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Pharmacology & Toxicology Pharmacology

Pharmacology = Pharmacon (Drug/) + Logos (to study)

Pharmacology is the study of Drug, Drug effects on body and Body’s responses for the drug.

Drug: Any agent which is use for I) Diagnosis e.g. x-ray (Barium sulfate for esophagus, stomach, or intestines) II) Prevention e.g. (BCG vaccine for ) III) Treatment e.g. (Amoxicillin for bacterial ) Pharmacology

Pharmacology = Pharmacodynamics + Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics (dynamics = power) - What the drug does to the body

- This include physiochemical and biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanism of action at organ system/subcellular/ macromolecular level. Pharmacokinetics (kinesis = movement) - What the body does to the drug.

- This refers to movement of the drug in and alteration of the drug by the body; includes absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion of the drug Pharmacodynamics- Understanding the mechanism of action

For Example: Pharmacokinetics- Understanding the ADME Pharmacotherapeutics - Application of pharmacological information together with knowledge of disease for its prevention, mitigation or cure.

Toxicology - Branch of Pharmacology, that deals with undesirable effect of chemicals on living system.

Clinical Pharmacology - Clinical pharmacology is the science of drugs in humans and their optimal clinical use in patients. Focus on the application of pharmacological principles and quantitative methods in the real human patient's population. Essential - Those that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population. They are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost effectiveness. E.g. Ethambutol

Orphan drugs - These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/ prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease. E.g. fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B. Pioneers of Pharmacology

Rudolf Buchheim Alfred Joseph Clark Alexander Fleming Founder of the first Contribution in Discover the Institute of finding the Mode of i.e. Pharmacology in Action of Drugs on 1847 in Germany Cells ( G)

Henry Hallett Dale James Black Oswald Identified Ach as a Discover the beta Schmiedeberg neurotransmitter, & blocker used for the Father of its importance in the treatment of heart Pharmacology nervous system. disease.

Paul Ehrlich Contribution in the John Jacob Abel field of hematology, Ram Nath Chopra Contribution in , and Father of Indian research of Pharmacology hormone extraction chemotherapy. Scope of Pharmacology - Study of Molecular targets which is associated to the disease/disorder. - Study of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics profile of drugs. - Study of side effects, adverse effects, and toxicity associated to the drugs. - In the development of Novel Moieties. - In the preclinical and clinical study of the drugs. - In the forensic science. - In the Pharmacogenomics. - In the virtual understanding through the ML and AI.