Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2018

DRAFT

Photo by Jason Wilde Contents

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Overview ...... 2 Scope & Methodology...... 2 Risk Assessment ...... 4 Overview of Hazards ...... 5 BOWEN ISLAND MUNICIPALITY OVERVIEW ...... 9 SECTION 2: VULNERABILITY ...... 10 Social Vulnerability ...... 10 Language Groups ...... 10 Age Groups ...... 10 Non-Residents ...... 11 Economic Vulnerability ...... 11 Environmental Vulnerability ...... 12 Physical Vulnerability ...... 12 Critical Response and Recovery Facilities ...... 12 Critical Infrastructure ...... 13 Energy ...... 13 Communications ...... 14 Finance ...... 16 Health Care ...... 16 Food ...... 16 Water...... 17 Municipal Water ...... 17 Non-Municipal Water ...... 17 Transportation ...... 18 Safety ...... 19 Government ...... 19 SECTION 3: RESPONSE ORGANIZATIONS ...... 20 Fire and Rescue ...... 20 Police ...... 21 Ambulance ...... 22 Search and Rescue ...... 22 SECTION 4: EMERGENCY SUPPORT AND PREPAREDNESS ORGANIZATIONS ...... 23 Bowen Island Municipality Emergency Program ...... 23 Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) ...... 23 Public Works Department ...... 24 Parks and Environment Department ...... 24 Bowen Island Public Notification System (BowENS) ...... 25 Amateur Radio...... 25 Emergency Support Services ...... 25 Neighbourhood Emergency Resource Persons (NERPs) ...... 25 SECTION 5: PRIORITY HAZARDS OVERVIEW ...... 26 All Hazards Recommendations ...... 26 Municipal Readiness...... 26 Outreach and Education ...... 26 Evacuation Planning ...... 26 PRIORITY HAZARDS ...... 26 Earthquake ...... 26 Recommendations ...... 27 Structure Fire ...... 27 Recommendations ...... 28 Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Fire ...... 28 Recommendations ...... 29 Epidemic and Pandemic ...... 29 Recommendations ...... 30 Rockfall ...... 30 Recommendations ...... 31 Marine Accident ...... 31 Hazardous Materials Spills ...... 31 Infrastructure Damage ...... 31 Recommendations ...... 32 Extreme Weather Event & Power Outage ...... 32 Recommendation ...... 33 NEXT STEPS ...... 33 APPENDIX A – RISK QUANTIFICATION INDEX ...... 34 APPENDIX B – BOWEN ISLAND FIRE DEPARTMENT APPARATUS INVENTORY ...... 35 APPENDIX C – BOWEN ISLAND HRVA UPDATE PROCESS ...... 38 APPENDIX D – BOWEN ISLAND HRVA RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 40

INTRODUCTION

Section 1: Introduction EmergeX Planning Inc. (EmergeX) originally conducted this Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (HRVA) for the Bowen Island Municipality in 2007. An update was conducted in 2017 by the Emergency Program Coordinator and Emergency Program Management Committee and approved by the Emergency Program Executive Committee and Council in 2018. Further details on the 2017/2018 update process are available in Appendix C.

An HRVA is a critical part of every emergency program and is a requirement mandated by the Local Authority Emergency Management Regulation of the BC Emergency Program Act. Section 2(1) of this regulation requires local authorities to prepare emergency plans that reflect the local authority’s assessment of the relative risk of occurrence and the potential impact on people and property of the emergencies or disasters that could affect all or any part of the jurisdictional area for which the local authority has responsibility.

No government has unlimited resources allowing them to plan for every hazard event possible, therefore some form of ranking is required when deciding which hazards are most important to plan for. Based on the risk rankings completed, 29 hazards that could affect the Bowen Island Municipality were identified. This assessment identifies the risk that each hazard presents to the Municipality, thereby allowing Bowen Island to plan for mitigation, response, and recovery efficiently within budgetary and other constraints. A consolidated list of recommendations can be found in Appendix D.

The information presented in this assessment can be used by the Bowen Island Municipality to: • Update its emergency plan. • Allocate resources for risk mitigation of applicable hazards beginning with the highest-risk hazards. • Enhance community preparedness. • Prepare budgets for cost-effective, on-going emergency planning.

This assessment uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to determine risk ratings for various hazards, with each hazard being assigned a relative risk ranking. The results of this assessment identify the following eight hazards as priority risks to the Municipality as a whole:

Earthquake Wildland Urban Power Outage Marine Interface Fire Accident

Epidemic or Pandemic Rockfall Extreme Weather Structure Fire

The Risk Quantification Index in Appendix A shows the relative ranking of all hazards analyzed. These rankings were determined using EmergeX Best Practices methodology combined with insight from local experts and emergency personnel; it therefore may not be identical to risks assigned using other methods or criteria.

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Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Overview Considering hazards individually may lead to a skewed set of priorities for action. It is equally important to consider the severity of possible impacts from the hazard as well as the frequency or likelihood of a hazard event occurring. The combination of severity and likelihood is termed the level of risk.

In determining the severity of a hazard event, a community’s vulnerability must be examined. Vulnerability is defined as people, property, infrastructure, industry and resources, or environments that are particularly exposed to adverse impact from a hazard event.

Likelihood reflects the frequency of occurrence for a particular hazard event and can range from rare events occurring every 200 years to more frequent events, which usually have a number of recorded incidents. A Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment examines the hazards that may impact a community and the risk that each hazard event poses to the community. Scope & Methodology This HRVA is designed to provide an assessment of the hazards that may present risks to the Bowen Island Municipality. The objective of the HRVA is to: • Investigate prominent natural and human-caused events, and • Identify any threats that may require a timely and coordinated response to protect lives, property, and reduce economic losses.

The intent of this Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment is to provide a basis from which local planners, politicians, and responders can update the Municipality’s emergency plan, allocate resources for risk mitigation, enhance community preparedness, and prepare budgets for cost-effective, on-going emergency planning.

This assessment is based on both primary and secondary sources, and at times relies on anecdotal evidence. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to determine hazard ratings for the area of interest. It is worth noting that the assessment – because it is qualitative and quantitative – includes subjective components; duplication of this assessment by third parties may not yield exactly the same results.

The scope of this assessment will cover the geographic area of Bowen Island. Factors considered in developing a list of hazards for the Bowen Island Municipality include: demographics, geography, economy, transportation modes and routes, weather and climate. In selecting these events for consideration, BIM acknowledges the potential that other hazards may exist; the hazards identified in this assessment are considered more likely to impact the Municipality than others.

This assessment takes an ‘all hazards’ approach, meaning both natural and anthropogenic hazards that may impact Bowen Island are considered. The methods and tools used to conduct this assessment are adherent to and used in conjunction with the standards outlined by Emergency Management British Columbia’s (EMBC) Hazard Risk and

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Vulnerability Analysis Tool Kit.1 Contextual and background information pertaining to the Bowen Island Municipality is contained in Sections 2-4. Following these, Section 5 details and evaluates priority hazards as stipulated by EMBC.

Each hazard was evaluated based on the likelihood of occurrence (Table 1) and severity of its impact (Table 2). The severity of a given hazard is the sum of the impact of four factors: people, property, the environment and the economy/society.

Table 1- Likelihood Rating for Occurrence of Hazards

LIKELIHOOD OF OCCURRENCE SCORE

Highly unlikely or anticipate less frequently than 1 in 200 years 1 101-200 yrs occurrence 2 26-100 yrs occurrence 3 6-25 yrs occurrence 4 2-5 yrs occurrence 5 Once a year or more occurrence 6

The categories of impact for each factor were individually ranked on a numeric scale from least to the most severe (Table 2). The purpose of this ranking system is to adhere to the priorities of the British Columbia Emergency Management System (BCEMS) response goals, which guide decision makers in prioritizing response activities. Although the goals are listed in order of priority, “personnel take all available information into account when determining incident-specific priorities.”2 It is worth noting that “these goals can be interpreted in different ways based on the operational requirements of each incident. For example, it may be determined that the best way to reduce suffering is to protect housing (essential infrastructure) as no other shelter is available.”3 The BCEMS response goals are: 1. Ensure the health and safety of all responders 2. Save lives 3. Reduce suffering 4. Protect public health 5. Protect Infrastructure 6. Protect property 7. Protect the Environment 8. Reduce social and economic losses

To determine which hazards are of priority for Bowen Island, a Risk Tolerance Boundary is determined following the same criteria as used above. A comparison of the risk scores for each hazard against the Risk Tolerance Boundary score provided the basis for determining priority hazards.

1 Emergency Management British Columbia. 2004. Step-by-Step HRVA Toolkit. 2 Emergency Management British Columbia. 2016. BC Emergency Management System. 3 Ibid

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Risk Assessment This section of the report examines the hazards that may impact people and property in the Municipality and the risk that each hazard event poses. A quantitative assessment of the risk each hazard poses is summarized in the Risk Quantification Index (Appendix A). The Risk Tolerance value is calculated by multiplying severity by likelihood. A Risk Tolerance Boundary of 28 points was established based on an evaluation of an acceptable level of risk to Bowen Island. When the risk tolerance of a hazard exceeds 28, the hazard poses an unacceptable level of risk and is discussed as a priority hazard. It is important to note that many different combinations of criteria values are possible, and even with a high severity ranking the hazard may still fall below the Risk Tolerance Boundary (depending on likelihood), and vice versa.

No community has unlimited resources allowing them to plan for every hazard event possible. Therefore, the purpose of determining a Risk Tolerance Boundary is to determine which hazards are of the highest priority for mitigation. Even though this report has determined a list of priority hazards, all hazards should be addressed from highest to lowest risk in the order of their priority; hazards above the Risk Tolerance Boundary warrant review and development of mitigation actions to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

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Table 2- Severity of Impact

CATEGORIES CRITERIA SCORE

PEOPLE Max Sub-Score: 15 None 0 Single 5 Injuries and Fatalities Multiple 10 Mass 15 PROPERTY Max Sub-Score: 12 No Disruption 0 Temporary Disruption 1 Response and Recovery Multi-day Disruption 2 Facilities Partial Loss 3 Total Loss 4 No Disruption 0 Temporary Disruption (<24hrs) 1 Critical Infrastructure Multi-day Disruption (>24hrs) 2 Partial Loss of facility/services 3 Total Loss 4 Not significant 0 Single property damaged 1 Property Damage Multiple properties damaged 2 Single property destroyed 3 Multiple properties destroyed 4 ENVIRONMENTAL Max Sub-Score: 4 No Damage 0 Minor Damage 1 Resources damaged with short term 2 Environment recovery (<5days) Resources damaged with long term 3 recovery (5 or more days) Resources damaged beyond recovery 4 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL Max Sub-Score: 4 No impact / No costs 0 Temporary impact (<24hrs) / Low costs 1 Short term impact (<5days) / Medium 2 Economic and Social costs Long term impact (5 or more days)/ 3 High costs Long lasting impact beyond recovery 4

Overview of Hazards This overview outlines the definition and understanding of the various hazards in the context of emergency planning. The following encompasses both natural hazards being those caused by the forces of nature, and anthropogenic hazards, those caused by human activities. It is worth noting that while climate change is not listed as a hazard, climate

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INTRODUCTION

change has the potential to affect and exacerbate multiple hazards and should be incorporated into all emergency planning as relevant information becomes available. Aircraft Accident One or more aircraft either striking the ground, another aircraft or a structure, causing injury, fatalities, destruction of property and/or forest fire. Animal Disease Three types: non-infectious, infectious, and parasitic diseases with the potential to spread between animals and potential spread to humans. Avalanche Gravitational movement of snow and ice down a sloped surface that commonly results from dense, wet snow falling on dry, loosely packed snow. Ambient temperature and wind conditions are also critical factors. Dam Failure A crack or total breach in a dam resulting in excess water on the down-stream side of the dam. The amount of water flow and associated damage will depend on the size of the dam and the extent of the break. Dangerous Goods Transport Solids, liquids or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property or the environment. The transport of these goods may cause explosions, spills or contamination. Debris Avalanche and Debris Flow High velocity flow of mud, rocks, brushes, trees, and other debris propelled by torrential rains. Drought Abnormal shortage of water, typically occurring throughout the summer months over an extended period. Drought can cause crop failure, depletion of municipal water sources, increase in forest fire risk and insufficient water flow through waterways. Earthquake Violent shaking of the earth’s surface accompanying movement along a fault rupture. Seismic energy traveling in waves may cause damage to structures, generate tsunamis, trigger landslides, liquefaction or other geologic events. There are three types of damaging seismic categories which could affect British Columbia: Crustal Earthquakes: typically, low magnitude ground movement occurring along faults at an average depth of 10 – 20 km. Sub-crustal Earthquakes: Occur at a depth of 30 – 70 km are produced by fracturing and frictional slipping of preexisting faults along a tectonic plate. Subduction Earthquakes: The most powerful type of earthquake, these occur when there is a massive shift at the junction of multiple tectonic plates. Epidemic and Pandemic A pandemic refers to an epidemic that spans a large geographic area and can often become a global situation. An epidemic is a situation where a disease affects many people in a given area, resulting in illness and potential death. Erosion and Sedimentation Erosion is the weathering away of land through the action of natural forces and increases the risk of slope failure. Sedimentation is the buildup of land by natural or artificial means, increasing the likelihood of flooding. Explosion and Gas Leak

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INTRODUCTION

An explosion is the ignition of a flammable substance resulting in instantaneous combustion. A gas leak can be caused ruptured pipelines or faulty valves and can potentially result in an explosion. Extreme Weather Event Unexpected, unusual, unpredictable or unseasonal severe weather, which may include blizzards, ice storms, lightening or snowstorms. Blizzard: Combines low temperatures, blowing snow and wind with speeds ranging from 90 to 130 km/hour. Conditions are most severe in open or deforested areas where there are no trees or structure to act as wind breakers Ice Storm: A combination of high wind, rain, and freezing temperature creates freezing rain, which adheres to roads, buildings trees, power lines and electrical towers causing structures to collapse. Lightning: Ascending moisture laden unstable air leads to the formation of thunderclouds which transmit electrical charges of up to 100 million volts of electricity from cloud to cloud or ground. Snowstorm: The accumulation of several centimeters to meters of snow that covers roads and infrastructure. Flooding Local flooding is an increase in water level associated with an extreme hydrological event, such as record rainfall or poor / blocked drainage. Whereas, freshet flooding is an overall increase in water level due to late spring event caused by the melting of snow pack. Hail Storm Precipitation in the form of ice balls of five millimeters of more in diameter. These ice pieces are formed in the upper atmosphere when updrafts carry raindrops from storm clouds into colder areas. Hazardous Materials Accident – In-situ Uncontrolled release of an explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, reactive, or radioactive substance on site or during transport that poses a risk to health, safety, and property. Spills are classified in British Columbia as urgent (Code II) or Non-Urgent (Code I). Code II Spills pose a threat that may require evacuation. Heat Wave Significant rise in ambient temperature above the mean for an extended period of time, or by a combination of high humidity and lack of air motion. Landslide Down slope movement of soil, rock, and organic materials as a result of gravity. Land Subsidence Land subsidence occurs when a surface has been undermined and deformation and ground movement occur, which may be caused by declining groundwater levels, aquifer system compaction, drainage of organic soils, underground mining, hydrocompaction, natural compaction and sinkholes. Marine Accidents Accidents that include collisions, groundings, strikings, explosions and fires, structural failures, accidental spills of petroleum products or chemicals, loss of cargo and human death or injury. Plant Disease & Pest Infestation Plant disease refers to pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect the health of plants. Pest infestation refers to foliage or root feeding insects that damage plant life.

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Power Outage The extended loss of electricity delivery to homes and businesses. Riot A violent outbreak involving many individuals with either a common or random intent to destroy property, assault persons or otherwise disturb the peace. Commonly, riots originate from union picket lines, strikes or protests. Rockfall One or more rocks fall freely from a cliff edge or rock face. Structural Collapse When a building or structure collapses due to engineering or construction problems, metal fatigue, changes to the load bearing capacity of the structure, human operating error or any other cause such as earthquake, flood, fire, explosion, and snow or ice buildup. Structure Fire A fire that compromises homes, offices, factories and other structures. Tsunami A tsunami is a large-amplitude, low frequency wave, usually generated by a seismic event that originates in the ocean, displacing the water above it. Three categories of tsunamis threaten British Columbia: telegenic, local marine, and local terrestrial. Telegenic tsunamis are remote-source; in the Bowen Island Municipality, this refers to tsunamis generated at numerous locations generated along the subduction zones of the Pacific Rim. Local marine tsunamis are caused by terrestrial and submarine landslides. Water Contamination Water contamination refers to bother dangerous bacteria found in drinking water as well as intentional contamination of the water supply. These events have the potential to cause serious health effects or illness. Wildland Fire Uncontrolled burning in a relatively unpopulated grassland, brush, or woodlands. Wildland Urban Interface Fire (WUI) Fires that have encroached on a developed and populated area.

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BIM OVERVIEW

Bowen Island Municipality Overview Bowen Island is located in Howe Sound, 6 kilometres west of mainland BC and accessed by a 20-minute ferry ride that departs from BC Ferries Horseshoe Bay Terminal in West Vancouver. There are also multiple foot-passenger only water taxis that depart from Horseshoe Bay and downtown Vancouver to bring residents and visitors to Bowen Island. The island itself is approximately 6 kilometres wide by 12 kilometres long, with a land area of just under 50 square km.

Bowen Island has a permanent population of approximately 3,680 residents, 4 which has grown 8.2% over 5 years, 5 and is a member of both the Islands Trust and Metro Vancouver. The island experiences population surges during the summer months due to the arrival of more than 1500 part-time residents and thousands of short-term and day-visitors. The demographics and economy of Bowen Island are further discussed in the next section.

4 Statistics Canada, Census Profile 2016, Bowen Island Municipality. 5 Statistics Canada, Census Profile 2016, Bowen Island Municipality.

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Section 2: Vulnerability Vulnerability is defined as people, property, infrastructure, industry and resources or environments that are particularly exposed to adverse impact from an emergency or disaster. This HRVA discusses four types of vulnerability: social, economic, environmental and physical. Social Vulnerability Hazards such as wildland urban interface (WUI) fires, earthquakes, floods and human health emergencies can have particularly serious impacts on vulnerable populations such as the elderly and the young. In this assessment, social vulnerabilities reflect the degree to which societies or socio-economic groups are affected by stresses and hazards that negatively impact the social cohesion of the municipality. For the purposes of this HRVA, social vulnerability is the ability of an individual within a household to recover from a hazard’s impacts. This HRVA analyzes 3 potentially vulnerable groups based on age, language and residency. Language Groups According to Statistics Canada, less than 1% of Bowen Island residents regularly use a language other than English as a language first learned and still understood: the same is true for languages used most often at work. 6 Language barrier challenges, therefore, are not likely to be a significant problem during times of an emergency. Age Groups At the time of the last census, approximately 17% of the Bowen Island population was 14 years of age or younger;7 which is higher than the provincial average of 14%, and the national average of 16%.8 Special considerations for these young individuals are relevant, particularly if they are separated from their parent or guardian: as such, the number of students expected to be at school on a given day are indicated below. Schools and childcare facilities on Bowen Island include:

• Bowen Island Community School, 1041 Mount Gardner Rd. approx. 335 students9 • Island Pacific School, 671 Carter Rd, approx. 65 students10 • Island Discovery Learning Community, 889 Cowan Point Drive, 10-30 students, depending on the day11 • Bowen Children’s Centre, 650 Carter Rd, up to 40 students and 20 drop- in families12 • Bowen Island Montessori School, 587B Artisan Lane, 8-16 students13

6 Statistics Canada, Census Profile 2012, Bowen Island Municipality. 7 Statistics Canada, Census Profile 2016, Bowen Island Municipality. 8 Statistics Canada, 2016. 9 Personal Communication, Jan 10, 2017, Scott Slater, Principle, Bowen Island Community School. 10 Island Pacific School. About Us. http://islandpacific.org/about-island-pacific-school/ 11 Personal Communication, Aug 21, 2017, Allan Saugstad, Program Director, Island Discovery Learning Community. 12 Personal Communication, Nov 30, 2017, Sarah Winny, Bowen Children’s Centre. 13 Personal Communication, Jan 14, 2018, Helen Davenport, Bowen Island Montessori School.

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The 2016 census also indicates that approximately 21% of residents are over the age of 65, which is higher than the provincial average of 18%,14 as well as the national average of 17%.15 These statistics are relevant in times of emergency, as the elderly may face more challenges, have greater needs, and require specialized attention. Specific challenges include transporting older adults who use assistive devices, providing appropriate health services and nutrition, meeting the needs of people with limiting conditions (such as hearing issues or dementia), and respecting the emotional state of senior individuals who may experience transfer trauma associated with sudden and unexpected relocation. A higher concentration of seniors is present at Bowen Court, a seniors housing cooperative at 1070 Miller Rd; a new seniors residence (Snug Cove House) is also currently under construction immediately northwest of Bowen Court. Non-Residents Bowen’s scenic beauty, outdoor recreation opportunities and proximity to Vancouver make it an attractive tourist destination. Tourists may not speak the language, be familiar with the island, or know where to go for information in the event of an emergency. In the summer particularly, there are likely to be a large number of tourists on the island, especially on weekends. Gathering places and centres such as Rivendell Retreat, Orchard Recovery, local marinas, the Snug Cove area and Artisan Square are likely to have higher concentrations of non-residents.

It is worth noting that Bowen is used as a thoroughfare by an unknown but presumably small number of individuals moving to other areas of Howe Sound. There are Pasley Islands residents and property owners that use Bowen Island to get to and from the mainland; these individuals use Bowen Bay to park their vehicles and travel from. Others come via boat to work on Bowen from Gambier Island and the Sunshine Coast. These individuals may have unique needs and interests in the event on an emergency that affects Bowen Island. Economic Vulnerability Disaster literature indicates that the loss of a major industry or employer as the result of an emergency can lead to a reduced population, increase in foreclosed homes, and reduced tax revenue in the affected community. Loss of property tax base associated with damaged and destroyed housing and commercial real estate can have a longer-term impact on operating budgets. Closure or relocation of major employers – and the loss of jobs with that employer and with related/dependent businesses - directly affects the confidence of a community to rebuild.16

BC stats indicates that approximately 1342 people are employed on Bowen Island, and that the majority of businesses on island are small with 1-4 employees, and only 3 island businesses have over 50 employees. Many residents commute daily from the Island to other areas of Metro Vancouver for work. Economy and employment within the Municipality are dominated by home construction, tourism and local services, with construction employing the largest share of the workforce; the value of the construction industry in 2014 was over 15

14 Statistics Canada, Census Profile 2016, British Columbia. 15 Statistics Canada, 2016. 16 Wemple, C. 2008. Challenges of Economic Recovery Following Natural Disasters – Insights Gleaned from Hurricane Ike. Risk Institute.

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million dollars.17 Tourism is also a major economic driver on Bowen Island; there were 21,800 overnight stays in 2013.18 There are multiple restaurants and accommodation providers, ranging from single room bed and breakfasts to multi-unit commercial rental operations. Environmental Vulnerability Much of the local tourism industry is driven by the attraction to Bowen Island’s natural surroundings; the island has municipal and regional parks and trails, crown land and numerous wetlands within its boundaries, all of which are areas important to biodiversity and of ecological value. The shoreline is also a sensitive area, susceptible to degradation as a result of rising sea levels, as well as off shore hydrocarbon spills. Local water reservoirs are also vulnerable to contamination, intentional or otherwise - these include: • Josephine Lake (Cowan Point Utility) • Honeymoon Lake (BIM) • Grafton Lake (BIM) • Eagle Cliff Reservoir (BIM) Physical Vulnerability Within this HRVA, critical facilities are defined as facilities that are essential to the Municipality to carry out emergency response activities. However, it is important to note that there are numerous critical facilities external to the Municipality that are essential in order for outside agencies to support the Municipality in an emergency (e.g. Vancouver BCAS dispatch, the EMBC Emergency Coordination Centre [PECC] in Victoria, the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre [JRCC] in Victoria). The following is an analysis of critical facilities and infrastructure on Bowen Island. Critical Response and Recovery Facilities The primary critical facility for coordination of a large-scale disaster or (non-routine) emergency is the Municipality’s Emergency Operations Centre (EOC). Please see Section 4, for more information regarding Bowen Island’s EOC setup. Before, during, and after an event, the EOC is essential for site support, including the coordination of special resources, information, multiple departments and external agencies. In addition to the EOC, emergency first response facilities that are of critical importance to carrying out emergency response activities include police, fire, ambulance, ESS reception centres, and other facilities. On Bowen Island, these include:

Fire Hall #1 788 Grafton Rd Fire Hall #2 (Primary EOC) 1421 Adams Rd RCMP Station 1017 Miller Rd BC Ambulance Station #225 1034 Miller Rd Municipal Hall (Secondary EOC) 981 Artisan Lane Public Works Yard #1 1060 Mount Gardner Rd Public Works Yard #2 Athletic Park Rd

17 Bowen Island Municipality, Community Profile, 2016. http://www.bowenislandmunicipality.ca/community- profile 18 Ibid

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Response capabilities are discussed further in Section 3.

Critical Infrastructure Critical infrastructure consists of those physical and information technology facilities, networks, services and assets which, if disrupted or destroyed, would have a serious impact on the health, safety, security or economic well-being of the Bowen Island Municipality or the effective functioning of the government. According to Public Safety Canada, critical infrastructure spans ten sectors:19 1. Energy and Utilities (e.g. electrical power, natural gas, oil production and transmission systems) 2. Communications and Information Technology (e.g. telecommunications, broadcasting systems, software, hardware and networks including the Internet) 3. Finance (e.g. banking, securities and investment) 4. Health Care (e.g. hospitals, health care and blood supply facilities, laboratories and pharmaceuticals) 5. Food (e.g. safety, distribution, agriculture and food industry) 6. Water (e.g. drinking water and wastewater management) 7. Transportation (e.g. air, rail, marine and surface) 8. Safety (e.g. chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear safety, hazardous materials, search and rescue, emergency services, and dams) 9. Government (e.g. services, facilities, information networks, assets and key national sites and monuments) 10. Manufacturing (e.g. furniture, glass, truck canopies) With the exception of manufacturing, all sectors are expanded upon below.

Energy Energy (electrical power) and fuel (diesel, gasoline, propane) are essential to day-to-day operations within the Bowen Island Municipality to heat homes and businesses, cook and preserve food, communicate through email, charge cellular phones, bathe and flush toilets, and fuel equipment and vehicles. Without electrical power, fuel is required to maintain many of the services that the municipality relies upon. The underwater BC Hydro supply meets land on the east side of the Bowen Island at September Morn Beach (south of Dorman Bay), and on-island infrastructure consists of overhead and underground distribution lines.

Access to fuels, both gasoline and diesel, is considered essential in day-to-day and post- emergency situations. Fuel is vital for emergency response and heavy equipment vehicles, generators, and for members of the community needing to fuel personal vehicles. As a result, fuel is expected to be in high demand post-emergency; diesel in particular will be required to operate most heavy-duty machinery. There are two large fuel distribution and storage facilities on Bowen Island. These include:

Gasoline and Diesel Storage, Pubic Works Yard, 1060 Mount Gardner Rd Gasoline and Diesel Storage, Bowen Fuels Station, 1062 Mount Gardner Rd

19 Public Safety Canada. 2014. Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure (2014-2017).

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It is necessary to note that if the ferry service is suspended or unavailable for any reason post-disaster and the single fuel supply route is disrupted, there is a limited amount of fuel available on Bowen Island. The possibility of bringing additional fuel to the municipality via barge (into Snug Cove) exists, if fuel is readily available on the mainland, and a fuel truck for transport can be secured. Of note, because both stored fuel locations on Bowen Island are neighbouring, any emergency affecting or isolating that area of the island could exacerbate the issue. Bowen Fuels, the only public-access fuel station, carries 5 different types of fuel:

Type Tank Capacity Regular Gasoline 20,000 Litres Premium Gasoline 7,000 Litres Marked Gasoline 7,000 Litres Regular Diesel 7,000 Litres Marked Diesel 7,000 Litres

Bowen Fuels has at most 27,000 litres of unmarked gasoline at any given time, though in the summer months they are likely to have far less, and occasionally run out of gasoline due to high demand, despite once-per-week fuel delivery (Wednesdays). The fuel station does not have the ability to pump fuel without power; in the event of a power outage, they hope to borrow a generator to continue to operate. In the past, Bowen Fuels have borrowed a municipal generator during power outages.

The Municipal Public Works Yard has two fuel storage tanks, one gasoline and the other diesel, both of which have a 4,500 litre capacity. How often these tanks are refilled varies seasonally, but averages once monthly, with more deliveries taking place in winter months than during summer.

Privately owned Twin Island Excavating also stores diesel fuel at their quarry on Radar Hill, and have up to 9000 litres of diesel fuel stored at any given time.20 Privately owned Bowen Building Centre stores propane: the 16,000-litre tank at 1013 Grafton Rd is filled to 100% in November, and at other times of year is on average is approximately 50% full. This propane, however, cannot be accessed during a power outage. Communications Television and radio broadcasting, as well as cellular and land line telephones, are considered essential in emergency operations. Communications infrastructure is essential for the Emergency Operations Centre, broadcasting systems, and front-line responders in communities in the aftermath of a disaster. Communication is necessary for: assessing damage and need; collecting information on supplies and other resources; coordinating rescue and relief activities; accounting for missing people; and motivating public, political, and institutional responses. It is important that communication infrastructure in a hazard prone area be resilient with built-in redundancy.

North Shore Emergency Management and British Columbia Ambulance Service use repeaters on Mount Gardner. The Bowen Island Fire Department, BC Hydro and the Coast

20 Personal Communication, Sept 5, 2017, Randy Arnott, Owner, Twin Island Excavating Ltd.

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Guard have facilities on Radar Hill. The Metro Vancouver Inter Municipal Emergency Radio System (IMERS) has a UHF repeater on Mount Gardner (Channel 2C); given that (due to topography) this is the only link from the Provincial Regional Emergency Operations Centre (PREOC) to the Sunshine Coast Regional District, Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, Bowen Island, Squamish and Lions Bay Emergency Operations Centres, this repeater is a vital part of the communications back-up system.

Telus is responsible for the provision of telecommunications service to the Bowen Island Municipality. Cellular towers are generally equipped with back-up power that will last 4-8 hours depending on usage. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) noted that in 2016, more Canadian households had mobile phones than landlines, more Canadian households subscribe solely to cellular than landlines, and that subscriptions to wireless continue to increase year over year while landlines decrease.21 This information will be relevant with regard to public communications if cellular communication is not available.

Telecommunications and repeater towers atop Mt. Gardner on Bowen Island

Despite built-in redundancy, cellular phone failure in emergencies is not uncommon; most often these failures are caused by the extraordinary demands placed on cellular networks. Even if communication infrastructure is not damaged, the emergency provokes greater communication by the public, the result of which is often a denial of service for all, including emergency personnel.22 Telus will strive to keep its equipment operational with primary emphasis on vital communications infrastructure needed by the Municipality to respond effectively to a major emergency. In addition, there is a satellite phone at the EOC, public works has one and the Emergency Social Services Director has a personal satellite phone.

Both Shaw and Telus provide internet service to the island, with the Municipality relying on Shaw for internet provision at its offices and facilities. Shaw has staff and vehicles on Bowen Island, and prioritizes Snug Cove and Artisan Square for service restoration in an island-wide

21 Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. 2016. 2.0 Canada’s Communication System: An Overview for Canadians. 22 National Research Council. 2002. Making the nation safer: the role of science and technology in countering terrorism. NY, United States of America: Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism.

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outage. Shaw’s generators rely on propane during a power outage. Amateur radio services are also available and are discussed in Section 4. Finance There is only one financial institution on Bowen Island: First Credit Union, located at 106-996, Dorman Rd. The Bowen Island branch of First Credit Union serves approximately 1800 members, and engages in business continuity and disaster recovery planning.23 There is also an automated teller machine (ATM) operated by Blue Shore Financial, located at 105-475 Bowen Island Trunk Rd. Health Care The Vancouver Coastal Health Authority provides services to the Bowen Island Municipality. Bowen Island is included in Local Health Area #45 (West Vancouver-Bowen Island), within North Shore/ Coast Garibaldi Health Service Area #33. There is no urgent care clinic on island, however there are two private physician practices; one at 203-566 Artisan Lane (Dr. Susanne Schloegl) open 4 days weekly, and one at 101-495 Bowen Island Trunk Rd (Dr. Utah Zandy) open 1-2 days weekly. The BC Ambulance Community Paramedicine program was introduced on Bowen in late 2017. This initiative will see 2 paramedics working 2 days per week on Bowen Island, with an aim to bridge health service delivery gaps in collaboration with local primary care teams.

The Caring Circle Health Resource Centre is a Bowen Island based, non-profit organization that provides health navigation services, delivers community programs, and maintains a comprehensive list of Bowen’s extended health professionals in their Health Resource Guide.

Pharmaceutical supplies are essential to the treatment of chronic medical conditions, acute injuries, environmental exposures, and infectious diseases during emergencies. In post- emergency situations, high demand is placed on pharmaceutical supplies. Medicines are needed for the treatment of injuries and diseases as a result of emergencies, as well as medicines for chronic illness that are often worsened by post-emergency conditions.24 Bowen Island has one pharmacy, Cates Pharmacy, which is open 6 days per week and located at 203-495 Bowen Island Trunk Rd. Food Emergencies can disrupt food supply and delivery resulting in food shortages. Groceries can be purchased on island at the Snug Cove General Store and the Ruddy Potato Whole Foods Market, and prepared food can be purchased at one of many island restaurants. The General Store grocery food supply is roughly 2-4 days for perishables, and 1-2 weeks for non- perishables, under normal consumption.25 There are also several small farms that produce seasonal goods on island, and these farms, combined with the restaurants (approximately 8), could potentially increase the amount of available food. Emergency rationing could also make the limited supply last longer. Due to the isolated nature of the Municipality, any disruption in ferry service could quickly lead to food shortages.

23 Personal Communication, Aug 16, 2017, Kevin Manning, Manager (Bowen Island), First Credit Union. 24 Jhung, M. 2007. Chronic Disease and Disasters Medication Demands of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees. American Journal of Preventative Medicine. 33(3): 207-10. 25 Personal Communication, Snug Cove General Store, Aug 21, 2017.

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VULNERABILITY

Water Safe and accessible water for drinking and sanitation is imperative to the health and well- being of the residents and visitors within the Bowen Island Municipality. According to Public Safety Canada, approximately 206,080 litres of water is needed to sustain Bowen Island’s population of 3680 for 14 days.26 This amounts to four litres per person per day for the two- week duration. The Municipality’s current water supply consists of both municipal and private water sources.

Municipal Water The Municipality is responsible for provision of water to approximately 1500 properties; of these, approximately 1100 are active users. Census data from 2016 indicates that there are 1915 private dwellings on the island; the municipality thus provides water for approximately 57% of Bowen’s households.27

The municipality operates 7 water systems across the island, and has enough backup generators to ensure that all systems can be maintained without hydro, if diesel fuel is available. The Municipality can continue to provide water to all homes on the municipal system in the event of a power outage, assuming there is no damage to infrastructure and that municipal staff are available, for as long as fuel is available. In the event of disruption to multiple systems, restoration of water supply is likely to be prioritized based on the number of users on the system.

Water System Approx. number of active users King Edward Bay 19 Bowen Bay 60 Hood Point 89 Eagle Cliff 98 Tunstall Bay 128 Bluewater Park 142 Cove Bay (includes Valhalla and Cates Hill) 630

Non-Municipal Water There are approximately 11 non-municipal water systems;28 it is unknown how many total users are on these systems. The largest non-municipal water system is Cowan Point Utility, which has approximately 89 connections.29 There are backup diesel generators on site at both the pump-house and the treatment plant for this system, and thus users could continue to access treated water in the event of a power outage. As well, this pump could theoretically pump untreated water directly from the local lake in the event of infrastructure damage to the water system. Most of the remaining homes on Bowen are serviced by individual wells or groundwater supplies. The island has 7 distinct aquifers, the majority of which (5) are deep fissure.

26 Canada Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness. 2015. Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.getprepared.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/faq-en.aspx#a02 27 Statistics Canada, Census Profile 2016, Bowen Island Municipality. 28 Wiltshire House Publishing. 2017. Bowen Phone Book, page 7. 29 Personal Communication, June 15, 2017, Larry Adams, Cowan Point Utility.

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VULNERABILITY

Transportation During and after an emergency or disaster, transportation is an essential component of effective emergency response and recovery. Bowen Island is accessible via water and air transport. Due to the dependency of the community on the water and water-based transportation, climate change, including rising sea level, poses a threat to critical community infrastructure and should be monitored and accounted for in planning.

BC Ferries operates 14 daily roundtrip sailings between the Horseshoe Bay and Snug Cove terminals, with a one-way trip lasting 20 minutes. Water taxis (for passengers) and barge service (for freight, fuel and supplies) are available locally, both on Bowen Island and throughout Howe Sound. The municipality maintains 2 public boat docks on Bowen Island, one at Mount Gardner and one in Snug Cove; there are also many private docks around the island. Numerous access locations for water taxi service exist both on the island and the mainland. Small barges are typically brought into the Snug Cove boat ramp, which is operated by the Union Steamship Company Marina, though there are also two unmaintained boat launches, one at Sandy Beach (just north of Snug Cove), and one at Tunstall Bay (West side of island) that could potentially be utilized as barge landing sites in an emergency.

Air transport is via helicopter (weather dependant) or floatplane (seasonal). Float plane travel, both private and chartered, is available from Vancouver to Snug Cove on a regular basis during summer months. Bowen Island has no Transport Canada approved helipads, however numerous helipads and helicopter landing sites exist across the island, including the Coast Guard helipad and rock quarry on Radar Hill, which has been used in the past by the RCMP. BC Ambulance helicopters will not land on Bowen at night, however during the day these helicopters may land at either the golf course and at the Snug Cove Picnic Area in Crippen Park (the “Bowfest Field”).

The Municipal Public Works department is responsible for the operation, maintenance and construction of the Municipality’s roads. Most of Bowen Island’s roads, with few exceptions, are terminating, meaning sub-communities are not connected by more than one main thoroughfare. The consequences of these sub-communities becoming isolated may include difficulty receiving medical attention, inability to communicate for assistance, dependence on stored supplies, and delays in fire response. Priority roads include Bowen Island Trunk, Grafton, Adams, Miller, Eagle cliff, Bowen Bay. Only 3 bridges are part of the municipal road network, located on Carter Rd, Arbutus Bay Lane and Cape Lane.

Public transportation options are limited within the municipality. First Transit is the service provider for TransLink’s Community Shuttle buses on Bowen. They are reachable in the event of an emergency on Bowen Island and will provide driver(s) as needed for emergency transportation and/ or as a shelter coach as officially requested by the Bowen Island Municipality.30 There are also private transportation providers on island, including a taxi and private bus company.

30 Personal Communication, May 23, 2017, Norm Fraser, Manager, Coast Mountain Bus Company.

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VULNERABILITY

Safety There are several organizations that work to provide safety to residents and visitors within the municipality. Bowen Island Volunteer Fire Department, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, BC Ambulance Service, North Shore Search and Rescue and other organizations are critical to the safety of the municipality in day to day operations and in emergency situations. A more detailed description of each is provided in Section 3.

Hazardous materials are located at various locations within the municipality with major holdings at the Bowen Island Gas Station and the Bowen Building Centre. B.C. Ferries provides dangerous cargo sailings every Wednesday. Propane and fuel are delivered by truck to all locations on the island. Due to the limited number of significant HazMat locations, dangerous goods transport is not a primary concern for the municipality. CANUTEC, the Canadian Transport Emergency Centre of the Department of Transport, does not respond on site, but does offer communications and data support. Government Emergency situations can have a catastrophic impact on a government’s day-to-day business operations. Governments deliver critical services including protection of persons and property, local transportation, utilities, information, networks and assets, and more. Governments must ensure that these essential functions can continue during and after an emergency. In an emergency, the Municipality will establish an Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) to help support the site and coordinate the response. Provincial and Federal Governments also establish EOCs on an as needed basis, to support local government EOCs. In addition to emergency and EOC planning, the Bowen Island Municipality should develop Business Continuity Plans to ensure that essential business functions within the Municipality are continuously delivered without interruption, or are re-instated post- emergency, as soon as possible.

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RESSPONSE ORGANIZATIONS

Section 3: Response Organizations Fire and Rescue Bowen Island is supported by the local volunteer fire department which provides fire prevention, suppression and first responder medical and rescue service. Bowen Island Fire Hall #1 is located at 788 Grafton Road. The Satellite Fire Hall (#2) is located at 1421 Adams Rd. There are twenty-eight (28) trained and equipped volunteers present in the department, as well as a full-time Chief, a part-time (14 hours) Deputy Chief, and a part-time (7 hours) Assistant Chief/ Training Officer. Current apparatus inventory can be found in Appendix B. In addition to these apparatus, Metro Vancouver has a cache of fire suppression supplies in Crippen Park that could potentially be made available.

Bowen Island Fire Hall #1 located at 788 Grafton Road

The fire department uses the IAmResponding™ emergency responder reply system, and members are dispatched through the Surrey Fire Communications Centre at 13450-104 Avenue in Surrey. The repeater for the Bowen Island Fire Department is located atop Radar Hill. The department utilizes FireStation software for records management.

Seismic upgrading of the fire hall, increasing room for training and storage, and expanding EOC operations have been discussed as priorities for the department. Given the availability of resources and the age of the hall (built 1969, expanded 1977), the construction of a new hall (expected to begin in late 2017 on Miller Road) will solve these important issues. At present, firefighter turnout gear is stored at fire hall #1; all firefighters respond to calls from this hall. Fire hall #1 has a 250 gallon backup diesel generator which is useful during power outage events; this supply will provide light, communication, heat and air compressor capabilities for at least two weeks (running 24/7).

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RESSPONSE ORGANIZATIONS

Fire hall #2 (the satellite hall) was built in 2012 in order to house Tanker 30, and provide outdoor training space. The tanker was purchased to provide fire protection to areas without hydrants, primarily on the west side of the island. The satellite hall also houses the wildland fire trailer. The satellite hall is approximately 2650 square feet, and is equipped with a 1000-gallon propane tank (filled weekly) used to run the generator, which will pump water and provide communication, light and heat when needed. The satellite fire hall is currently designated as the municipality’s primary EOC, and is equipped with a communications room.

Bowen Island Fire Hall #2 (satellite hall) located at 1421 Adams Road Police The Bowen Island Municipality is served by Bowen Island RCMP detachment located at 1017 Miller Road. The detachment falls under the Sea to Sky Regional Police Services located in Squamish. There are currently three full time regular members and one civilian clerk serving at this detachment. There are currently two other RCMP members who live on Bowen Island and are available if needed to serve in an emergency.31

Bowen Island RCMP Detachment located at 1017 Miller Road

31 Personal Communication, June 11, 2017, Corporal Paulo Arreaga, Bowen Island RCMP Detachment.

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RESSPONSE ORGANIZATIONS

Ambulance Emergency medical service on Bowen Island is provided by the British Columbia Ambulance Service (BCAS) station #225 located at 1034 Miller Road, which is dispatched by the regional 9-1-1 system; the regional dispatch is the Vancouver Communications Centre located at Suite 301 – 2955 Virtual Way in Vancouver. The repeater for BCAS is located on Mount Gardner. There are 2 paramedics “on call” 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. The on-call crew may or may not be physically at the station at all times. The members are made up of both local responders and off-island paramedics who travel to and stay on Bowen to fulfill their shifts. While on call, each paramedic carries a pager and meets at the station to respond with the ambulance when a is call dispatched. The patient is then transported along with the paramedics by water taxi to Horseshoe Bay where another ambulance and crew will take the patient to the hospital. The Bowen paramedics then return to the island by water taxi.32

BCAS station #225 located at 1034 Miller Road Search and Rescue The coordination of volunteer ground search and rescue is undertaken by EMBC, who provide support for Search and Rescue (SAR) groups through funding, training, etc. For SAR response, Bowen Island is supported by North Shore Rescue, who are aided as necessary through mutual aid agreements with other SAR teams, for example Lions Bay. These groups are usually activated at the request of the RCMP or the Bowen Island Fire Department, and supported during response by EMBC through a task number. SAR groups do not operate on or in the ocean (Canada Coast Guard conducts SAR on the ocean), but respond to land and inland water rescue and recovery requests. The North Shore Rescue team performs approximately 130 search and rescue operation per year, and has responded to various calls on Bowen, including 1 in 2016 for an injured patient.33 In some cases, the Bowen Island Fire Department engages in SAR activities due to the isolated nature of the island, and the time it takes for SAR groups to arrive when not transported by helicopter.

32 Personal Communication, July 5, 2017, Janis Treleavan, Paramedic, BCAS. 33 Personal Communication, June 14, 2017, Peter Haigh, Search Manager, North Shore Rescue.

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EMERGENCY SUPPORT AND PREPAREDNESS ORGANIZATIONS

Section 4: Emergency Support and Preparedness Organizations In addition to primary response organizations, the Bowen Island Municipality utilizes a number of organizations and programs to prepare for and support response and recovery in an emergency or disaster. The Municipality may also draw on the resources of several external organizations. In addition to those listed below, supporting resources are also available from both provincial and private sources. This includes the Southwest Provincial Regional Emergency Operations Centre (PREOC) which is located in Surrey, and various private sources within the Municipality. Bowen Island Municipality Emergency Program In May 2017, council passed “Bowen Island Municipality Emergency Program Regulatory Bylaw No.428, 2016,” which established the BIM Emergency Program. The program, which plans for the response to and recovery from emergencies and disasters in order to help protect the health and safety of Bowen Island residents, consists of two committees and a part-time Emergency Program Coordinator.

The Emergency Program Executive Committee meets at least once annually, oversees the emergency program and provides strategic direction and oversight to the Emergency Program Management Committee and Emergency Program Coordinator. The Emergency Program Management Committee meets more frequently and is responsible for planning the Emergency Program. The Emergency Program Coordinator is responsible for the overall management and coordination of emergency preparedness, response and recovery and for developing an emergency program for the municipality.

In addition to this HRVA, the municipality has a 2007 Community Wildfire Protection Plan, which includes background on which areas of Bowen Island are at the greatest risk of wildfire and recommendations for fire disaster resilience, as well as the 2007 BIM Emergency Management Plan, which provides municipal actors and stakeholders with emergency response guidelines. Operational guidelines from the province of BC for evacuation, declaration of a state of emergency and emergency operations centres are also resources in the event of an emergency. Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) Due to the topography of Bowen Island, there are primary and secondary EOCs established in two main areas within the Municipality - providing flexibility for setup depending on the geographic origin of the hazard. The primary EOC is the better equipped of the two, with a communications room, satellite phone, display boards and EOC equipment. Table 2 summarizes the current EOC locations; these are scheduled to change in 2018, upon

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EMERGENCY SUPPORT AND PREPAREDNESS ORGANIZATIONS completion of the new Fire Hall and EOC at Miller Rd. For more information on EOCs, see the BIM Emergency Management Plan. Table 1 – Emergency Operations Centre Primary and Secondary Designations, 2017

Designated Building Address Details Primary EOC: 250 sq ft EOC; hall has Bowen Island Fire Hall #2, Satellite Hall backup power, a satellite Fire Hall #2 1421 Adams Rd phone and a Bowen Island, BC communications room (Fire hall #1 will become V0N 1G2 including a VHF base primary once completed) station and portable radios.

Secondary EOC: Bowen Island Bowen Island Municipal Hall Municipal Hall (Fire hall #2 981 Artisan Lane No backup power supply will become secondary Bowen Island, B.C. available once Fire Hall #1 is V0N 1G2 completed)

Public Works Department The Public Works Department is responsible for infrastructure including roads, bridges, docks, sewers and water systems. Ideally, a senior Bowen Island Public Works representative will assume the role of EOC Operations Chief during events, such as a flood or snowstorm, that require Public Works as the lead agency. Specific responsibilities may include: EOC staffing, road clearing, managing traffic, alleviating water disruption issues, sewage services, spill containment, vehicle supply, building security, garbage/debris management and equipment supply.

Parks and Environment Department The Parks and Environment department builds and maintains municipal parks, trails, beach, beach accesses, playing fields and open space. The department also reviews and responds to development proposals, works with conservation stakeholders to preserve the integrity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and takes part in climate change initiatives. The manager of this department is also responsible for actively enforcing environmental and administrative by laws. Ideally, a senior Parks and Environment representative will provide technical environmental advice in an EOC. In the past, this department has been called upon to respond to small off-shore hydrocarbon spills that threaten the shoreline; employees in both the Parks and Environment and Bylaw departments have undertaken EOC training. Specific responsibilities may include: EOC staffing, managing traffic, spill containment, vehicle supply and equipment supply.

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EMERGENCY SUPPORT AND PREPAREDNESS ORGANIZATIONS

Bowen Island Public Notification System (BowENS) In 2017, BIM purchased a software license for an public notification system for a term of 3 years. The opt-in system is intended to communicate with the public in an emergency, and has geographic information system as well as 2-way communication capabilities. The system will also be used for internal communications to various groups, including mayor and council, the EOC team and the Emergency Support Services Team. As of the end of 2017, over 900 residents were enrolled, or nearly 30% of the island’s adult population. A policy has been created outlining acceptable and intended use of the system, which is available through BIM. Amateur Radio Bowen Island Municipality has an Emergency Communications Team (ECT) made up of amateur radio operators, who are based out of Fire Hall #2. The ECT primarily use VHF UHF radios and are able to communicate across all areas of the island, as well as with all 7 PREOCs. The team also participates in the Inter-Municipal Amateur Radio Service (IMARS), which joins all jurisdictions of Metro Vancouver. An amateur radio club (BEARS) is also present on island, and would likely mobilize to some extent in the event of a large-scale emergency that disrupted standard methods of communication.

The ECT works closely with North Shore Emergency Management’s Emergency Communications Team, which will be useful in establishing connections with nearby stakeholders, including high schools that Bowen resident youth attend. Of note, the ECT has the ability to email via radio, and would provide IT services in an emergency that does not affect standard communication methods. Emergency Support Services Emergency Support Services (ESS) provides short-term (72 hours) assistance to people forced to evacuate their homes due to an emergency, stranded travelers and first responders. Food, lodging, clothing and reunification are the primary services offered by ESS, as well as first aid, child and pet care, emotional support, etc. Bowen Island ESS maintains a webpage on the BIM website, which includes the ESS plan; the current Director is a volunteer, who works an average of 10-15 hours weekly.

Reception Centres are locations designated by the local ESS team as safe gathering places for people displaced from their homes by an emergency. At a Reception Centre, individuals can register and receive Emergency Support Services as well as information about the emergency. Currently, 9 potential reception centres have been identified on Bowen Island; the most up to date list can be found on the BIM webpage. Neighbourhood Emergency Resource Persons (NERPs) An established group of volunteers known as Neighbourhood Emergency Resource Persons has been in existence on Bowen since the early 1990s. Volunteers collect information regarding members of and resources in the neighbourhood that could prove useful, and disseminate information to their neighbours in the event of an emergency or evacuation. Work continues with NERPS assisting in creating household contingency plans, improving independence during times of emergency and various other emergency preparedness endeavours.

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Section 5: Priority Hazards Overview The results of this HRVA identify priority hazards, which are those that exceed the risk tolerance boundary of 28 and are of the highest priority for mitigation. For Bowen Island, these hazards include earthquake, structure fire, wildland urban interface fire, epidemic and pandemic, rockfall, marine accident and extreme weather event/ power outage. This section details and evaluates these hazards, which are discussed in order of risk ranking: refer to the Risk Quantification Index in Appendix A for specific scores, and to Appendix D for a consolidated list of recommendations. All Hazards Recommendations Many of the recommendations below apply to a number of different situations and potential scenarios. The following common themes have emerged, and attention to these areas will assist BIM in preparing for all hazards and disasters. Municipal Readiness Encouraging personal preparedness for staff and municipal volunteers will help to ensure that the municipality is able to assist first responders and serve residents quickly during or after a disaster. As well, BIM should engage in business continuity planning so as to be better able to provide services during emergencies.

The municipality should also consider investing in backup power supplies for municipal offices, and to follow recommendations of the Fire Chief and other subject matter experts when constructing new municipal buildings. Finally, BIM should continue to support ESS, NERPs and the Emergency Communications Team, as these volunteers are critical to the emergency program. Outreach and Education Educating residents about what they can do to better prepare for an emergency will help to ensure that BIM is able to recover from a disaster. This includes education around Fire Smart principles, personal emergency preparedness, neighbourhood emergency preparedness, and secondary heat, power and water sources. Encouraging local businesses to engage in business continuity planning would also contribute to a resilient community. ESS and the NERPs can assist in spreading these messages. Evacuation Planning The presence of multiple terminating roads means that the potential for evacuation by water of parts of the island is a reality. As well, while the likelihood of an island-wide evacuation is low, the multiple challenges that would be posed by an island-wide evacuation make evacuation planning important to emergency preparedness on Bowen Island. The municipality should engage in formal evacuation planning, including drafting and exercising an Evacuation Plan. Evacuation planning will also prove useful in re-supplying areas where residents are sheltering in place and isolated from Snug Cove.

Priority Hazards Earthquake The potential for an earthquake to affect the Bowen Island Municipality is ever-present, and the magnitude of a major quake will likely cause significant damage. Earthquakes may cause a number

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of phenomena, including ground motion, surface faulting, ground failure and liquefaction. An earthquake’s magnitude reflects an earthquake’s strength, with damage to buildings generally beginning to occur at a magnitude of six (Richter scale). Experts have estimated that there is a 12% probability of a catastrophic earthquake (resulting in a high number of causalities and injuries and extensive infrastructure damage) affecting BC in the next 50 years.34 Bowen Island is situated between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia in the Cascadia Subduction Zone. In this zone, the Juan de Fuca plate is moving towards North America at about 2-5 cm/year and subducting under the much larger North American plate. There is solid evidence that these two plates are locked together now, causing much strain in the earth’s crust to build up. In addition to the ~300 earthquakes that occur in south-western BC each year, it is predicted that these colliding plates will snap loose generating a huge subduction earthquake, potentially over the magnitude of nine on the Richter scale.35 Due to the relative isolation of many homes on Bowen Island and the isolation of the island itself, the effects of a major earthquake on residents will be significant. Isolation is a legitimate concern with the potential for road damage occurring, for example. Bowen Island has many terminating roadways, with sub-communities not connected by more than one main thoroughfare. Consequences of isolation may include: difficulties receiving medical attention, inability to communicate for assistance, dependence on stored supplies, and delays in fire response. Transport via water access could also be affected during a major earthquake with the potential for wharf damage. Downed infrastructure such as power and phone lines (which has historically been a problem), could also add to increased isolation during a seismic event, introducing communication barriers. Structural damage to homes is a major concern in some localities (such as the Eagle Cliff area) during a major earthquake. Many houses are built on steep slopes, with the potential for corollary effects of a rockfall causing additional problems. Given the vulnerability of Bowen Island’s structures and residents to a seismic event, and the issues of isolation that exist, an earthquake is considered a priority hazard for the municipality. Recommendations 1. Continue to advance the Neighbourhood Emergency Resource People (NERP) program, in light of the fact that immediate assistance post-earthquake is most likely to come from neighbours, and continue to promote independence, earthquake safety and emergency survival kits (e.g. Grab ‘n’ Go bags) for the home, car and workplace. 2. Ensure new municipal structures and key infrastructure meet at least minimum seismic design and loading requirements, particularly infrastructure and response facilities (e.g. new fire hall, community centre) that will be critical during and after a disaster. 3. Seek funding for earthquake specific planning, including an earthquake immediate response plan and a rapid damage assessment plan, to guide municipal activity post-earthquake. Structure Fire In the Bowen Island Municipality, structure fires occur on average twice annually.36 The risk of structure fire in the community extends from the ignition source to neighbouring structures due to the vegetative and forest characteristics of the island. Although FireSmart principles have been

34 Office of the Auditor General of British Columbia. March 2014. Catastrophic Earthquake Preparedness. 35 Natural Resources Canada. 2017. Seismic Zones in Western Canada. http://www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/zones/westcan-en.php#Cascadia 36 Personal Communication, Sept 28, 2017, Ian Thompson, Fire Chief.

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communicated to residents in the past, the structural ignitibility of many homes is quite high, especially aged structures. Main concerns when discussing structure fire vulnerability are isolation and means of access through the municipality. Response to isolated areas and property with steep topography can be difficult, but Bowen does have a good range of apparatus to assist in dealing with these factors. Multiple homes that are in close proximity to one another also introduce the potential for spread during a structure fire incident, such as in the sub-communities of Snug Cove, Tunstall Bay, Bowen Bay, Deep Bay and Eagle Cliff. Minimizing losses and preparing the public through FireSmart principles are important themes that overlap with those discussed in the next section concerning Wildland-Urban Interface fire. Recommendations 4. Strive for Exterior and Interior Operations Service Level competency as per the British Columbia Fire Service Minimum Training Standards Structure Firefighters Competency and Training Playbook for Bowen Island Fire Department members. 5. Continue to provide informational assistance to residents where needed to empower locals and reduce the potential for structure fires, for example recommending that residential sprinkler systems are installed in all new home construction. 6. Follow recommendations of the Fire Chief in construction of municipal buildings. 7. Update the 1993 Bowen Island Fire Protection District Bylaw No. 41 to reflect current conditions and to empower Bowen Island Municipal staff to enforce fire related bylaws. Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Abnormally hot, dry weather and excessive fuel loading often make forest areas particularly vulnerable to lightning strikes and human carelessness. Once burning, a forest fire can spread quickly due to high winds and easily overwhelm the capacity of local response agencies. Aside from the environmental and economic impacts, fires become particularly devastating when they encroach on human settlements and critical infrastructure. When this occurs, they are considered Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) fires and can be extremely destructive.

The British Columbia Firestorm of 2003 made the risk of WUI fires clear to communities across British Columbia, when over 2,500 fires burned throughout the interior of the province causing the loss of 344 homes and businesses and the evacuation of 45,000 people. Approximately 260,000 ha of forest were destroyed, and the total cost of the Firestorm was estimated at CAD $700 million (Filmon, 2003). More recent wildfire events such as the evacuation of Fort McMurray, Alberta in 2016 and the unprecedented wildfire season in British Columbia in 2017 make this a particularly salient issue.

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Many residential dwellings on Bowen Island are surrounded by dense forest and low-lying brush, increasing the vulnerability to WUI fire spread

While Bowen Island has not experienced a major interface fire in recent years, experts acknowledge the potential vulnerability to WUI fire in certain areas around the island: overall, BIM is classified as having a “moderate to high fire risk profile, described by a moderate to extreme fire probability and moderate consequences based on the values at risk.”37 Adding to the vulnerability of residents is the growth of Bowen Island’s population and the influx of summer residents and tourists, as beach fires and campfires during fire season in vulnerable areas may increase with visitor fluctuations.

Additional concerns regarding WUI fire on Bowen Island involve the reach of fire hydrants and steep topography in specific areas that do not lend themselves to ease of attack. Local experts have also highlighted the isolation and evacuation problems in relation to a potential WUI fire. With terminating roads branching out from a central location on the island, residents potentially being trapped is not an unrealistic possibility. The promotion of FireSmart principles by the Bowen Island Fire Department has been active in the past; this is one activity that should continue to educate residents on the options available to them. Recommendations 8. Continue with FireSmart communication goals around the community, including the dissemination of information through brochures, public events, the BIM website and social media to raise awareness. The Union of British Columbia Municipalities Strategic Wildfire Prevention Initiative FireSmart Planning Grant Program is a potential source of funding for FireSmart initiatives. 9. Seek funding to update the 2007 Community Wildfire Protection Plan, conducted for the Municipality to mitigate the potential impact of a major wildland fire event on the island. 10. Engage in evacuation planning to address the unique needs associated with evacuating an island and evacuating neighbourhoods with single accesses. Epidemic and Pandemic Yearly epidemics cause serious illness and death, especially among those who have weakened immune systems due to age or underlying medical conditions. A pandemic is an epidemic that affects a very large geographic area and is often global. Influenza is a common infection that affects large numbers of people annually.

Among the general population, influenza is recognized as a very uncomfortable, self-limiting, but ultimately benign illness. However, occasionally the virus mutates and becomes much more dangerous to humans. The last 100 years has seen three occasions of worldwide pandemic outbreaks of severe influenza. The worst of these pandemics was the infamous Spanish Flu of 1918 which killed an estimated 20 to 40 million people around the globe – more than the casualties of the First World War. The Spanish Flu of 1918 is considered to be the most devastating pandemic in world history. According to the BC Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), pandemics occur every

37 BA Blackwell and Associates Ltd. April 2007. The Municipality of Bowen Island Community Wildfire Protection Plan.

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10 to 40 years.38 With today’s global transportation networks, the potential for a rapidly spreading pandemic is high.

The BCCDC estimates that more than 3 million British Columbians will become infected with the next influenza pandemic, with 15 to 35 per cent becoming clinically ill.39 These estimates are not worst-case scenarios, but are based on the impacts of the 1957 and 1968 pandemics, which were relatively mild when compared to those of the 1918 Spanish Flu. Actual rates of the next pandemic may be significantly higher, and it should be noted that disease agents other than influenza, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), may also be the cause of a pandemic.

Due to the unusually high number of hospitalizations during a pandemic, local health authorities will likely be overwhelmed. Municipalities should work with local health authorities to create contingency plans on how they will handle the surge in patients. In addition, municipalities will need to continue providing essential services and support to residents. As employees of the Municipality may also become infected and be unable to work, continuity plans to operate with a reduced workforce are also required.

Due to the geographic characteristics of Bowen Island, the disease may be detected in urban centres (i.e. Vancouver) before it arrives in the Municipality. This may provide some advanced warning to the Municipality; however, this should not be relied upon, especially during high season for visitors. Avian influenza has recently become an increased concern for many, especially in areas with significant poultry farming operations. The H5N1 strain of the Avian Influenza is one of sixteen (16) varieties of the virus, the only one that has shown ability to pass from one human to another. Migration of the bird flu is likely to occur through Canada, possibly affecting western Canada including Bowen Island. Given the current risks associated with influenza outbreaks, the risk of an epidemic or pandemic to Bowen Island is considered a priority hazard. Recommendations 11. Engage in continuity planning so as to be able to continue to offer essential municipal services during times of reduced workforce. 12. Promote continuity planning for local businesses who will likely be most affected, particularly those providing critical services (gas station, grocery stores). 13. Remain up-to-date and utilize useful pandemic resources, such as local government guidelines within the Vancouver Coastal Health Regional Pandemic Outbreak Response Plan (2015) and the British Columbia Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan (2005). Rockfall When a rockfall incident occurs, it can block roadways, cause damage to property and affect people and infrastructure within the Bowen Island Municipality. Due to the climate and topography of the island, coupled with proximity of steep slopes to main thoroughfares, the potential for rockfalls to affect the BIM is significant. Specific areas of concern on the island include the Eagle Cliff area, as mentioned previously, with homes potentially at risk from rockfall.

38 BC Centre for Disease Control. 2018. Communicable Diseases. http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/outbreaks- emergencies/communicable-diseases 39 BC Ministry of Health & BC Centre for Disease Control. 2005. British Columbia Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan. http://www.bccdc.ca/resource-gallery/Documents/Epid_Guidelines_PandemicPlan_20090609.pdf

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Rockfalls have occurred in the past on Bowen Island, temporarily blocking access to different areas on the island. Although this has occurred, the duration of the debris blocking an area has not exceeded six hours.40 Nonetheless, rockfalls remain a concern – aside from the Eagle Cliff area, between 679 and 823 Taylor Road in the Queen Charlotte Heights area as well as Woods Road are potentially vulnerable.41 Recommendations 14. Seek geotechnical expertise where necessary to confirm hazard hotspots, particularly where houses and infrastructure are at risk. 15. Utilize and act upon third party assessment where it is deemed a priority to mitigate rockfall hazard. This may include the introduction of fencing, terraced barriers or other rockfall mitigation measures.

Marine Accident The Strait of Georgia is a very active area in terms of vessel traffic, especially with BC Ferries in operation between the Lower Mainland, Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. Howe Sound is also an active area, and marine accidents in either body of water could have local or widespread environmental and economic impacts. All levels of government have a role in managing coastal shores; generally, the Federal government is responsible for off-shore waters, the Province for the foreshore and the municipality for the nearshore. As such, any response to a marine accident is likely to involve multiple levels of government and many different agencies. For the purposes of this HRVA, marine accident includes both water based hazardous materials spills, as well as marine infrastructure damage. Hazardous Materials Spills The greatest marine threat to Bowen Island is pollution caused by spillage or vessel collision in the Strait of Georgia or Howe Sound. Oil spills, depending on their size and area, could have a serious impact on the community in a socio-economic and environmental sense. The extent of this impact depends on the substance released, the amount and proximity to inhabited areas, prevailing wind and tidal conditions. The spillage of some dangerous goods may require evacuation of coastal communities due to toxic fumes. The Bowen Island Municipality has experienced extended delays in waiting for a response from other levels of government to small fuel spills off-shore that threaten the shoreline, particularly in Mannion Bay.42 Infrastructure Damage As noted in Section 3, the Bowen Island Municipality is served by BC Ferries, which operates multiple daily roundtrip sailings from Horseshoe Bay to Snug Cove. Bowen Island’s ferry infrastructure is critical to the local economy, for re-supply purposes and in the event of an evacuation. An accident involving the commuter run also has the potential to put numerous passengers and crew at risk. Further, extensive property damage may occur as a result of a marine

40 Personal communication, April 5, 2007, Brian Biddlecombe. 41 Ibid 42 Personal Communication, January 4, 2017, Bonny Brokenshire, Manager of Parks and Environment, BIM.

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accident, as it did in June 2005, when the BC Ferries vessel the Queen of Oak Bay crashed into a Horseshoe Bay Marina, causing over $3 million in damage.43 With the potential of a marine accident involving the ferry within Snug Cove, transport of supplies has been highlighted as a major concern for the community. With stock being transported from the mainland, a marine accident of any scale could potentially have serious implications on the normal functions of the local economy; businesses and individuals without adequate stock during these times will be negatively affected. With a history of marine accidents in BC waters, the risk of a marine accident leading to infrastructure damage or a hazardous materials spill within the jurisdiction of the Bowen Island Municipality is considered a priority hazard. The Queen of Capilano is the assigned vessel that normally serves the Bowen Island route; the vessel has a maximum 100 car capacity and a 457 maximum passenger and crew licence (12 crew & 445 passengers).44 Very high winds and extreme temperatures have been recorded in the past in the Bowen Island Municipality. In early 2017, high winds forced the ferry to remain in Snug Cove for an extended period of time, cancelling the majority of evening sailings. These conditions greatly increase the risk of a marine accident within Snug Cove that could have significant consequences, including running aground, destroying the dock infrastructure and/ or sinking near shore. It is worth noting that should the proposed liquid natural gas facility at the Woodfibre site in Howe Sound proceed, this HRVA must be revisited and updated; any industrial proposal that increases the frequency of dangerous goods shipments or changes to the types of materials shipped around Bowen Island will prompt an update of this HRVA. Recommendations 16. Engage in training and purchase equipment related to marine hazardous materials spills for staff and volunteers in order to be able to protect delicate shoreline areas in the event of a marine spill. 17. Take inventory of common materials transported to and from Snug Cove both for business continuity purposes and to determine what types of fuel could potentially be spilled in the event of a marine accident. 18. Promote business continuity principles among local businesses - refer to Pandemic section recommendations. This will assist in the stocking of necessary supplies in any prolonged incident. Extreme Weather Event & Power Outage These two hazards are discussed together in this HRVA due to the reality that they often occur simultaneously. An important consideration for the Bowen Island Municipality is the frequency of rainstorms and windstorms each year, as well as snowstorm events and the potential for these events to cripple transportation routes. Corollary effects surrounding these events include roads blocked by debris and decreased mobility among other concerns. Means of access throughout the Bowen Island Municipality are discussed in Section 2, Critical Infrastructure.

43 CBC News. 2011. BC Ferries Loses Horseshoe Bay Crash Lawsuit. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british- columbia/bc-ferries-loses-horseshoe-bay-crash-lawsuit-1.1051906 44 Scott Kesteloot, September 18,2017, Horseshoe Bay Terminal Manager, BC Ferries.

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Emergency response by police, fire or ambulance may be seriously impeded if routes or infrastructure are blocked in the event of a severe windstorm. The layout of roads on Bowen Island is acknowledged as being a significant point of vulnerability, with few bypasses or connector routes. Roads with no connectors increase the vulnerability of residents in those areas and hampers the ability of emergency response vehicles to service the remote areas. In addition to mobility issues during a windstorm, the availability of power, ferry and water taxi service, and the marine mobility of residents may also be impacted; power outage events are not uncommon on Bowen Island and are often a result of heavy winds in the area affecting trees that subsequently down power lines. Power outages occur on a regular basis; however, they become a concern when the power outage is for a significant amount of time, when temperatures are very low or very high, or critical infrastructure, persons, livestock or businesses are affected. Power outages usually occur in heavy winds or snowstorms, which cause hydro poles to fall or cause trees or other debris to land on them. Power outages can also occur during landslides, avalanches and earthquakes, and frequently occur as a result of motor vehicle accidents. As well, equipment failure in a substation or transformer – or overuse of electrical power – can cause brownouts, which are reduced electrical capacity or outages. Service interruptions are a serious concern, particularly for critical infrastructure such as communication facilities and associated equipment and response agencies (police, fire, ambulance). Due to the frequency and potential affects of these events, power outages and extreme weather events are considered priority hazards for the Municipality. Recommendation 19. Ensure agencies and utilities that fill a key role in emergency operations have back-up electrical sources and generators so that they can continue to function in all conditions. Ensure municipal fuel stores are kept full. 20. Encourage secondary alternatives to electric heat in all residences, as well as backup power, food and water supplies. 21. Inform new residents and at-risk homeowners that trees located on private property are the homeowner’s responsibility; homeowners pursuing mitigation should ensure assessments are done by certified and insured contractors and/or arborists.

Next Steps The information presented in this assessment will be used by the Bowen Island Municipality to update the BIM Emergency Management Plan, to enhance community preparedness and to inform the Emergency Program budget.

The results of this HRVA will also be used to develop a strategic plan for the BIM Emergency Program, as well as an action plan based on the recommendations following the adoption of the HRVA by municipal council.

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Appendix A – Risk Quantification Index

Hazard Fatality Response & Critical Property Environmental Economic Severity Total Likelihood Aggregate and Recovery Infrastructure Damage Impact and Social Score Injury Facilities Earthquake 10 3 4 4 3 3 27 3 81 Structure Fire 5 0 3 1 2 2 13 6 78 Wildland Urban Interface Fire 10 2 3 4 2 3 24 3 72

Epidemic and Pandemic 15 3 0 0 0 3 21 3 62 Rockfall 5 2 2 1 1 1 12 5 60 Marine Accident 5 1 2 2 2 2 14 4 56 Extreme Weather Event 0 2 2 1 1 2 8 6 48 Power Outage 0 1 2 0 0 2 5 6 30 Dangerous Goods Transport 0 1 0 1 2 2 6 4 24 Landslide 0 1 1 1 2 1 6 4 24 Land Subsidence 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 6 24 Plant Disease & Pest 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 4 24 Infestation Explosion - Pipeline or Tank 5 1 1 1 2 1 11 2 22 Water Contamination 5 0 0 0 1 1 7 3 21 Wildland Fire 0 0 3 1 2 1 7 3 21 Drought 0 1 0 0 2 2 5 4 20 Erosion and Sedimentation 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 5 20 Flooding 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 5 20 Hazardous Materials in situ 0 0 0 1 2 1 4 5 20 Aircraft Crash 10 1 1 1 2 1 16 1 16 Avalanche 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 4 16 Heat Wave 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 4 16 Animal Disease 5 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 12 Dam Failure 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 4 12 Debris Flow 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 3 12 Telegenic Tsunami 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 3 12 Structural Collapse 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 3 9 Riot 0 1 0 2 1 2 6 1 6 Hailstorm 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 4

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Appendix B – Bowen Island Fire Department Apparatus Inventory

Apparatus Details Image

Fire Chief’s Truck Command and control vehicle 2015 Chevrolet Silverado First responder equipment, including jump kit and 4WD pickup defibrillator (5 crew)

Engine 30 850 gal. capacity, 1250 gpm pump 2005 25 gal. foam capacity E-One Pumper 6” draught capable on Spartan Custom Chassis 1150’ of 4” high volume supply hose (6 crew) 600’ of 2 ½” hose 500’ of 1 ¾ hose 1 x 150 of 2 ½” precon attack line Must replace by 2025 2 x 150 of 1 ¾” precon attack lines (foam capable) 4 SCBAs with spare bottles Miscellaneous ropes and tools Amkus hydraulic extrication set Vetter air bag lifting system Chainsaw and rescue saw

Dry chemical extinguisher, CO2 extinguisher Built-in and portable generator Scene lighting system, monitor

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Engine 31 1000 gal. capacity, 1250 gpm pump 1989 Freightliner 700 gpm portable pump, 300 gpm portable pump (6 crew) 6” draught capable 1150’ of 4” high volume supply hose 600’ of 2 ½” hose, 400’ of 1 ¾” hose Must replace by 2019 Monitor Built-in electrical generator Scene lighting, ventilation fan 4 SCBAs with spare bottles 1 x 150 of 2 ½” precon attack line 2 x 150 of 1 ¾” precon attack lines

Dry chemical extinguisher, CO2 extinguisher Miscellaneous ropes and tools Engine 32 250 gal. capacity, 250 gpm pump 1978 Dodge 1 x 150’ hose reel 4WD Mini-pumper 1 x 150’ 1 ¾” precon attack line (3 crew) 600’ of 2 ½” hose 600’ of 1 ¾” hose

Underwriters don’t recognize this Dry chemical extinguisher, CO2 extinguisher apparatus due to its age, aiming Miscellaneous ropes, tools and lighting to replace by 2020 * During fire season months this truck is also equipped with: water bladder, additional forestry pumps and hose, etc. Rescue 30 Equipped as a rescue vehicle 2009 International 3 mins compressed foam unit (car fires) 4WD Breathing apparatus (5 crew) “jaws of life” Ropes

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Tanker 30 Equipped as a water tanker 2013 Freightliner Coranado 2800 gal. capacity, 840 gpm pump (2 crew) 3000 gal. portable tank

Replace by 2033

Utility 30 Command truck 1997 During the summer months the truck is equipped with Dodge Dakota hose and tools 4WD pickup (4 crew) Usually housed at fire hall #2

Wildfire Trailer Single axel trailer 2012

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Appendix C – Bowen Island HRVA Update Process Multiple stakeholders were engaged in the 2017/2018 update process, including the Bowen Island Fire Department Fire Chief and Assistant Fire Chief, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, BC Ambulance Service and North Shore Search and Rescue, who all contributed to this update. BIM also consulted with local stakeholders including Bowen Fuels, Twin Island Excavating Ltd., all local schools, Cowan Point Utility, among others. All Emergency Program Directors (NERPs, ESS, ECT) participated in the update process, and members of the public were engaged through emergency program committee membership, the BIM website, at community events and through informal discussions.

The Emergency Program Management Committee participated in a series of HRVA workshops between July 2017 and January 2018. The committee was first familiarized with the HRVA update process and methodology, and brainstormed HRVA social, physical, economic and environmental vulnerabilities specific to Bowen Island. They worked to identify scenario details, likelihood, and consequence severity for hazards identified, and identified risk reduction measures. The committee regularly provided feedback on multiple drafts of the document. The Emergency Program Executive Committee was provided a draft of the document in January 2017,and held a workshop in February 2018 during which further feedback was solicited and subsequently incorporated.

Future updates could be made more robust through the creation of a stand-alone HRVA advisory committee, made up of more community stakeholders/representatives and fewer individuals that have an operational role. Updates should be performed more thoroughly, with more time allotted to the process. Further, future updates should occur more frequently (ideally every 2-3 years) and should be driven by changes to the hazards, risks and vulnerabilities facing the Bowen Island Municipality.

EMBC provides local jurisdictions with a self-assessment tool, referred to as the Community Emergency Program Review (CEPR), to assist communities in determining their capacity to respond to and recover from emergencies. Below are the results of the relevant sections of this tool, pre and post-HRVA update.

Community Emergency Program Review (EMBC tool) June, 2017 2018 Questions related to HRVA 22 Have the results of the HRVA been used to improve the emergency program? Unknown In progress 22 Has an HRVA advisory committee been established in the community that is supported No Yes by the Executive Committee? 23 Has an HRVA advisory committee completed a Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis No Yes (HRVA) using the HRVA Tool Kit? 24 1. Created a workplan and schedule? No Yes 24 2. Completed HRVA training of the advisory committee? No Yes 24 3. Gathered risk information and hazard maps and provided a progress report to the No Yes Executive Committee? 24 4. Identified existing hazards, vulnerabilities, response capability, developed hazard No Yes scenarios and provided a progress report to the Executive Committee? 24 5. Addressed the possibility of the simultaneous occurrence of different types of No Yes emergencies? 24 6. Ranked the hazard scenarios, identified possible risk reduction measures and No Yes provided a progress report to the Executive Committee?

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24 7. Evaluated the risk profile, risk reduction measures and draft action items; and No Yes provided a progress report to the Executive Committee? 24 8. Developed a public consultation plan? No No 24 9. Finalized action plans for inclusion in the Strategic Plan? No In progress 25 Is the HRVA updated annually and whenever there is a change in the hazards and risks in No No the community?

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Appendix D – Bowen Island HRVA Recommendations This HRVA has identified hazards that may present risk to the Bowen Island Municipality. In order to mitigate the impact of the risks identified in the HRVA, it is recommended that the municipality undertake the measures listed below. This list includes an estimate of required resources and may be used to inform future work plans, action plans and budgets.

Recommendation Resources Recommendation Number & Hazard Required Continue to advance the Neighbourhood Emergency Staff Time Resource People (NERP) program, and promote personal 1. Earthquake independence, earthquake safety and emergency survival kits (e.g. Grab ‘n’ Go bags) for the home, car and workplace. Ensure new community/ municipal buildings meet at least Staff Time minimum seismic design and loading requirements, 2. Earthquake particularly infrastructure and response facilities (e.g. new fire hall, community centre) that will be critical post- disaster. Seek funding for earthquake specific planning, including an Staff Time earthquake immediate response plan and a rapid damage Funding for 3. Earthquake assessment plan, to guide municipal activity post- Consultant earthquake Strive for Exterior and Interior Operations Service Level Staff Time competency as per the British Columbia Fire Service 4. Structure Fire Minimum Training Standards Structure Firefighters Competency and Training Playbook for Bowen Island Fire Department members. Continue to provide informational assistance to residents Staff Time where needed to empower locals and reduce the potential for structure fires, for example recommending that 5. Structure Fire residential sprinkler systems are installed in all new home construction. The Municipality should also follow recommendations of the Fire Chief in construction of municipal buildings. Follow recommendations of the Fire Chief in construction of Financial 6. Structure Fire municipal buildings. Update the 1993 Bowen Island Fire Protection District Bylaw Staff Time 7. Structure Fire No. 41 to reflect current conditions and to empower Bowen Island Municipal staff to enforce fire related bylaws. Continue with FireSmart communication goals around the Staff Time community, including the dissemination of information 8. WUI Fire through brochures, public events, the BIM website and social media to raise awareness. Seek funding to update the 2007 Community Wildfire Staff Time Protection Plan, conducted for the Municipality to mitigate Funding for 9. WUI Fire the potential impact of a major wildland fire event on the Consultant island. Engage in evacuation planning to address the unique needs Staff Time 10. WUI Fire associated with evacuating an island and evacuating Funding for neighbourhoods with single accesses. Consultant

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Engage in continuity planning so as to be able to continue to Staff time 11. Epidemic/ offer essential municipal services during times of reduced Funding for Pandemic workforce. Consultant Promote continuity planning for local businesses who will Staff time 12. Epidemic/ likely be most affected, particularly those providing critical Pandemic services (gas station, grocery stores). Remain up-to-date and utilize useful pandemic resources, Staff time such as local government guidelines within the Vancouver 13. Epidemic/ Coastal Health Regional Pandemic Outbreak Response Pandemic Plan (2015) and the British Columbia Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan (2005). Seek geotechnical expertise where necessary to confirm Staff Time 14. Rockfall hazard hotspots, particularly where houses and Funding for infrastructure are at risk. Consultant Utilize and act upon third party assessment where it is Staff Time deemed a priority to mitigate rockfall hazard. This may Funding for 15. Rockfall include the introduction of fencing, terraced barriers or Consultant other rockfall mitigation measures. Engage in training and purchase equipment related to Staff Time 16. Marine marine hazardous materials spills for staff and volunteers in Funding for Accident order to be able to protect delicate shoreline areas in the Consultant event of a marine spill. Take inventory of common materials transported to and Staff Time 17. Marine from Snug Cove both for business continuity purposes and Accident to determine what types of fuel could potentially be spilled in the event of a marine accident. Promote business continuity principles among local Staff Time 18. Marine businesses - refer to Pandemic section recommendations. Accident This will assist in the stocking of necessary supplies in any prolonged incident. Ensure agencies and utilities that fill a key role in emergency Staff Time 19. Extreme operations have back-up electrical sources and generators Weather & Power so that they can continue to function in all conditions. Outage Ensure municipal fuel stores are kept full. 20. Extreme Encourage secondary alternatives to electric heat in all Staff Time Weather & Power residences, as well as backup power, food and water Outage supplies. Inform new residents and at-risk homeowners that trees Staff Time 21. Extreme located on private property are the homeowner’s Weather & Power responsibility; homeowners pursuing mitigation should Outage ensure assessments are done by certified and insured contractors and/or arborists.

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