DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded from Brill.Com10/02/2021 07:40:33AM Via Free Access

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/02/2021 07:40:33AM Via Free Access chapter 12 How Does This Monument Make You Feel? Measuring Emotional Responses to War Memorials in Croatia Vjeran Pavlaković and Benedikt Perak Since the collapse of communism and the disintegration of Yugoslavia, collective remembrance in all of the successor states has undergone dramatic transformations as part of nation-building projects and strategies to bolster the legitimacy of new political elites. This has included nationalist revision- ism of the narratives of the Second World War and the creation of founding myths based on the bloody wars accompanying Yugoslavia’s dissolution. Al- though there is a general agreement across the political spectrum regarding the dominant nation-building narrative in Croatia, which emphasizes its vic- tory in the War of Independence (known as the Domovinski rat, or Homeland War, 1991–1995), there is considerably less consensus over the Second World War.1 This so-called ‘red-black ideological division’ in society is manifested in seemingly perpetual politicized debates over communist Partisans, fascist Ustaša, and Serb extremist Četniks, which is then additionally distorted by the more recent traumas of the 1990s conflict. The need for unity during the Homeland War led to the policy of ‘national reconciliation’ under the first Cro- atian president, Franjo Tuđman, which emphasized the struggle for statehood as one of the goals of the Croatian Partisans and concurrently whitewashed the Ustaša movement of its fascist ideology. The long-term consequences were the demonization of the antifascist struggle and the rehabilitation of Nazi- fascist collaborators, which was played out across the country’s memoryscape: thousands of Partisan memorials have been damaged or completely destroyed 1 The results of the research project “Symbolic Strategies of Nation-building in the Western Balkans,” which included a detailed opinion poll that posed questions about both the Sec- ond World War and the Homeland War, showed that the majority of respondents in Croatia held the official narrative of the latter to reflect the truth, while interpretations of the former were considerably polarized. The complete results of the opinion poll are available at http:// cultstud.ffri.hr/istrazivanje/projekti/118-symbolic-strategies. See also Vjeran Pavlaković, “Fulfilling the Thousand-Year-Old Dream: Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in Croatia”, in Pål Kolstø, ed., Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014). © Vjeran Pavlaković and Benedikt Perak, ���7 | doi �0.��63/978900435�353_0�3 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the cc-by-ncVjeran Pavlaković License. and Benedikt Perak - 9789004352353 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 07:40:33AM via free access <UN> Measuring Emotional Responses to War Memorials in Croatia 269 since 1991, while new monuments and public spaces have been dedicated to some of Hitler’s most fervent allies. The victorious and emancipatory narrative of antifascism has slowly been replaced with an anti-communist victimization discourse perpetuated through commemorative practices at various sites of memory. Croatia’s efforts to join the European Union has meant that since 2000, its administrations have had to adopt the transnational narratives of antifascist founding myths, resulting in the partial revalorization of the Partisan struggle. Right-wing political parties have also adopted the eu discourse on the Second World War, although by condemning communist crimes, and they have sought to equate all totalitarian systems through eu memorial days such as the Day of Remembrance for Victims of all Authoritarian and Totalitarian Regimes (23 August). After Croatia was admitted to the eu on 1 July 2013, many political ob- servers and scholars predicted that the bitter polemics over the Second World War would play a minor role compared to the burning socio-economic issues plaguing the country. However, since the eu accession, symbolic politics cen- tred on interpretations of the Second World War, as well as renewed debates on the Homeland War, have continued to dominate headlines and divide the political elites at a time when a unified strategy for resolving the economic crisis has been most needed. The election of a short-lived right-wing coalition in 2016 exacerbated the red-black division, particularly over cultural policies, memory politics and commemorative practices. Previous research presented at conferences related to cost action IS1203 (In search of transnational memory in Europe) has traced the top-down strategies of rehabilitating the Ustaša in post-1990 Croatia, transnational eu discourse in Croatian memory politics and collective remembrance of com- munism.2 The challenge, however, is how to measure the reception of these various stages of reframing the past. As a part of the project ‘Framing the Nation and Collectiv e Identity in Croatia: Cultural Memory of 20th Century Traumas,’3 this chapter seeks to analyze to what degree perceptions of past 2 “Remembering War the European Way: Croatia’s Commemorative Culture and the eu”, eu Politics of Memory Conference, European University Institute, Florence, Italy (20 June 2015); “eu Narratives and the Specter of Communism in Croatia,” cost Conference – Memory of Communism in Europe, Paris, France (15–16 May 2014); and “Creating Victims out of Per- petrators: Symbolic Strategies of Rehabilitating World War Two Collaborators in Croatia since the 1990s,” cost meeting Social Construction of Guilt and Victimhood, Krakow, Poland (16 September 2013). 3 This project is funded by the Croatian Science Foundation (hrzz – Hrvatska zaklada za znanost). Vjeran Pavlaković and Benedikt Perak - 9789004352353 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 07:40:33AM via free access <UN> 270 Pavlaković and Perak wars are shaped by commemorative practices, monuments, political speeches and media representations of political rituals. Drawing upon the material gathered at several commemorations (including video footage of speeches, photographs of monuments and media coverage), our goal was to develop a survey to measure emotional responses to a controversial Second World War memorial in Croatia. We wanted to measure firstly the reaction to a decon- textualized visual representationof the monument and secondly measure the response to the same representation but this time contextualized with various commemorative speeches imbuing the static monument with conceptualiza- tions of meaning. The selected monument – along with a memorial complex, archive and museum – commemorates the notorious concentration camp of Jasenovac established by the Ustaša regime in the Independent State of Croatia (ndh – Nezavisna Država Hrvatska). An increasingly vocal group of right-wing historians, journalists and politicians has sought to erase, or at least radically redefine, the narratives associated with this site of memory by questioning the number of victims and rehabilitating the perpetrators. The memorial already underwent a transformation in meaning during the shift from socialist Yugo- slavia to independent Croatia, and the latest efforts to undermine the accepted historical narrative are representedby an attempt to inscribe alternative mean- ings in line with right-wing interpretations of the Second World War. In the midst of this cacophony of state-promoted narratives and revisionist counter- narratives bordering on conspiracy theories, is it possible to determine how Croatian society perceives this dark episode from the 20th century? One of the important questions in the research of the collective memory is the influence of the emotional and cognitive dimensions in the mechanism of social memory transmission. How successfully are the subjective qualities of the individual memories transmitted and elicited in the inter-subjective communication? What are the salient emotional and cognitive features of the narration that successfully construct a socially shared memory? Can we mea- sure the level of affective and cognitive engagement of the receivers of the representations of the cultural memories prominent in social communication and media? Can we predict the behavioural and pragmatic tendencies based on the level of emotional and cognitive appraisal? Can we correlate the level of emotional and cognitive appraisal with the representation of a particular event in a collective memory? This chapter tackles some of the abovemen- tioned questions by investigating the effects of a monument’s representations, associated commemorative speeches, and media coverage on the individual’s affective and cognitive stance about the traumatic events in Croatian collective memory. In order to formulate the reception of this multimodal representation we situate the present study on the collective memory within the theor etical Vjeran Pavlaković and Benedikt Perak - 9789004352353 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 07:40:33AM via free access <UN> Measuring Emotional Responses to War Memorials in Croatia 271 framework of embodied cognition,4 cognitive linguistics approaches to the conceptualization of social identity,5 cultural linguistics notion of socially dis- tributed cognition6 and componential appraisal theory of emotion.7 This theoretical framework implies that the construction of a commemo- rative event establishes socially distributed conceptualization networks that can involve several (conflicting) conceptualizing models.8 In other words, the same event can be construed differently by profiling different frames, re- sulting in specific
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Još Jedanput O Knjizi Holokaust U Zagrebu
    God. 34., bc, 3., 961.-985. Zagreb, 2002 UDK 323.12 (49 7.5 Zagreb ~411.16 " 1941/1941" (040.3) 341.485 (497S Zag,eb ~4l l.1 6 "1941/1941" (040.3) Stručn i t lanak Primljeno: 5. 2. 2002. Još jedanput o knjizi Holokaust u Zagrebu JURE KRIŠTO, Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb, Republika Hrvatska Pred kraj 2001. godine u Zagrebu se pojavila knjiga neočekivanoga naslova Holokaust u Zagrebu s neobičnom naznakom autora (Goldstein, bez vlastita imena) u nakladi Novoga Libera, vlasništvo obitelji Gold­ stein, te Zidovske općine Zagreb. Naslovnica u knjizi naznačuje da je au­ tor Ivo Goldstein, a suautor Slavko Goldstein, dakle, sin i otac. Na IV. str. nalazimo napomenu "autora i suautora" što je tko napravio, iz čega ipak nije jasno komu treba što pripisati. Pred dvojbom kome pripisati autorstvo, ne preostaje drugo nego o knjizi govorti kao o knjizi Goldstei­ novih. Knjiga, razdijeljena u 43 poglavlja, ima 726 stranica s mnogo faksimi­ la dokumenata i slika. Popraćena je popisom slikovnih priloga, kratica­ ma, popisom korištenih arhiva, izvora i literature te kazalima osobnih imena i zemljopisnih pojmova i imena. Na kraju se nalazi popis ulica u Zagrebu 1942. godine i bilješka o autorima. Autorima se ne može zanijekati veliki trud u pripremanju knjige. No nejasnoća oko autorstva vjerojatno je razlog brojnih kontradikcija i ne­ dosljednosti u knjizi na koje će biti upozoreno u ovom osvrtu i na koje su autori već upozoreni. Tako je u zagrebačkome Jutarnjem listu čitatelj dr. Danijel Đurek upozorio da je čovjek koji je u knjizi proglašen žrtvom ".ustaškoga terora" umro prirodnom smrću u Zagrebu 1975.
    [Show full text]
  • Framing Croatia's Politics of Memory and Identity
    Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER WORKSHOP: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Author: Taylor A. McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Title: “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Date: 3 April 2018 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Taylor McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Web: taylormcconnell.com | Twitter: @TMcConnell_SSPS | E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper explores the development of Croatian memory politics and the construction of a new Croatian identity in the aftermath of the 1990s war for independence. Using the public “face” of memory – monuments, museums and commemorations – I contend that Croatia’s narrative of self and self- sacrifice (hence “KRVatska” – a portmanteau of “blood/krv” and “Croatia/Hrvatska”) is divided between praising “defenders”/“branitelji”, selectively remembering its victims/“žrtve”, and silencing the Serb minority. While this divide is partially dependent on geography and the various ways the Croatian War for Independence came to an end in Dalmatia and Slavonia, the “defender” narrative remains preeminent. As well, I discuss the division of Croatian civil society, particularly between veterans’ associations and regional minority bodies, which continues to disrupt amicable relations among the Yugoslav successor states and places Croatia in a generally undesired but unshakable space between “Europe” and the Balkans. 1 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Local Memory Practices of the Memorial Complex at Mrakovica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Manuela BRENNER The Construction, De- and Reconstruction of History and Memory: Local Memory Practices of the Memorial Complex at Mrakovica, Bosnia and Herzegovina THE CONSTRUCTION, DE- AND RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORY AND MEMORY: LOCAL MEMORY PRACTICES OF THE MEMORIAL COMPLEX AT MRAKOVICA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Manuela BRENNER University of Regensburg UDK: 069(497.6 Mrakovica):94(4)“1941/1945“ 069(497.6 Mrakovica:355(497.6)“1992/1995“ Prethodno priopćenje Primljeno: 07.10.2013. Prihvaćeno: 05.01.2014. This paper examines the memory practices of the memorial complex at Mrakovica at the Kozara National Park in the Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The original concept of the memorial site, founded in 1972, was to keep the Kozara-epos alive. The erected monument, the memorial wall and the museum were built to remember one of the biggest battles during the Second World War on Yugoslav soil during which more than ten thousand Partisan fighters and civilians lost their lives. During the communist era the memorial site fit into the official memory frame: the high number of casualties, especially civilians, was put into the foreground and the Partisans in their struggle for liberation were glorified. The key component of the official narrative was the slogan brotherhood and unity. After the armed conflict in the 1990s, the site underwent several transformations. New memorial frames were set by nationalists; thus history and memory were thereby de- and reconstructed. The new narrative included not only victims of the Second World War but exclusively those victims belonging to the ethnic group of Serbs of the First World War and the conflict in 1992-95.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom House, Its Academic Advisers, and the Author(S) of This Report
    Croatia by Tena Prelec Capital: Zagreb Population: 4.17 million GNI/capita, PPP: $22,880 Source: World Bank World Development Indicators. Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores NIT Edition 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Democratic 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.75 Governance Electoral Process 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3 3 3 Civil Society 2.75 2.75 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 Independent Media 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.25 4.25 Local Democratic 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 Governance Judicial Framework 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 and Independence Corruption 4.5 4.5 4.25 4 4 4 4 4.25 4.25 4.25 Democracy Score 3.71 3.71 3,64 3.61 3.61 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.71 3.75 NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s). The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest. The Democracy Score is an average of ratings for the categories tracked in a given year.
    [Show full text]
  • Commemorating Bleiburg
    Ljiljana Radonić Cultures of History Forum The 2019 commemoration in Bleiburg Author: AK Pliberg/Bleiburg Commemorating Bleiburg – Croatia’s Struggle with Historical Revisionism Ljiljana Radonić Cultures of History Forum, published: 11.06.2019 DOI: 10.25626/0100 Every year in May thousands of Croats gather in the small Austrian town of Bleiburg to commemorate the so called “Bleiburg tragedy” at the end of the Second World War. Considered by some as the 'biggest neo-Nazi meeting in Europe', this event has triggered considerable controversy, not least due to its political backing from among governing parties. The article provides the historical and memory political backdrop to these controversies sheding light on Croatia's struggle with historical revisionism. Recommended Citation Ljiljana Radonić: Commemorating Bleiburg – Croatia’s Struggle with Historical Revisionism. In: Cultures of History Forum (11.06.2019), DOI: 10.25626/0100 Copyright (c) 2019 by Imre Kertész Kolleg, all rights reserved. This work may be copied and redistributed for non-commercial, educational purposes, if permission is granted by the copyright holders. For permission please contact the editors. Page 1 of 9 Copyright (c) 2019 by Imre Kertész Kolleg, all rights reserved. Ljiljana Radonić Cultures of History Forum Commemorating Bleiburg – Croatia’s Struggle with Historical Revisionism For many Croatians, Bleiburg – a town not even located in Croatia, but in Austria, near the Slovenian (formerly Yugoslav) border – is a central site of memory. Every year in May, several thousand Croats gather there to commemorate the so-called ‘Bleiburg tragedy’ which occurred at the end of the Second World War. The Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance (DÖW) has called these commemorations “the biggest neo-Nazi meeting in Europe”.[1] Yet, only in March this year the Catholic Church in Austria (the bishopric of Gurk-Klagenfurt) withdrew its permission to hold a holy mass, as had been transpired in previous years as part of the commemoration ceremony.
    [Show full text]
  • Inheriting the Yugoslav Century: Art, History, and Generation
    Inheriting the Yugoslav Century: Art, History, and Generation by Ivana Bago Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Kristine Stiles, Supervisor ___________________________ Mark Hansen ___________________________ Fredric Jameson ___________________________ Branislav Jakovljević ___________________________ Neil McWilliam Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 ABSTRACT Inheriting the Yugoslav Century: Art, History, and Generation by Ivana Bago Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies Duke University ___________________________ Kristine Stiles, Supervisor ___________________________ Mark Hansen ___________________________ Fredric Jameson ___________________________ Branislav Jakovljević ___________________________ Neil McWilliam An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 Copyright by Ivana Bago 2018 Abstract The dissertation examines the work contemporary artists, curators, and scholars who have, in the last two decades, addressed urgent political and economic questions by revisiting the legacies of the Yugoslav twentieth century: multinationalism, socialist self-management, non- alignment, and
    [Show full text]
  • The Genealogy of Dislocated Memory: Yugoslav Cinema After the Break
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses April 2014 The Genealogy of Dislocated Memory: Yugoslav Cinema after the Break Dijana Jelaca University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Jelaca, Dijana, "The Genealogy of Dislocated Memory: Yugoslav Cinema after the Break" (2014). Doctoral Dissertations. 10. https://doi.org/10.7275/vztj-0y40 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/10 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE GENEALOGY OF DISLOCATED MEMORY: YUGOSLAV CINEMA AFTER THE BREAK A Dissertation Presented by DIJANA JELACA Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2014 Department of Communication © Copyright by Dijana Jelaca 2014 All Rights Reserved THE GENEALOGY OF DISLOCATED MEMORY: YUGOSLAV CINEMA AFTER THE BREAK A Dissertation Presented by DIJANA JELACA Approved as to style and content by: _______________________________________ Leda Cooks, Chair _______________________________________ Anne Ciecko, Member _______________________________________ Lisa Henderson, Member _______________________________________ James Hicks, Member ____________________________________ Erica Scharrer, Department Head Department of Communication TO LOST CHILDHOODS, ACROSS BORDERS, AND TO MY FAMILY, ACROSS OCEANS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is about a part of the world that I call “home” even though that place no longer physically exists. I belong to that “lost generation” of youth whose childhoods ended abruptly when Yugoslavia went up in flames.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Citizens of Socialist Yugoslavia: Politics of Jewish Identity in a Socialist State, 1944-1974
    JEWISH CITIZENS OF SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA: POLITICS OF JEWISH IDENTITY IN A SOCIALIST STATE, 1944-1974 by Emil Kerenji A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Professor Todd M. Endelman, Co-Chair Professor John V. Fine, Jr., Co-Chair Professor Zvi Y. Gitelman Professor Geoffrey H. Eley Associate Professor Brian A. Porter-Szűcs © Emil Kerenji 2008 Acknowledgments I would like to thank all those who supported me in a number of different and creative ways in the long and uncertain process of researching and writing a doctoral dissertation. First of all, I would like to thank John Fine and Todd Endelman, because of whom I came to Michigan in the first place. I thank them for their guidance and friendship. Geoff Eley, Zvi Gitelman, and Brian Porter have challenged me, each in their own ways, to push my thinking in different directions. My intellectual and academic development is equally indebted to my fellow Ph.D. students and friends I made during my life in Ann Arbor. Edin Hajdarpašić, Bhavani Raman, Olivera Jokić, Chandra Bhimull, Tijana Krstić, Natalie Rothman, Lenny Ureña, Marie Cruz, Juan Hernandez, Nita Luci, Ema Grama, Lisa Nichols, Ania Cichopek, Mary O’Reilly, Yasmeen Hanoosh, Frank Cody, Ed Murphy, Anna Mirkova are among them, not in any particular order. Doing research in the Balkans is sometimes a challenge, and many people helped me navigate the process creatively. At the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade, I would like to thank Milica Mihailović, Vojislava Radovanović, and Branka Džidić.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Croatian Wikipedia: Encyclopaedia of Knowledge Or Encyclopaedia for the Nation?
    The Case of Croatian Wikipedia: Encyclopaedia of Knowledge or Encyclopaedia for the Nation? 1 Authorial statement: This report represents the evaluation of the Croatian disinformation case by an external expert on the subject matter, who after conducting a thorough analysis of the Croatian community setting, provides three recommendations to address the ongoing challenges. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Wikimedia Foundation. The Wikimedia Foundation is publishing the report for transparency. Executive Summary Croatian Wikipedia (Hr.WP) has been struggling with content and conduct-related challenges, causing repeated concerns in the global volunteer community for more than a decade. With support of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, the Foundation retained an external expert to evaluate the challenges faced by the project. The evaluation, conducted between February and May 2021, sought to assess whether there have been organized attempts to introduce disinformation into Croatian Wikipedia and whether the project has been captured by ideologically driven users who are structurally misaligned with Wikipedia’s five pillars guiding the traditional editorial project setup of the Wikipedia projects. Croatian Wikipedia represents the Croatian standard variant of the Serbo-Croatian language. Unlike other pluricentric Wikipedia language projects, such as English, French, German, and Spanish, Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia’s community was split up into Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, and the original Serbo-Croatian wikis starting in 2003. The report concludes that this structure enabled local language communities to sort by points of view on each project, often falling along political party lines in the respective regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Year That Keeps Returning Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    1941 : THE YEAR THAT KEEPS RETURNING PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Slavko Goldstein | 640 pages | 15 Nov 2013 | The New York Review of Books, Inc | 9781590176733 | English | New York, United States 1941 : The Year That Keeps Returning PDF Book Want to Read saving…. Then the Ustashe set about a campaign of genocidal violence that exterminated most of the Gypsies and Jews and brought about the deaths of an estimated , Serbs. Kralievica and the Partisans. James Ridgeway. Reading this, twenty years from , you also soon realise how little time, really, had elapsed between and that next flare-up, giving it all a feeling of terrible inevitability though it needn't have been inevitable, of course. February 2, pm. Hardcover —. Be the first to know! Friend's email. Even though I tried not to cry, the tears flowed. But it had its effect. Antonio Skarmeta. All our in-store events are free and open to the public. But Croatia, in the north, was turned into a puppet state, ironically named the Independent State of Croatia. Patricia Henley. Ivan rated it it was amazing Jul 06, Michael Gable was born in Barberton, Ohio in This book is a good reminder that people can do horrible things, that ideals and power need to be checked, and that--sadly--innocent people often suffer because of others' actions. Good Friday, April 11, , dawned bathed in spring sunshine, with tricolor flags fluttering in the breeze from the roofs, windows, and balconies. This was a very important book covering the period of mass killings of Serbs and leftist individuals by the Ustasha.
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Music and Narratives of Identity in Croatia Since 1991
    Popular music and narratives of identity in Croatia since 1991 Catherine Baker UCL I, Catherine Baker, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated / the thesis. UMI Number: U592565 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U592565 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 Abstract This thesis employs historical, literary and anthropological methods to show how narratives of identity have been expressed in Croatia since 1991 (when Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia) through popular music and through talking about popular music. Since the beginning of the war in Croatia (1991-95) when the state media stimulated the production of popular music conveying appropriate narratives of national identity, Croatian popular music has been a site for the articulation of explicit national narratives of identity. The practice has continued into the present day, reflecting political and social change in Croatia (e.g. the growth of the war veterans lobby and protests against the Hague Tribunal).
    [Show full text]
  • Bleiburg —The Myth
    Bleiburg —the myth. On the history and current relevance of the Ustaša-Meeting in Kärnten/Carinthia/Koroška SUPPORTED BY CO-EDITOR Additionally thanks to the following student representative groups: Fakultätsvertretung GEWI, IG PoWi, StV|BaGru_Soziologie, IGGerm, StRV/IG-Geschichte, Roter Vektor Mathematik, Roter Vektor Physik, Roter Börsenkrach. IMPRINT www.no-ustasa.at [email protected] AK Bleiburg/Pliberk. /AK-BleiburgPliberk Wien/Dunaj, April 2019. @noustasa_at Table of contents Introduction Page 04 Brief historical summary Page 06 The Myth of Bleiburg Page 16 From Field to Pilgrimage Site Page 22 The Protagonists Page 26 The Austrian Authorities and the Ustaša-Meeting Page 32 Symbols of Croatian Fascism Page 40 Glossary Page 48 »The ground on which the monument stands today was given by the Loibach farmers to the Ustaši. Most of them were Nazis. The farmers, who were not, nevertheless arranged about 100 meters of path and graveled it so that they could reach the monument with the cars.« - Pavla Apovnik, contemporary witness from Bleiburg/Pliberk 4 For years, the historical revisionist and, above all, annoyed them, the meeting commemoration of the Loibach Field/ nevertheless fundamentally remains what Libuško polje at Bleiburg/Pliberk has been it was. The devotional items are now sold observed and is the subject of anti-fascist in the parking lot, the beer is drunk in criticism. This attracted only marginal advance and the T-shirts with the forbidden attention despite the size of the meeting. symbols are simply turned inside out. It is After all, we live in Austria. In 2015 - the and remains one of the largest right-wing anniversary year of the events in Bleiburg/ extremist meetings in Europe.
    [Show full text]