A New Material Is Only Useful So Far As It Suits a Particular Application. Is It
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Simultaneous Diamond, White Sapphire & Moissanite
SIMULTANEOUS DIAMOND, WHITE SAPPHIRE & MOISSANITE TESTER NEW ADVANCED EXCLUSIVE TECHNOLOGY RECOMMENDED by CHARLES & COLVARD CREATED MOISSANITE READ BEFORE USING The new moissanite that was introduced in late 2015 has changed. It can no longer be easily visually identified. It is now D-E-F “colorless”, with few inclusions. More importantly, standard diamond/moissanite testers will identify it as diamond since it is now only very slightly electrically conductive. The UltraTester 3+ uses new technology and is calibrated to identify this faint property. Be aware that body oil is also electrically conductive. Due to the tester’s enhanced sensitivity, dirty diamonds may test as moissanite. To avoid false/positive readings on dirty diamonds, ALWAYS CLEAN THE STONE on a cloth prior to testing. Periodically, also clean any accumulated body oil off of the probe tip by gently rubbing it on uncoated paper - SEE MANUAL. NEED HELP? Call GemOro at 800.527.0719 for immediate assistance. The GemOro UltraTester 3+ is the ultimate tester for diamond fraud protection that’s exclusively RECOMMENDED BY CHARLES & COLVARD, the manufacturer of created moissanite! The UltraTester 3+ features NEW ADVANCED EXCLUSIVE TECHNOLOGY capable of identifying the widest range of the electrically conductive moissanite material available, including the new super-low electrically conductive moissanite. OPERATING PROCEDURE & OWNERS MANUAL Congratulations on your purchase of the UltraTester 3+ from GemOro Superior GEMORO ULTRATESTER 3+ 2 Instruments, the most trusted name in gemological instrumentation for the jewelry industry. You’ve made a great choice. Built upon the foundation of the second generation and most popular tester to date, the UltraTester 3+ offers even more. -
The Journal of Gemmology Editor: Dr R.R
he Journa TGemmolog Volume 25 No. 8 October 1997 The Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain 27 Greville Street, London Eel N SSU Tel: 0171 404 1134 Fax: 0171 404 8843 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.gagtl.ac.uklgagtl President: Professor R.A. Howie Vice-Presidents: LM. Bruton, Af'. ram, D.C. Kent, R.K. Mitchell Honorary Fellows: R.A. Howie, R.T. Liddicoat Inr, K. Nassau Honorary Life Members: D.). Callaghan, LA. lobbins, H. Tillander Council of Management: C.R. Cavey, T.]. Davidson, N.W. Decks, R.R. Harding, I. Thomson, V.P. Watson Members' Council: Aj. Allnutt, P. Dwyer-Hickey, R. fuller, l. Greatwood. B. jackson, J. Kessler, j. Monnickendam, L. Music, l.B. Nelson, P.G. Read, R. Shepherd, C.H. VVinter Branch Chairmen: Midlands - C.M. Green, North West - I. Knight, Scottish - B. jackson Examiners: A.j. Allnutt, M.Sc., Ph.D., leA, S.M. Anderson, B.Se. (Hons), I-CA, L. Bartlett, 13.Se, .'vI.phil., I-G/\' DCi\, E.M. Bruton, FGA, DC/\, c.~. Cavey, FGA, S. Coelho, B.Se, I-G,\' DGt\, Prof. A.T. Collins, B.Sc, Ph.D, A.G. Good, FGA, f1GA, Cj.E. Halt B.Sc. (Hons), FGr\, G.M. Howe, FG,'\, oo-, G.H. jones, B.Se, PhD., FCA, M. Newton, B.Se, D.PhiL, H.L. Plumb, B.Sc., ICA, DCA, R.D. Ross, B.5e, I-GA, DGA, P..A.. Sadler, 13.5c., IGA, DCA, E. Stern, I'GA, DC/\, Prof. I. -
Colourless Gemstones
GEMS THE gem DeteCTIVE: COLOURLess gemstONes superseded in the 1970s by a man-made gemstone called cubic zirconia that is still the most popular and common diamond imitation in modern jewellery due to its low cost, high dispersion and good hardness (8.5 on Mohs scale). Another man-made gemstone called synthetic Moissanite was introduced as a diamond simulant in the late 1990s. Although TED A synthetic Moissanite tests positive on a FFILI A diamond tester, it is easily distinguished from diamond by a property called double refraction, detected using a 10x loupe. This property is also displayed by zircon, a natural CCREESH, O’NEILS O’NEILS CCREESH, gemstone with a sub-adamantine lustre. M N N A Complicating the process of identification are treatments that may affect the value of gemstones. For example, a laser may be used to drill down to a dark diamond inclusion and remove it using acid in a process called GE COURTESY OF BREND OF COURTESY GE laser drilling. Also common is fracture filling, ma I where a high refractive-index lead glass is used to fill surface-reaching fractures to make Sparkling, colourless gemstones may People love to assume that their great ALTHOUGH them less visible. Fortunately, both of these appear similar to the naked eye but they grandma’s solitaire engagement ring SYNTHETIC treatments are easily identified using a loupe can vary significantly in identity, rarity contained a natural diamond by virtue MOISSANITE or microscope. TESTS POSITIVE and value. Making such distinctions of its age but they should think again. Some off-coloured diamonds may be ON A DIamOND requires the detective skills of a qualified Synthetically-produced sapphire, spinel and TESTER, IT CAN BE whitened using High Pressure High gemmologist. -
Gemstones by Donald W
GEMSTONES By Donald W. olson Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Nicholas A. Muniz, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. In this report, the terms “gem” and “gemstone” mean any gemstones and on the cutting and polishing of large diamond mineral or organic material (such as amber, pearl, petrified wood, stones. Industry employment is estimated to range from 1,000 to and shell) used for personal adornment, display, or object of art ,500 workers (U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997, p. 1). because it possesses beauty, durability, and rarity. Of more than Most natural gemstone producers in the United states 4,000 mineral species, only about 100 possess all these attributes and are small businesses that are widely dispersed and operate are considered to be gemstones. Silicates other than quartz are the independently. the small producers probably have an average largest group of gemstones; oxides and quartz are the second largest of less than three employees, including those who only work (table 1). Gemstones are subdivided into diamond and colored part time. the number of gemstone mines operating from gemstones, which in this report designates all natural nondiamond year to year fluctuates because the uncertainty associated with gems. In addition, laboratory-created gemstones, cultured pearls, the discovery and marketing of gem-quality minerals makes and gemstone simulants are discussed but are treated separately it difficult to obtain financing for developing and sustaining from natural gemstones (table 2). Trade data in this report are economically viable deposits (U.S. -
Appendix a of Final Environmental Impact Statement for a Geologic Repository for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Lev
Appendix A Inventory and Characteristics of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level Radioactive Waste, and Other Materials Inventory and Characteristics of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level Radioactive Waste, and Other Materials TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page A. Inventory and Characteristics of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level Radioactive Waste, and Other Materials ................................................................................................................................. A-1 A.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. A-1 A.1.1 Inventory Data Summary .................................................................................................... A-2 A.1.1.1 Sources ......................................................................................................................... A-2 A.1.1.2 Present Storage and Generation Status ........................................................................ A-4 A.1.1.3 Final Waste Form ......................................................................................................... A-6 A.1.1.4 Waste Characteristics ................................................................................................... A-6 A.1.1.4.1 Mass and Volume ................................................................................................. A-6 A.1.1.4.2 Radionuclide Inventories ...................................................................................... A-8 A.1.1.4.3 -
Identifying Diamonds Diamond Is One of the Most Important Gemstones Traded in the World Today
GEMMOLOGY Identifying Diamonds Diamond is one of the most important gemstones traded in the world today. Diamond has all properties in the superlative state- best luster, highest hardness, highest thermal conductivity among gems and these properties help in identification and form the basis for some of the tips to check whether the white stone is a diamond. t is said that Alexander the stone then do so only with a stone case of simulants, the line will Great found a valley full of both holder or tweezer. Never move appear partially or complete. This Idiamonds and poisonous snakes. your fingers through the diamonds, test can be easily carried out on No one could work out how to you would never know how many unset stones; but care must be retrieve the jewels until Alexander diamonds would get stuck to your taken when they are mounted. had the idea of throwing down fingers and fall out. Confusion is possible with raw meat, to which the diamonds old cut diamonds, in which full attached. When eagles flew down Visual Methods advantage of the low critical angle for the meat, Alexander's men just was not taken in cutting. Here, the had to follow them to their nests. It Tilt Test line may appear unnaturally clear or sounds like fantasy but diamonds The high Refractive Index (RI) of transparent for diamonds. The large are attracted to fat, and the story Diamond makes possible a simple culet and the facet edges will be reminded people how to tell real test to distinguish it quickly from immediately apparent to the naked diamonds from fakes. -
Distinguishing Natural Diamonds from Synthetic Diamonds and Diamond
Synthetic Diamond Identification About GIA Knowing the Difference Because of the contrasting conditions of natural Established in 1931, GIA has studied the scientific Natural diamonds have long fascinated mankind and artificial formation, synthetic diamonds properties of gems, developing new methods of with their unique physical and visual properties. display several features which allow them to be identifying natural, synthetic and treated gemstones. Distinguishing Features such as exceptional hardness, durability, gemologically distinguished from natural diamonds. This research serves to protect all who buy and sell light reflectivity (brilliance) and dispersion (fire) These include visual characteristics such as color gems by ensuring accurate and unbiased standards Natural Diamonds from distinguish them from other gems. The beauty and zoning, dark metallic inclusions, weak strain for determining and describing gem quality. GIA universal appeal of natural diamonds come at a patterns and distinctive patterns and colors of research findings are incorporated into its educational Synthetic Diamonds and price, as the recovery and fashioning of such rare ultraviolet fluorescence. Because they represent programs, published in professional journals, used for Diamond Simulants gems are challenging. For decades, researchers types of diamonds that are rare in nature, synthetic developing practical instruments and tools and applied have sought alternatives by creating less expensive diamonds also possess additional features that in grading and -
Diamond Terminology Guideline
DIAMOND TERMINOLOGY GUIDELINE INTRODUCTION AND REFERENCE Nine of the leading diamond industry organisations (AWDC, CIBJO, DPA, GJEPC, IDI, IDMA, USJC, WDC and WFDB) have developed the present guideline to encourage full, fair and effective use of a clear and accessible terminology for diamonds, synthetics diamonds and imitations of diamonds by all sector bodies, organisations and traders. This Diamond Terminology Guideline serves as a reference document for the diamond and jewellery trade when referring to diamonds and synthetic diamonds. It is built on two internationally accepted standards: the ISO 18323 Standard (“Jewellery – Consumer confidence in the diamond industry”) and the CIBJO Diamond Blue Book. DEFINITIONS Ø A diamond is a mineral created by nature; a “diamond” always means a natural diamond. Ø A synthetic diamond is an artificial product that has essentially the same physical characteristics as a diamond. Ø An imitation diamond, also named a diamond simulant, is an artificial product that imitates the appearance of diamonds without having their chemical composition, physical properties or structure. Ø A gemstone is a mineral of natural origin that is used in jewellery for reasons of combined beauty, rareness and intrinsic value. TERMINOLOGY Ø When referring to synthetic diamonds: - Use one of the following authorised qualifiers when referring to synthetic diamonds: “synthetic”, “laboratory-grown” or “laboratory-created”. - Do not use abbreviations such as “lab-grown” and “lab-created”. - Do not use the following terms: “cultured diamonds” and “cultivated diamonds” as “cultured” and “cultivated” refer exclusively to organic/biogenic products. - Do not use the following terms: “real”, “genuine”, “precious”, “authentic” and “natural” as those apply exclusively to natural minerals and gemstones. -
Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride -
A Kinetic Study of the Strontium Extraction by Metallothermic Reduction Using Submerged Sro Powders Injection ⁎ R
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Materials Letters 62 (2008) 637–640 www.elsevier.com/locate/matlet A kinetic study of the strontium extraction by metallothermic reduction using submerged SrO powders injection ⁎ R. Muñiz a, , A. Flores a, J. Torres a, S. Luna a, N. Rodríguez b a CINVESTAV Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo-Monterrey highway Km. 13.5 P.O. Box 663, 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, México b Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo V. Carranza Blvd. 2500, Saltillo, Coahuila, México Received 3 May 2007; accepted 8 June 2007 Available online 16 June 2007 Abstract This work reports the results of laboratory experiments conduced to follow the kinetics of strontium recovery into the Al–Mg alloy by metallothermic reduction of SrO. The reagent was incorporated to molten alloy by the use of submerged powders injection technique. The variables analyzed were the injection time, the melt temperature and the initial magnesium content. Magnesium is added to the melt to increase the reactivity and reduce the surface tension of the molten aluminum. It was possible to increase the strontium content from 0 to 5 wt.% after 60 min of treatment. The results were fitted to a general kinetic equation, which allowed it to obtain the kinetic parameters, i.e. order of reaction and activation energy of the process. As the main mechanism of the strontium recovery process is of diffusive type, the global process rate increases as the temperature and initial amount of the magnesium increased. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Strontium recovery; Submerged powder injection; Metallothermic reduction; Reaction kinetic 1. Introduction a vapour by vacuum distillation [2]. -
Synthesis Target Structures for Alkaline Earth Oxide Clusters
inorganics Article Synthesis Target Structures for Alkaline Earth Oxide Clusters Susanne G. E. T. Escher, Tomas Lazauskas ID , Martijn A. Zwijnenburg and Scott M. Woodley * ID Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK; [email protected] (S.G.E.T.E.); [email protected] (T.L.); [email protected] (M.A.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 November 2017; Accepted: 7 February 2018; Published: 21 February 2018 Abstract: Knowing the possible structures of individual clusters in nanostructured materials is an important first step in their design. With previous structure prediction data for BaO nanoclusters as a basis, data mining techniques were used to investigate candidate structures for magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and strontium oxide clusters. The lowest-energy structures and analysis of some of their structural properties are presented here. Clusters that are predicted to be ideal targets for synthesis, based on being both the only thermally accessible minimum for their size, and a size that is thermally accessible with respect to neighbouring sizes, include global minima for: sizes n = 9, 15, 16, 18 and 24 for (MgO)n; sizes n = 8, 9, 12, 16, 18 and 24 for (CaO)n; the greatest number of sizes of (SrO)n clusters (n = 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18 and 24); and for (BaO)n sizes of n = 8, 10 and 16. Keywords: inorganic nanoclusters; global optimization; data mining; computational modelling; magnesium oxide; calcium oxide; strontium oxide; barium oxide 1. Introduction Structure determination of materials plays an important role in materials design because the properties of materials are inherently linked to their atomic and electronic structure. -
Exam 3 Review Course: Chem 177 Supplemental Instruction Instructor: Burnett Iowa State University Date: April 1St, 2010 1
Leader: Katie Exam 3 Review Course: Chem 177 Supplemental Instruction Instructor: Burnett Iowa State University Date: April 1st, 2010 1. From the enthalpies of reaction 퐻2 푔 + 퐹2 푔 → 2퐻퐹 푔 ∆퐻 = −537 푘퐽 퐶 푠 + 2퐹2 푔 → 퐶퐹4 푔 ∆퐻 = −680 푘퐽 2퐶 푠 + 2퐻2 푔 → 퐶2퐻4 푔 ∆퐻 = 52.3 푘퐽 Calculate ∆퐻 for the reaction of ethylene with 퐹2: 퐶2퐻4 푔 + 6퐹2 푔 → 2퐶퐹4 푔 + 4퐻퐹 푔 2. Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction using the values given in the table below. 2푆푂2 푔 + 푂2 푔 → 2푆푂3 푔 푆푂2 푔 -296.9 푆푂3 푔 -395.2 퐻2푂 푙 -285.8 3. Indicate whether each of the following statements is True or False. a) ______ Longer wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation correspond to greater frequencies. b) ______ Photon energies decrease with increasing wavelength. c) ______ The energy transmitted by electromagnetic radiation is quantized. 4. In the Bohr model of the atom ______. a) A single photon is absorbed when an electron moves from a low energy orbit to a higher energy orbit. b) Electrons freely roam throughout the volume of the atom. c) Electrons exist simultaneously in multiple orbits. d) Energy is absorbed when electrons fall to orbits close to the nucleus. e) Line spectra cannot be predicted for the hydrogen atom. 5. The light-sensitive substance in black-and-white photographic film is AgBr. Photons provide the energy necessary to transfer an electron from 퐵푟− 푡표 퐴푔+ to produce Ag and Br and darken the film. 2.00 x103 J/mol is the minimum amount of energy required for this process.