Force Majeure in Tumultuous Times: Impracticability As the New
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The Economic Implications of the Doctrine of Impossibility, 26 Hastings L.J
Hastings Law Journal Volume 26 | Issue 5 Article 5 1-1975 The conomicE Implications of the Doctrine of Impossibility Stephen S. Ashley Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stephen S. Ashley, The Economic Implications of the Doctrine of Impossibility, 26 Hastings L.J. 1251 (1975). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol26/iss5/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE DOCTRINE OF IMPOSSIBILITY If one accepts as a norm Cardozo's maxim that "[t]he final cause of law is the welfare of society,"' economic theory may provide a useful basis for evaluating the social consequences of legal doctrines. This note will demonstrate the usefulness of applying an economic analysis to the doctrine of impossibility of contract performance, the legal prin- ciple applied to contract disputes which arise when an unforeseen catas- trophe prevents performance of a contract whose terms do not allocate the risk of that catastrophe. The traditional legal analysis, by limiting its view to the allocation of losses which have already occurred and by ignoring the problem of assigning the risk of future losses, has pro- duced inconsistent and arbitrary risk assignments, to society's detri- ment. The proposals of other legal writers would have the same effect. This note will demonstrate through an economic analysis that the law should allocate the risk of disruption unequivocally to the party better able to insure against the risk, subject to reassignment by the parties in their contract. -
Force Majeure and International Contracts, Including FIDIC
Force Majeure and Hardship Clauses in International Commercial Contracts in View of the Practice of the ICC Court of Arbitration Werner Melis* ICC ARBITRATION IS GENUINE international arbitration: The jurisdiction of the Court covers business disputes of an international character (Art.1(1) of its Rules)1; the arbitrators can be of any nationality (Art. 2), the parties are free to determine the law to be applied by the arbitrators to the merits of the dispute. In the absence of such determination by the parties, the arbitrators shall apply the law designated as the proper law by the rules of conflict which they deem appropriate (Art.13(3)). They shall have the power of an amiable compositeur only if the parties are agreed to give them such powers (Art.13 (4)). Finally, "in all cases the arbitrator[s] shall take account of the provisions of the contract and the relevant trade usages" (Art. 13 (5)). This international character of ICC arbitration is also reflected by the statistics issued at the Court's 60th anniversary, in October last year2: While in 1977 arbitrators under ICC Rules were nationals of 20 different countries, by 1982 the arbitrators involved in ICC cases came from 30 different countries; the 1982 break-down of the origin of parties according to geographic areas showed that 54 per cent came from Western Europe, 10 per cent from European socialist countries,17 per cent from the Americas and Australia,10 per cent from Arab coun- (...) ICC arbitration is therefore practiced by arbitrators coming from all over the world, who have to apply a large spectrum of national laws from many legal systems. -
26 Chap 26.Qxp
Chapter 26 CONTRACT CLAUSES MANAGING, ALLOCATING, AND TRANSFERRING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT RISKS C. Michael Shull III, Esq., Editor and Author (2007 Supplement) Holland & Hart LLP Douglas A. Karet, Esq., Editor and Author (2005 Supplement); Author (2003 Supplement) Holloway Brabec & Karet PC Buck S. Beltzer, Esq., P.E., Author (2005 Supplement) Holland & Hart LLP Robert E. Benson, Esq., Editor and Author (2003 Supplement) Holland & Hart LLP SYNOPSIS § 26.1 INTRODUCTION § 26.1.1—Overview § 26.1.2—Types Of Risks To Which Parties To A Construction Contract Can Be Exposed, And Which Risks Can Be Managed, Allocated, And Transferred § 26.1.3—The “Means” Of Parties Managing, Allocating, And Transferring Construction Project Risks § 26.1.4—Methods Of Management, Allocation, And Transfer Of Construction Project Risks By Contract § 26.1.5—The Meaningful Considerations About Risk Transfer Clauses § 26.2 PROCEDURAL CLAUSES FOR MANAGEMENT, ALLOCATION, AND TRANSFER OF RISKS § 26.2.1—Overview § 26.2.2—Choice Of Law Clauses § 26.2.3—Forum Selection Clauses § 26.2.4—Notice Of Claim Clauses § 26.2.5—Contractual Statutes Of Limitation § 26.2.6—Clauses Defining Commencement Of Statute Of Limitations § 26.2.7—Mediation Clauses § 26.2.8—Arbitration Clauses (10/07) 26-1 The Practitioner’s Guide to Colorado Construction Law § 26.2.9—Waiver Of Trial By Jury § 26.2.10—No Discovery Clauses § 26.2.11—Change Order Requirements § 26.2.12—Warranties § 26.2.13—Summary Of Procedural Clauses § 26.3 DAMAGE LIMITATION CLAUSES § 26.3.1—Overview § 26.3.2—Limitations On Types -
Contracts - Impossibility Existing at the Time of the Formation of the Contract No Defense
DePaul Law Review Volume 7 Issue 1 Fall-Winter 1957 Article 12 Contracts - Impossibility Existing at the Time of the Formation of the Contract No Defense DePaul College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review Recommended Citation DePaul College of Law, Contracts - Impossibility Existing at the Time of the Formation of the Contract No Defense, 7 DePaul L. Rev. 114 (1957) Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review/vol7/iss1/12 This Case Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in DePaul Law Review by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I "9t DE PAUL LAW REVIEW with other issues, i.e., the statute controlling licensing of the exhibiting of motion pictures, 17 and a criminal statute.' 8 In any event, the court held that "nudity in itself and without lewdness or dirtiness is not obscenity in law or in common sense"' 9 and appears not to adhere to the possible ex- tension of obscenity to that which provokes lustful or lascivious thoughts, as it quotes the following from the decision rendered in People v. Muller: If the test of obscenity or indecency in a picture or statue is its capability of suggesting impure thoughts, then indeed all such representations might be con- sidered as indecent or obscene. 20 That the decisions of the Supreme Court in Roth and Alberts have crystallized some of the concepts and removed many of the ambiguities existing in the treatment of obscene publications is evident. -
Contractual Risk Transfer in Construction Contracts
CONTRACTUAL RISK TRANSFER IN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS Tarron L. Gartner Katie McClelland Cooper & Scully, P.C. 900 Jackson Street, Suite 100 Dallas, TX 75202 214/712-9500 214/712-9540 (Fax) © 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. CONTRACTUAL RISK TRANSFER IN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS............................... 1 A. “Insured Contract” – The Essence of Contractual Liability Coverage ............................................ 1 1. Contractual Liability Exclusion and Exception .................................................................. 1 B. Mechanics of Determining Contractual Liability Coverage ............................................................ 2 1. Determine the Validity of the Indemnity Agreement ......................................................... 2 2. Determine Whether Covered Injuries are Alleged Against Indemnitee ............................. 3 3. Determine Whether Indemnity Agreement was Executed Prior to Covered Injury ........... 3 4. Determine Whether to Assume Defense of Indemnitee...................................................... 3 C. Sole Negligence Variation on “Insured Contract”........................................................................... 4 D. Insured Contract Exception to Employer’s Liability Exclusion ...................................................... 4 II. VALIDITY OF INDEMNITY AGREEMENT UNDER FAIR NOTICE RULES ......................... 5 A. Express Negligence Test.................................................................................................................. 5 1. -
Writing Sample
Writing Sample Office of Career Services What is the purpose of a writing sample? The purpose of a writing sample is to illustrate how you organize and express your thoughts in writing. Legal employers use the writing sample to determine whether your skills and abilities meet their standards. Your writing sample should demonstrate your legal reasoning and analytical skills as well as your ability to communicate succinctly. When should I submit a writing sample? You should only submit a writing sample when an employer ProTip! specifically requests it. It is recommended to take copies of your writing sample to an You should not send a writing sample when sending networking letters. interview and provide a copy upon request. What is the proper format? Page length: 5 to 10 pages, double-spaced. If an employer sets a minimum or maximum page limit, you should adhere to those specifications. The writing sample, including the cover page, should fit into the employer’s given page limit. You should also include a header or footer with your name and page number on every page. Note: It is important to note that there are some exceptions when applying for judicial clerkships. See your CSO for more information. How do I condense my writing sample? If your sample exceeds the page requirements, you can select an excerpt from the sample as long as you provide an explanation in the cover page of the context of the excerpt, including facts and issues that will provide the reader with a complete understanding of the work product. You should also ensure that the selected excerpt demonstrates your analytical and legal reasoning skills and ability to communicate clearly and concisely. -
Restoring Peace in the Battle of the Forms: a Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work, 69 N.C
NORTH CAROLINA LAW REVIEW Volume 69 | Number 3 Article 3 3-1-1991 Restoring Peace in the Battle of the orF ms: A Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work Caroline N. Brown Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Caroline N. Brown, Restoring Peace in the Battle of the Forms: A Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work, 69 N.C. L. Rev. 893 (1991). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol69/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Law Review by an authorized administrator of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RESTORING PEACE IN THE BATTLE OF THE FORMS: A FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE SECTION 2-207 WORK CAROLINE N. BROWN* The promulgation of Uniform Commercial Code section 2-207 led to a host of difficulties in interpretationand application. In this Article, ProfessorBrown argues that many of the problems associatedwith sec- tion 2-207 are avoided when one interpretsthe statute in light of its pre- Code foundation. Relying upon the commercial context and analogy to section 2-206(1)(b), she demonstrates that section 2-207 represents the latitude in acceptance implicitly extended by the offeror in the special context ofform contracts. She concludes that most additionalterms in the offeree's form automatically become part of the contract, limiting the "materialalteration" exclusion of subsection (2)(b) to terms which would be substantially surprising to the offeror. -
Impediment, Hardship, and the Excuse Doctrines
Pace International Law Review Volume 27 Issue 1 Commercial Edition Article 5 Spring 2015 April 2015 Contractual Excuse Under the CISG: Impediment, Hardship, and the Excuse Doctrines Larry A. DiMatteo Warrington College of Business Administration Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Contracts Commons, International Law Commons, and the International Trade Law Commons Recommended Citation Larry A. DiMatteo, Contractual Excuse Under the CISG: Impediment, Hardship, and the Excuse Doctrines, 27 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 258 (2015) Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol27/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace International Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 5. PROFESSOR LARRY DIMATTEO.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 4/29/15 5:20 PM CONTRACTUAL EXCUSE UNDER THE CISG: IMPEDIMENT, HARDSHIP, AND THE EXCUSE DOCTRINES Larry A. DiMatteo * I. Introduction II. Hardship in German and American Law a. German Notion of Changed Circumstances b. Doctrine of Impracticability in American Law III. EXCUSE AND HARDSHIP UNDER PICC AND PECL a. PICC b. PECL IV. APPLICATION OF EXCUSE AND HARDSHIP UNDER CISG ARTICLE 79: IMPOSSIBILITY AND HARDSHIP a. CISG Article 79 b. Is Impossibility or Act of God Always an Im- pediment under Article 79? c. Hardship as Excuse: Scope of Article 79 d. Argument for Hardship as Article 79 Excuse V. CISG JURISPRUDENCE: IMPOSSIBILITY AND FORESEEABILITY a. -
Force Majeure and Common Law Defenses | a National Survey | Shook, Hardy & Bacon
2020 — Force Majeure SHOOK SHB.COM and Common Law Defenses A National Survey APRIL 2020 — Force Majeure and Common Law Defenses A National Survey Contractual force majeure provisions allocate risk of nonperformance due to events beyond the parties’ control. The occurrence of a force majeure event is akin to an affirmative defense to one’s obligations. This survey identifies issues to consider in light of controlling state law. Then we summarize the relevant law of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. 2020 — Shook Force Majeure Amy Cho Thomas J. Partner Dammrich, II 312.704.7744 Partner Task Force [email protected] 312.704.7721 [email protected] Bill Martucci Lynn Murray Dave Schoenfeld Tom Sullivan Norma Bennett Partner Partner Partner Partner Of Counsel 202.639.5640 312.704.7766 312.704.7723 215.575.3130 713.546.5649 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] SHOOK SHB.COM Melissa Sonali Jeanne Janchar Kali Backer Erin Bolden Nott Davis Gunawardhana Of Counsel Associate Associate Of Counsel Of Counsel 816.559.2170 303.285.5303 312.704.7716 617.531.1673 202.639.5643 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] John Constance Bria Davis Erika Dirk Emily Pedersen Lischen Reeves Associate Associate Associate Associate Associate 816.559.2017 816.559.0397 312.704.7768 816.559.2662 816.559.2056 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Katelyn Romeo Jon Studer Ever Tápia Matt Williams Associate Associate Vergara Associate 215.575.3114 312.704.7736 Associate 415.544.1932 [email protected] [email protected] 816.559.2946 [email protected] [email protected] ATLANTA | BOSTON | CHICAGO | DENVER | HOUSTON | KANSAS CITY | LONDON | LOS ANGELES MIAMI | ORANGE COUNTY | PHILADELPHIA | SAN FRANCISCO | SEATTLE | TAMPA | WASHINGTON, D.C. -
Commercial Impracticability - an Overview
Duquesne Law Review Volume 13 Number 3 Article 5 1975 Commercial Impracticability - An Overview Robert Sommer Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/dlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Robert Sommer, Commercial Impracticability - An Overview, 13 Duq. L. Rev. 521 (1975). Available at: https://dsc.duq.edu/dlr/vol13/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Duquesne Law Review by an authorized editor of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. Commercial Impracticability-An Overview Robert Sommer* As shortages become more severe and prices continue to climb, both suppliers and purchasers are confronted with increasingly more burdensome performance arising from long-term, set-price contracts. As performance becomes more burdensome, greater num- bers of beleaguered promisors will turn to § 2-615 of the Uniform Commercial Code in hopes of excusing nonperformance. The pur- pose of this article is to discuss the doctrine of impracticability as codified in § 2-615. This article will discuss the historical antece- dents of the doctrine of impracticability, the mechanics set up by the Code to regulate the operation of the doctrine, case law applying the Code mechanics and, finally, a few questions left unanswered by the Code. I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND A. Overview The early common law excused performance of duties imposed by law on grounds of impossibility but refused to excuse performance of contractual obligations on the same grounds.' The theory was that a promise was absolute unless, and only to the extent, qualified by the promisor. -
All Risks of Loss V. All Loss: an Examination of Broad Form Insurance Coverages John P
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Notre Dame Law School: NDLScholarship Notre Dame Law Review Volume 34 | Issue 3 Article 3 5-1-1959 All Risks of Loss v. All Loss: An Examination of Broad Form Insurance Coverages John P. Gorman Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation John P. Gorman, All Risks of Loss v. All Loss: An Examination of Broad Form Insurance Coverages, 34 Notre Dame L. Rev. 346 (1959). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol34/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Law Review by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALL RISKS OF LOSS v. ALL LOSS: AN EXAMINATION OF BROAD FORM INSURANCE COVERAGES John P. Gorman* Introduction There is ample evidence in recent times to show that people who are interested in the protections offered by insurance are demanding broader forms of coverage upon fixed property, chiefly dwellings and the contents of dwellings. This is understandable enough, in view of the manifold perils to which all types of property are subjected in our times. With large urban con- centrations growing larger, and with the increasing number of people and sit- uations to which a person must expose himself just to live in a complex so- ciety, the need for extensive and comprehensive insurance coverage is evident. -
Beyond Unconscionability: the Case for Using "Knowing Assent" As the Basis for Analyzing Unbargained-For Terms in Standard Form Contracts
Beyond Unconscionability: The Case for Using "Knowing Assent" as the Basis for Analyzing Unbargained-for Terms in Standard Form Contracts Edith R. Warkentinet I. INTRODUCTION People who sign standard form contracts' rarely read them.2 Coun- sel for one party (or one industry) generally prepare standard form con- tracts for repetitive use in consecutive transactions.3 The party who has t Professor of Law, Western State University College of Law, Fullerton, California. The author thanks Western State for its generous research support, Western State colleague Professor Phil Merkel for his willingness to read this on two different occasions and his terrifically helpful com- ments, Whittier Law School Professor Patricia Leary for her insightful comments, and Professor Andrea Funk for help with early drafts. 1. Friedrich Kessler, in a pioneering work on contracts of adhesion, described the origins of standard form contracts: "The development of large scale enterprise with its mass production and mass distribution made a new type of contract inevitable-the standardized mass contract. A stan- dardized contract, once its contents have been formulated by a business firm, is used in every bar- gain dealing with the same product or service .... " Friedrich Kessler, Contracts of Adhesion- Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract, 43 COLUM. L. REV. 628, 631-32 (1943). 2. Professor Woodward offers an excellent explanation: Real assent to any given term in a form contract, including a merger clause, depends on how "rational" it is for the non-drafter (consumer and non-consumer alike) to attempt to understand what is in the form. This, in turn, is primarily a function of two observable facts: (1) the complexity and obscurity of the term in question and (2) the size of the un- derlying transaction.