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Seed Coat Surface Patterns and Structures of Oxytropis Riparia, Oxytropis Campestris, Medicago Sativa, and Astragalus Cicer

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Seed Coat Surface Patterns and Structures of Oxytropis Riparia, Oxytropis Campestris, Medicago Sativa, and Astragalus Cicer Scanning Microscopy Volume 5 Number 3 Article 21 7-10-1991 Seed Coat Surface Patterns and Structures of Oxytropis riparia, Oxytropis campestris, Medicago sativa, and Astragalus cicer D. J. Solum Montana State University R. H. Lockerman Montana State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Solum, D. J. and Lockerman, R. H. (1991) "Seed Coat Surface Patterns and Structures of Oxytropis riparia, Oxytropis campestris, Medicago sativa, and Astragalus cicer," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 5 : No. 3 , Article 21. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol5/iss3/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1991 (Pages 779-786) 0891-7035/91$3.00+ .00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA SEED COAT SURFACE PATTERNS AND STRUCTURES OF Oxytropis riparia, Oxytropis campestris, Medicago sativa, AND Astragalus cicer D.J. Solum and R.H. Lockerman• Plant and Soil Science Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717 (Received for publication September 10, 1990, and in revised form July 10, 1991) Abstract Introduction Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine Ruby Valley pointvetch (0xytropis riparia Litv.), a external and internal seed coat structures of 0xytropis member of the Galegeae tribe of the Leguminosae sub­ riparia Litv ., 0xytropis campestris L., Medicago sativa family Papilionoideae, is native to Russian Turkestan L., and Astragalus cicer L. for characteristics useful in (Bameby, 1952) and was found growing in the Ruby taxonomic classification and to identify hard seed coat Valley of southwestern Montana in 1930 (Green and components which affect permeability. Seed coat sur­ Morris, 1935). Native stands of this species have re­ faces of the four species were distinctly different. cently been identified at sites in Idaho and Wyoming Palisade and hourglass cell lengths and parenchyma and (Lichvar and Dom, 1982; Williams and Molyneux, endosperm cell layer thicknesses were similar among 1988). 0. riparia is a deep taprooted, prostrate, species with the exception of 0. campestris seeds which perennial legume (Booth and Wright, 1966) with good lacked an identifiable endosperm layer. Surface pattern salt tolerance (Delaney et al., 1986). differences and the presence of a distinct endosperm The prostrate growth habit and salt tolerance of 0. layer are useful in separating these genera and species. riparia make it highly suitable for land reclamation and Cellular and morphological differences were not ob­ saline seep control. However, plants with rapid stand served between hard and non-hard seed coat structures. establishment and stand renewal either by vegetative or The rugulate surface pattern of 0 . riparia, the lophate sexual propagation are usually required for land reclama­ surface pattern of 0 . campestris, and the internal seed tion situations. The high hardseed content of 0. riparia coat structures of both species have not been reported (Delaney et al., 1986; Hicks et al., 1987; Post, 1937), previously. which directly affects water imbibition, often results in slow stand establishment due to seed germination over an extended time period . Identification and taxonomic characterization of 0. riparia seed coat structures is needed to facilitate the development and selection of genotypes with improved stand establishment. Histological research on 0xytropis seed coat struc­ tures is limited. Lersten (1981) described the seed coat surface pattern of 0xytropis hirta Bunge as multi-reticu­ KEY WORDS: 0xytropis riparia, Ruby Valley late. Internal seed coat components have not been re­ pointvetch, seed coat anatomy, scanning electron ported for 0xytropis species. microscopy, seed coat pattern, hourglass cells, palisade Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light mi­ cells, Leguminosae, Papilionoideae croscopy have been used in seed coat anatomy studies of many Papilionoideae genera, including Astragalus, Gly­ cine, Melilotus, Lupinus, Trifolium, Medicago, Lotus, • Address for correspondence: Sophora, Sesbania, Strophostyles, Vicia, Lathyrus, Lens, Ronald H. Lockerman, Pisum, and Coronilla (Baker et al., 1986, 1987; Barton, Plant & Soil Science Dept., 1965; Bragg, 1983; Bridges and Bragg, 1983; Lersten Montana State University, and Gunn, 1982; McKee et al., 1977; Miklas et al. , Bozeman, MT 59717-0002 1987; Watson , 1948; Yaklich et al., 1986). The general Phone No. (406) 994-5064 structures of papilionaceous seed coats were found to be FAX: (406) 994-3933 similar with the exception of the cell layers interior to 779 D.J. Solum and R.H. Lockerman the hourglass (osteosclereid) cells. These cell layers have been described as endosperm remnants (Lersten and Gunn, 1982), parenchyma and endothelium (Baker et al., 1986, 1987), mesophyll (Comer, 1951), hypo­ dermis (Bragg, 1982), and nutrient layers or tissue (Barton, 1965; Miklas et al., 1987). Some terms are more specific than others, but a generally accepted description has not been utilized in the literature. Seed coat structural differences which affect water • • permeability have been found for hardseed and non­ hardseed of some legume species. Miklas et al. (1987) did not find any anatomical seed coat differences be­ tween hardseed and non-hardseed of Astragalus cicer L. using SEM. However, Coe and Martin (1920) reported that sweetclover (Melilotus spp.) hardseed and non­ hardseed differed structurally. Figure l. Comparison of size and shape of 0xytropis It is important to evaluate several different seed lots riparia, 0. campestris, Madicago sativa, and Astragalus from diverse environments when characterizing seed cicer seeds (left to right). Bar = 2 mm. coat structures and surface patterns (Brisson and Peterson, 1976). Additionally, comparisons of anatom­ coat without affecting surface pattern integrity. All seed ical structures among closely related genera and species surfaces were examined near midseed using SEM . are beneficial for identification and for establishing Seeds with complete, undamaged seed coats were taxonomic associations . soaked in distilled water at 20°C for 24 hours. Non­ The objectives of this study were: 1) to identify and hardseed were differentiated from hardseed since non­ characterize internal and external seed coat structures of hardseed imbibed during the soak period. The hardseed 0. riparia as a basis for further hard seed coat develop­ were punctured with a hypodermic needle and soaked in ment studies, and 2) to compare 0 . riparia seed coat 20°C distilled water for 24 hours. Both the imbibed structures with three Papilionoideae members, 0 . hardseed and non-hardseed were sectioned with an AO 1 campestris L. (Galegeae tribe), Astragalus cicer model 975C HISTOST AT cryos tat microtome • (Galegeae tribe), and Medicago sativa L. (Trifolieae Unimbibed seeds were utilized for external and tribe). Since research on 0xytropis seed coat structures internal seed coat examinations to avoid cell distortion is limited, this study will provide a basis for characteri­ during imbibition. Unimbibed seeds were sectioned with zation of both external and internal seed coat compo­ a double edged razor blade , since sectioning with the nents and information of taxonomic significance for cryostat microtome compressed the seed coat cell layers other comparable genera and species. and/or shattered the seeds. All seeds were mounted on copper specimen holders with double stick tape and gold sputter coated for 4 m in a Pelco sputter coater 1. A Materials and Methods minimum of 10 seeds per treatment of each seed lot or species was viewed with a JEOL JEM- lO0CX electron 1 Four 0. riparia seed lots comprised of 1986 T-5637 microscope with an ASID-4D scanning attachment at an seeds from the Bridger Plant Materials Center, Bridger, accelerating voltage of 20 kV. MT, 1987 and 1989 seeds collected in the Ruby Valley of southwestern Montana, and 1936 seeds collected in Results Oklahoma were evaluated. M . sativa and A. cicer seeds were from the Montana State University, Plant and Soil All 0. riparia seed lots and 0. campestris seeds Science Department collection, and the 0. campestris were similar in length (2 mm), while M. sativa and A. seeds were obtained from The Vavilov Institute of Plant cicer were larger (3 and 4 mm, respectively) (Fig. 1, Industry, Leningrad, USSR. Seeds used were observed Table 1). Seed color varied among species (Table 1). whole or after transverse sectioni ng through the hilum. 0 . riparia seeds were tan-green to rust-brown, and the Seeds for seed coat surface pattern determinations were washed in l 0 % ethanol for 1 minute, rinsed in distilled water for 30 seconds, and dried at 20°C for 2 hours 1 Mention of a specific brand, trade, or chemical name prior to mounting for SEM observations. The wash pro­ does not imply endorsement of that product over others cedure removed external dirt and debris from the seed of a similar nature or function. 780 0xytropis riparia seed coat Table 1. External, unimbibed seed characteristics of four 0xytropis riparia seed lots, 0 . campestris, Medicago sativa, and Astragalus cicer averaged over ten seeds per seed lot or species. Seed Seed Size Color Shape Surface (mm) Pattern 1936 0xytropis riparia 2 tan-green
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