Hls-Ug-001 Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Hls-Ug-001 Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook HLS-UG-001 BASELINE RELEASE National Aeronautics and EFFECTIVE DATE: JANUARY 04, 2021 Space Administration HUMAN LANDING SYSTEM LUNAR THERMAL ANALYSIS GUIDEBOOK Publicly Available: Release to Public Websites Requires Approval of Chief, Office of Primary Responsibility, and approval via the Scientific and Technical Information (STI) process, if applicable The electronic version is the official approved document. Verify this is the correct version before use. Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook January 2021 Revision: Baseline Release Document No: HLS-UG-01 Effective Date: January 04, 2021 Page: 1 of 147 Title: Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook REVISION AND HISTORY PAGE Revision Change Effective Description No. No. Date - HLS- Baseline Release (Reference HCB.07.01.2020) 01/04/2021 C0064 The electronic version is the official approved document. Verify this is the correct version before use. Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook January 2021 Revision: Baseline Release Document No: HLS-UG-01 Effective Date: January 04, 2021 Page: 2 of 147 Title: Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 10 PURPOSE ........................................................................................................... 10 SCOPE ................................................................................................................ 10 CHANGE AUTHORITY/RESPONSIBILITY .......................................................... 10 2.0 DOCUMENTS ..................................................................................................... 10 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS ............................................................................... 10 3.0 THE EARTH’S MOON ......................................................................................... 11 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................ 12 ORBIT ................................................................................................................. 13 4.0 LUNAR SPACE THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS .................................................... 16 SOLAR CONSTANT ............................................................................................ 16 ALBEDO .............................................................................................................. 16 LUNAR LONG-WAVE RADIANCE ...................................................................... 16 Analytical Expressions .......................................................................... 16 Latitude/Longitude Tables of Lunar Surface Flux and/or Temperature .. 18 SOLAR ECLIPSE DURATIONS .......................................................................... 20 Low Lunar Orbit .................................................................................... 20 Near-Rectilinear Halo Orbit ................................................................... 21 5.0 LUNAR SURFACE THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS ............................................... 21 SURFACE FEATURES ....................................................................................... 21 Crater Size Distribution/Topography ..................................................... 22 Boulders/Rocks ..................................................................................... 22 LRO Diviner Digital Surface Data .......................................................... 23 SURFACE TEMPERATURE ............................................................................... 23 LRO Diviner Digital Temperature Data Maps ........................................ 23 Analytical Expressions (Steady State Approximation) ........................... 25 SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE ........................................................................ 26 Apollo and Derived LRO Measurements ............................................... 27 GROUND HEAT FLOW ....................................................................................... 28 6.0 THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LUNAR REGOLITH ............................. 29 The electronic version is the official approved document. Verify this is the correct version before use. Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook January 2021 Revision: Baseline Release Document No: HLS-UG-01 Effective Date: January 04, 2021 Page: 3 of 147 Title: Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook BULK THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY...................................................................... 29 SPECIFIC HEAT ................................................................................................. 32 BULK DENSITY................................................................................................... 32 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY ..................................................................................... 33 7.0 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LUNAR REGOLITH ............................................... 36 SOLAR ABSORPTIVITY/ALBEDO ...................................................................... 37 INFRARED EMITTANCE ..................................................................................... 43 LIGHT SCATTER/SPECULARITY OF LUNAR REGOLITH ................................. 43 8.0 LUNAR ORBIT MODELING GUIDELINES/APPROACHES ................................. 44 NEAR RECTILINEAR HALO ORBIT (NRHO) ...................................................... 44 Description ............................................................................................ 44 Modeling Approach ............................................................................... 45 LOW LUNAR ORBIT (LLO) ................................................................................. 47 Description ............................................................................................ 47 Modeling Approach ............................................................................... 47 DESCENT/ASCENT ............................................................................................ 48 Description ............................................................................................ 48 Modeling Approach ............................................................................... 48 9.0 LUNAR SURFACE MODELING GUIDELINES/APPROACHES ........................... 55 MODELING THE GROUND-PLANE SOLAR ENVIRONMENT ............................ 56 Traditional Orbit Definition .................................................................... 58 Orbit Vector List .................................................................................... 59 Solar Elevation Angle............................................................................ 64 SUBSURFACE MODELING ................................................................................ 68 Approach .............................................................................................. 68 Boundary Conditions............................................................................. 69 Discretization ........................................................................................ 70 Initial Conditions Cyclic Steady State .................................................... 70 SELECTING TERRAIN SIZE ............................................................................... 74 Sizing Ground Plane ............................................................................. 74 Shadowing by Terrain Features ............................................................ 85 SIMPLIFIED TERRAIN MODELING .................................................................... 88 Far Field Boundary Conditions and Lunar Curvature ............................ 88 The electronic version is the official approved document. Verify this is the correct version before use. Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook January 2021 Revision: Baseline Release Document No: HLS-UG-01 Effective Date: January 04, 2021 Page: 4 of 147 Title: Human Landing System Lunar Thermal Analysis Guidebook Simplified Flat Plane Comparison to DSNE .......................................... 89 Far Field Terrain Modeling .................................................................... 93 DETAILED TERRAIN MODELING ...................................................................... 95 Accessing, importing and utilizing LRO digital Lunar Surface Data ....... 95 MODELING EXAMPLE...................................................................................... 104 Comparison to LRO Diviner Temperature Data ................................... 104 10.0 ACCOUNTING FOR LUNAR DUST IMPACTS .................................................. 105 11.0 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PSRS ....................................................... 109 EARTH SHINE .................................................................................................. 109 LUNAR SURFACE TEMPERATURE FOR COLD CASE ANALYSIS ................. 112 12.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 112 APPENDIX A ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS ........... 118 APPENDIX B OPEN WORK ................................................................................................ 122 APPENDIX C EXAMPLE MODELS/CASE STUDIES ........................................................... 123 APPENDIX D DERIVATIONS .............................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Report Resumes
    REPORT RESUMES ED 019 218 88 SE 004 494 A RESOURCE BOOK OF AEROSPACE ACTIVITIES, K-6. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NEBR. PUB DATE 67 EDRS PRICEMF.41.00 HC-S10.48 260P. DESCRIPTORS- *ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SCIENCE, *PHYSICAL SCIENCES, *TEACHING GUIDES, *SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE, *SCIENCE ACTIVITIES, ASTRONOMY, BIOGRAPHIES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, FILMS, FILMSTRIPS, FIELD TRIPS, SCIENCE HISTORY, VOCABULARY, THIS RESOURCE BOOK OF ACTIVITIES WAS WRITTEN FOR TEACHERS OF GRADES K-6, TO HELP THEM INTEGRATE AEROSPACE SCIENCE WITH THE REGULAR LEARNING EXPERIENCES OF THE CLASSROOM. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR INTRODUCING AEROSPACE CONCEPTS INTO THE VARIOUS SUBJECT FIELDS SUCH AS LANGUAGE ARTS, MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SOCIAL STUDIES, AND OTHERS. SUBJECT CATEGORIES ARE (1) DEVELOPMENT OF FLIGHT, (2) PIONEERS OF THE AIR (BIOGRAPHY),(3) ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES AND SPACE PROBES,(4) MANNED SPACE FLIGHT,(5) THE VASTNESS OF SPACE, AND (6) FUTURE SPACE VENTURES. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE THROUGHOUT FOR USING THE MATERIAL AND THEMES FOR DEVELOPING INTEREST IN THE REGULAR LEARNING EXPERIENCES BY INVOLVING STUDENTS IN AEROSPACE ACTIVITIES. INCLUDED ARE LISTS OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION SUCH AS (1) BOOKS,(2) PAMPHLETS, (3) FILMS,(4) FILMSTRIPS,(5) MAGAZINE ARTICLES,(6) CHARTS, AND (7) MODELS. GRADE LEVEL APPROPRIATENESS OF THESE MATERIALSIS INDICATED. (DH) 4:14.1,-) 1783 1490 ,r- 6e tt*.___.Vhf 1842 1869 LINCOLN PUBLICSCHOOLS A RESOURCEBOOK OF AEROSPACEACTIVITIES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION K-6) THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. 1919 O O Vj A PROJECT FUNDED UNDER TITLE HIELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT A RESOURCE BOOK OF AEROSPACE ACTIVITIES (K-6) The work presentedor reported herein was performed pursuant to a Grant from the U.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombardment History of the Moon: What We Think We Know and What We Don’T Know Donald Bogard, ARES-KR, NASA-JSC, Houston, TX 77058 ([email protected])
    Planetary Chronology Workshop 2006 6001.pdf Bombardment History of the Moon: What We Think We Know and What We Don’t Know Donald Bogard, ARES-KR, NASA-JSC, Houston, TX 77058 ([email protected]) Summary. The absolute impact history of and 14 soils show a decrease in the number of the moon and inner solar system can in principle beads with age from ~4 Gyr ago to ~0.4 Gyr ago, be derived from the statistics of radiometric ages followed by a significant increase in beads with of shock-heated planetary samples (lunar or age <0.4 Gyr (2). These authors concluded that meteoritic), from the formation ages of specific the projectile flux had decreased over time, impact craters on the moon or Earth; and from followed by a significant flux increase more age-dating samples representing geologic surface recently. However, this data set has also been units on the moon (or Mars) for which crater interpreted to represent variable rates of impact densities have been determined. This impact melt production as a function of regolith maturity history, however, is still poorly defined. (3). In another study, measured ages of 21 small The heavily cratered surface of the moon is a impact melt clasts in four lunar meteorites from testimony to the importance of impact events in the lunar highlands suggested four to six impact the evolution of terrestrial planets and satellites. events over the period ~2.5-4.0 Gyr ago (4). Lunar impacts range in scale from an early Clearly considerable uncertainty exists in the intense flux of large objects that defined the projectile flux over the past ~3.5 Gyr and whether surface geology of the moon, down to recent, this flux has been approximately constant or smaller impacts that continually generate and exhibited appreciable shorter-term variations.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights from the Thorium Abundance Distribution in South Pole-Aitken Basin
    Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) 1697.pdf DID A KREEP-LIKE COMPONENT EXIST ON THE FAR SIDE OF THE MOON?: INSIGHTS FROM THE THORIUM ABUNDANCE DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH POLE-AITKEN BASIN. J. J. Hagerty1, D. J. Lawrence1, B. R. Hawke2, R. C. Elphic1, T. H. Prettyman1, and W. C. Feldman1, 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, ISR-1, MS D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545, email: [email protected]. 2University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822. Introduction: Most models for the evolution of materials on top of those basalt ponds. These results the Moon predict that 99% fractional crystallization of provide important information that help us to evaluate a lunar magma ocean will produce a layer of melt en- the source of Th enhancements in SPA basin. riched in incompatible elements such as K, REE, and P Forward Modeling: As part of the forward model- (i.e., KREEP) [1]. The lateral extent and distribution of ing process, we re-create a specific portion of the lunar this “KREEP” layer, which contains an abundance of surface in which we can control the Th abundances of heat-producing elements such as Th and U, is currently specific geologic features [12,13]. We must also know a matter of debate. However some workers [2] have what Th abundances can be reasonably assigned to any proposed that the surficial distribution of Th, which given feature and/or lithology, which is why we use has been measured on a global-scale [3,4,5], can be analyses from the lunar sample suite to constrain the used as a proxy for determining the global distribution upper and lower bounds of our Th estimates.
    [Show full text]
  • EPSC-DPS2011-1845, 2011 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 C Author(S) 2011
    EPSC Abstracts Vol. 6, EPSC-DPS2011-1845, 2011 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 c Author(s) 2011 Analysis of mineralogy of an effusive volcanic lunar dome in Marius Hills, Oceanus Procellarum. A.S. Arya, Guneshwar Thangjam, R.P. Rajasekhar, Ajai Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad-380 015 (India). Email:[email protected] Abstract found on the lunar surface. As a part of initiation of the study of mineralogy of MHC, an effusive dome Domes are analogous to the terrestrial shield located in the south of Rima Galilaei, near the volcanoes and are among the important volcanic contact of Imbrian and Eratosthenian geological units features found on the lunar surface indicative of is taken up for the present study. The morphology, effusive vents of primary volcanism within Mare rheology and the possible dike parameters have regions. Marius Hills Complex (MHC) is one of the already been studied and reported [5]. most important regions on the entire lunar surface, having a complex geological setting and largest distribution of volcanic constructs with an abundant number of volcanic features like domes, cones and rilles. The mineralogical study of an effusive dome located in the south of Rima Galilaei, near the contact of Imbrian and Eratosthenian geological units is done using hyperspectral band parameters and spectral plots so as to understand the compositional variation, the nature of the volcanism and relate it to the rheology of the dome. Fig. 1: Distribution of dome in MHC (Red-the dome under study, Green- from Virtual Moon Atlas, Magenta [6]) and the Study area showing the dome under study on M3 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Bombardment History of the Moon
    EXPLORING THE BOMBARDMENT HISTORY OF THE MOON Community White Paper to the Planetary Decadal Survey, 2011-2020 September 15, 2009 Primary Author: William F. Bottke Center for Lunar Origin and Evolution (CLOE) NASA Lunar Science Institute at the Southwest Research Institute 1050 Walnut St., Suite 300 Boulder, CO 80302 Tel: (303) 546-6066 [email protected] Co-Authors/Endorsers: Carlton Allen (NASA JSC) Mahesh Anand (Open U., UK) Nadine Barlow (NAU) Donald Bogard (NASA JSC) Gwen Barnes (U. Idaho) Clark Chapman (SwRI) Barbara A. Cohen (NASA MSFC) Ian A. Crawford (Birkbeck College London, UK) Andrew Daga (U. North Dakota) Luke Dones (SwRI) Dean Eppler (NASA JSC) Vera Assis Fernandes (Berkeley Geochronlogy Center and U. Manchester) Bernard H. Foing (SMART-1, ESA RSSD; Dir., Int. Lunar Expl. Work. Group) Lisa R. Gaddis (US Geological Survey) 1 Jim N. Head (Raytheon) Fredrick P. Horz (LZ Technology/ESCG) Brad Jolliff (Washington U., St Louis) Christian Koeberl (U. Vienna, Austria) Michelle Kirchoff (SwRI) David Kring (LPI) Harold F. (Hal) Levison (SwRI) Simone Marchi (U. Padova, Italy) Charles Meyer (NASA JSC) David A. Minton (U. Arizona) Stephen J. Mojzsis (U. Colorado) Clive Neal (U. Notre Dame) Laurence E. Nyquist (NASA JSC) David Nesvorny (SWRI) Anne Peslier (NASA JSC) Noah Petro (GSFC) Carle Pieters (Brown U.) Jeff Plescia (Johns Hopkins U.) Mark Robinson (Arizona State U.) Greg Schmidt (NASA Lunar Science Institute, NASA Ames) Sen. Harrison H. Schmitt (Apollo 17 Astronaut; U. Wisconsin-Madison) John Spray (U. New Brunswick, Canada) Sarah Stewart-Mukhopadhyay (Harvard U.) Timothy Swindle (U. Arizona) Lawrence Taylor (U. Tennessee-Knoxville) Ross Taylor (Australian National U., Australia) Mark Wieczorek (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France) Nicolle Zellner (Albion College) Maria Zuber (MIT) 2 The Moon is unique.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary Glossary
    Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts.
    [Show full text]
  • Warren and Taylor-2014-In Tog-The Moon-'Author's Personal Copy'.Pdf
    This article was originally published in Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non- commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Warren P.H., and Taylor G.J. (2014) The Moon. In: Holland H.D. and Turekian K.K. (eds.) Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition, vol. 2, pp. 213-250. Oxford: Elsevier. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy 2.9 The Moon PH Warren, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA GJ Taylor, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA ã 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This article is a revision of the previous edition article by P. H. Warren, volume 1, pp. 559–599, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd. 2.9.1 Introduction: The Lunar Context 213 2.9.2 The Lunar Geochemical Database 214 2.9.2.1 Artificially Acquired Samples 214 2.9.2.2 Lunar Meteorites 214 2.9.2.3 Remote-Sensing Data 215 2.9.3 Mare Volcanism
    [Show full text]
  • The Association Between the Lunar Cycle and Patterns
    THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LUNAR CYCLE AND PATTERNS OF PATIENT PRESENTATION TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT. Grant Dudley Futcher Student number: 7709742 A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine in Emergency Medicine. Johannesburg, 2015 i DECLARATION I, Grant Dudley Futcher, declare that this research report is my own work. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine (Emergency Medicine) in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at this or any other University. Signed on 25th day of August 2015 ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my children, Charis, Luke and Jarryd, who have patiently endured their father’s choice of medical discipline. iii PUBLICATIONS ARISING FROM THIS STUDY Nil iv ABSTRACT Aim: To determine any association between the lunar synodic or anomalistic months and the nature and volume of emergency department patient consultations and hospital admissions from the emergency department (ED). Design: A retrospective, descriptive study. Setting: All South African EDs of a private hospital group. Patients: All patients consulted from 01 January 2005 to 31 December 2010. Methods: Data was extracted from monthly records and statistically evaluated, controlling for calendric variables. Lunar variables were modelled with volumes of differing priority of hospital admissions and consultation categories including; trauma, medical, paediatric, work injuries, obstetrics and gynaecology, intentional self harm, sexual assault, dog bites and total ED consultations. Main Results: No significant differences were found in all anomalistic and most synodic models with the consultation categories.
    [Show full text]
  • TRANSIENT LUNAR PHENOMENA: REGULARITY and REALITY Arlin P
    The Astrophysical Journal, 697:1–15, 2009 May 20 doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/1/1 C 2009. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. TRANSIENT LUNAR PHENOMENA: REGULARITY AND REALITY Arlin P. S. Crotts Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA Received 2007 June 27; accepted 2009 February 20; published 2009 April 30 ABSTRACT Transient lunar phenomena (TLPs) have been reported for centuries, but their nature is largely unsettled, and even their existence as a coherent phenomenon is controversial. Nonetheless, TLP data show regularities in the observations; a key question is whether this structure is imposed by processes tied to the lunar surface, or by terrestrial atmospheric or human observer effects. I interrogate an extensive catalog of TLPs to gauge how human factors determine the distribution of TLP reports. The sample is grouped according to variables which should produce differing results if determining factors involve humans, and not reflecting phenomena tied to the lunar surface. Features dependent on human factors can then be excluded. Regardless of how the sample is split, the results are similar: ∼50% of reports originate from near Aristarchus, ∼16% from Plato, ∼6% from recent, major impacts (Copernicus, Kepler, Tycho, and Aristarchus), plus several at Grimaldi. Mare Crisium produces a robust signal in some cases (however, Crisium is too large for a “feature” as defined). TLP count consistency for these features indicates that ∼80% of these may be real. Some commonly reported sites disappear from the robust averages, including Alphonsus, Ross D, and Gassendi.
    [Show full text]
  • Why NASA Consistently Fails at Congress
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 6-2013 The Wrong Right Stuff: Why NASA Consistently Fails at Congress Andrew Follett College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Follett, Andrew, "The Wrong Right Stuff: Why NASA Consistently Fails at Congress" (2013). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 584. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/584 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Wrong Right Stuff: Why NASA Consistently Fails at Congress A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Arts in Government from The College of William and Mary by Andrew Follett Accepted for . John Gilmour, Director . Sophia Hart . Rowan Lockwood Williamsburg, VA May 3, 2013 1 Table of Contents: Acknowledgements 3 Part 1: Introduction and Background 4 Pre Soviet Collapse: Early American Failures in Space 13 Pre Soviet Collapse: The Successful Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo Programs 17 Pre Soviet Collapse: The Quasi-Successful Shuttle Program 22 Part 2: The Thin Years, Repeated Failure in NASA in the Post-Soviet Era 27 The Failure of the Space Exploration Initiative 28 The Failed Vision for Space Exploration 30 The Success of Unmanned Space Flight 32 Part 3: Why NASA Fails 37 Part 4: Putting this to the Test 87 Part 5: Changing the Method.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning a Mission to the Lunar South Pole
    Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: (Diviner) Audience Planning a Mission to Grades 9-10 the Lunar South Pole Time Recommended 1-2 hours AAAS STANDARDS Learning Objectives: • 12A/H1: Exhibit traits such as curiosity, honesty, open- • Learn about recent discoveries in lunar science. ness, and skepticism when making investigations, and value those traits in others. • Deduce information from various sources of scientific data. • 12E/H4: Insist that the key assumptions and reasoning in • Use critical thinking to compare and evaluate different datasets. any argument—whether one’s own or that of others—be • Participate in team-based decision-making. made explicit; analyze the arguments for flawed assump- • Use logical arguments and supporting information to justify decisions. tions, flawed reasoning, or both; and be critical of the claims if any flaws in the argument are found. • 4A/H3: Increasingly sophisticated technology is used Preparation: to learn about the universe. Visual, radio, and X-ray See teacher procedure for any details. telescopes collect information from across the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves; computers handle Background Information: data and complicated computations to interpret them; space probes send back data and materials from The Moon’s surface thermal environment is among the most extreme of any remote parts of the solar system; and accelerators give planetary body in the solar system. With no atmosphere to store heat or filter subatomic particles energies that simulate conditions in the Sun’s radiation, midday temperatures on the Moon’s surface can reach the stars and in the early history of the universe before 127°C (hotter than boiling water) whereas at night they can fall as low as stars formed.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds
    Jonathan Powell Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds The Patrick Moore The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3192 Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds Jonathan Powell Jonathan Powell Ebbw Vale, United Kingdom ISSN 1431-9756 ISSN 2197-6562 (electronic) The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series ISBN 978-3-319-97700-3 ISBN 978-3-319-97701-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97701-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953700 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]