virginia, USA Joost Berkhout University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract We present a new data set enumerating the population of organizations listed and/or registered as lobbyists in the European Union. In the first part of the paper we describe how we arrived at the population data set by drawing on three independent sources (CONECCS; Landmarks; European Parliament registry). We briefly discuss the validity of these registers in the context of recent substantial changes to each of them. In the second part, we present descriptive information on the number and type of groups as well as their territorial origins. In the final section, we outline potential research ques- tions that can be addressed with the new data set for further research on the role of groups in the EU policy process. Keywords EU, interest groups, quantitative data set Introduction Groups representing a large variety of interests, from countries within and outside of Europe and geographically rooted at the regional, national, supranational and Corresponding author: Dr Arndt Wonka, Universita¨t Bremen, Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Wiener Straße/Celsiusstraße (FVG), Postfach 33 04 40, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Email: [email protected] Downloaded from eup.sagepub.com at BTCA Univ de Barcelona on June 6, 2011 464 European Union Politics 11(3) international levels are active in European Union (EU) politics. In this paper we introduce a new data set that tries to capture the number and diversity of groups active at the EU level. A number of public registries and commercial sources on actors that engage in EU politics exist. Yet each of these sources is characterized by particular insufficiencies regarding the representativeness of the sample of groups they contain (for a comprehensive discussion and empirical comparison, see Berkhout and Lowery, 2008; Berkhout and Lowery, 2010a). Our goal is to establish the most complete population list of EU-registered interest groups based on a variety of sources. This can then form the basis of better generalization and higher-quality research among scholars interested in representation and lobbying in the EU. Our data set will be made freely available to the public in spreadsheet format through our website.1 The goal of this paper is to explain the process of compiling the data set, to consider the general contours of the interest group population listed there, and to discuss the research that this new resource will make possible. In the next section we outline the sources that were used in creating the data set and the decisions we took when merging these sources to the ‘EU interest group population data set 2007–8’. We then provide a description of the make-up of the EU interest group population along two dimensions: first, the type of interest a group represents and, second, a group’s level of territorial affiliation, i.e. the level at which a group is organizationally rooted. After comparing the data set introduced here with the CONECCS database previously used by Mahoney (2003), we sketch the kind of research questions for which scholars might want to draw on the new data set. Following an assessment of the issues of maintaining the database into the future, in the conclusion we summarize our goals for this long-run collaboration. The EU interest group population dataset 2007–8 The EU interest group population data set introduced here draws on three different sources: 1. The Commission’s CONECCS database, in which groups participating in Commission committees or hearings register on a voluntary basis. For our data set we drew on the August 2007 version of the CONECCS database.2 2. The European Parliament’s (EP) accreditation registry in which all groups and their representatives are listed that obtained the EP’s special entry pass that is, according to Rule 9 of the EP’s Rules of Procedure, needed for lobbyists to access the EP’s buildings and to interact with members of the EP. Our data set contains the April 2008 version of the EP registry. 3. Landmarks’ ‘European Public Affairs Directory,’ a commercial register of groups, firms, national and international institutions as well as regional actors active in EU politics in Brussels. The Landmarks directory used here was pub- lished online in July 2007. Downloaded from eup.sagepub.com at BTCA Univ de Barcelona on June 6, 2011 Wonka et al. 465 As the information in Table 1 shows, the sources that went into our data set vary considerably in size. The Landmarks directory is the largest, listing 2522 different organizations active in EU politics. As mentioned above, Landmarks covers not only national, supranational and international interest groups but also businesses, international organizations, law firms, consultancies and public actors such as regional representations to the EU. This inclusive quality distinguishes Landmarks most strongly from CONECCS, whose focus is on EU collective actors, that is, membership associations organized at the EU level. In addition, it registers only Euro-groups that are ‘considered representative by the Commission’. This is not surprising given the European Commission’s consultation policy to preferentially involve and interact with EU-level organizations representing a common EU position (for example, Greenwood, 2007: 343). Not least as a result of this restricted scope, the CONECCS database is considerably smaller than Landmarks, covering only 749 organizations. In addition, whereas the EP registry seems to be as inclusive as Landmarks with respect to the types of actors covered, Landmarks is numerically more encompassing than the EP registry, which covers 1534 organizations in the version used here (Berkhout and Lowery, 2008: 505–6). In sum, the three data sources do not cover the same populations. Landmarks is much broader; CONECCS is focused on EU-level associations (as opposed to, say, corporations that might have a significant lobbying presence in Brussels); and the EP registry includes simply any organization that has a door pass to enter the Parliament building. In a nutshell, our data set is as inclusive as Landmarks and the EP registry and much more representative as regards the territorial origins of groups than CONECCS. Since it avoids biases and/or omissions of any of the three individual data sources, it is much more encompassing than any of these individual sources. A direct side-by-side comparison of the territorial and functional compo- sition of the individual data sets to evaluate their respective coverage could not be done, because the three data sources vary considerably in the information pro- vided, such as how they categorize the various groups by type. Thus, for example, data limitations in the original source material make it impossible to directly com- pare each source by the number of groups of each type included.3 Still, by putting these three sources together and deleting the duplicate entries, we have created the most inclusive and accurate list of lobbying organizations in the EU yet compiled. Table 1 summarizes the sources from which the data come. Taken individually, the three sources list a total of 4805 individual organiza- tions. In order to delete duplicate entries we first merged them all into the same electronic format. Afterwards, the Landmarks entries were electronically reordered alphabetically. In a further step the Landmarks entries were made grammatically compatible with the CONECCS and EP register entries by, for example, replacing abbreviations (for example, ‘Ass.’) with full words (for example, ‘Association’). After the data sets were brought into a common grammatical/spelling format, we first merged the Landmarks with the CONECSS data set, ordered them alpha- betically and then deleted duplicates, of which there were 489 in this step. Finally, the combined Landmarks/CONECCS data set was merged with the EP register and Downloaded from eup.sagepub.com at BTCA Univ de Barcelona on June 6, 2011 466 European Union Politics 11(3) again ordered alphabetically to delete duplicates, of which we discovered an additional 487. Additional duplicates were identified through manual searching, generally from slightly different names or spellings used for the same organization. In all, we deleted 1105 duplicates out of 4805, or 23 percent of the total, resulting in a final data set with 3700 lobbying organizations. Of course, 3700 organizations is certainly an underestimate of the actual pop- ulation of all interest groups, institutions, businesses, think tanks, law firms, local governments and other actors that engage in EU politics. However, given the quality of the data sources on which we drew to establish our data set, we are confident to have included virtually all important actors that are regularly involved in EU lobbying (for a more extensive discussion of the quality of Landmarks, CONECCS and the EP accreditation registry, see Berkhout and Lowery, 2008).
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