Nutrition in Heterotrophs

 Required Nutrients  Water

 Carbohydrates

 Lipids

 Proteins

 Minerals

 Vitamins Water

 Makes up ~90% of some animals

 Makes up a major portion of many body parts

 Humans require at least 1 L / day Carbohydrates

 Main source of energy

 High in bulk fiber

 Refined carbohydrates do not supply need

 Obesity

 American consumption ~2 lb refined sugar/week Lipids

 Parts of membranes

 Energy reserves

 Essential fatty acids

 (olive oil, canola oil)

 Saturated fats

 Roughly 40% of American diet Proteins

 Consist of amino acids hooked together aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-…

 20 amino acids

 8 essential amino acids  Animal protein contains all 20 amino acids

 Vegetables do not contain required balance of amino acids for humans Vegetarian diet

 a vegetable does not provide complete protein

 Complementarities can supply all essential amino acids.

 Beans supply – lysine

 corn supply – methionine

Fig. 41.4 Minerals

 17 essential minerals  Inorganic substances: Iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, sulfur, potassium, chloride, magnesium, etc.

 Required for growth, metabolism, survival

 Deficiencies – stunted growth or weak Vitamins

 13 essential vitamins

 Complex organic compounds

 Play metabolic role – cofactors and coenzymes

 Animals cannot synthesize themselves Vitamins Water Soluble vitamins  Taken in excess – eliminated in urine generally do no harm  C

 B complex (B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin)

Fat Soluble vitamins  Taken in excess – stored in fatty tissues can cause serious health problems  A  D  E  K Water Soluble Vitamins

Need Source Too Little Too Much C collagen synth., Fruits and Scurvy, poor diarrhea, inhibits free vegetables healing, digestive radicals, builds impaired upsets bone, & teeth immunity B Coenzyme action meat, Varies None in most complex green leafy Niacin - skin vegetables, flushing whole grains B6 –impaired coordination nervous function, Meat, dairy, Anemia, non– toxic B12 coenzyme in yeast impaired nucleic acid vegan diet - nerve metabolism limited function Fat Soluble Vitamins Need Source Too little Too much A Vision, bone, Beta carotene- night skin changes, teeth yellow or green blindness, vomiting, leafy vegetables dry skin, bone & liver poor damage immunity D Bone growth; Formed in skin, bone retarded growth, mineralization fortified milk, deformities kidney damage Ca absorption yolks (Rickets) E counters free Whole grains, anemia, muscle weakness, radicals, dark-green leafy nerve fatigue, maintains cell vegetables, damage headaches, membranes vegetable oil nausea K Blood clotting, Enterobacteria, Hemorrhage jaundice, liver ATP formation Leafy damage, anemia vegetables Simple Digestive Processes 1. Intracellular Digestion

Amoeba

Paramecium Phagocytosis Simple Digestive Processes 2. Extracellular Digestion

 carbohydrates  simple sugar

 proteins  amino acids

 lipids  glycerol & fatty acids Digestive Systems

1. Incomplete digestive system

- Gastrovascular Cavity

Hydra Tentacles Mouth

Phagocytosis – Intracellular Digestion

Extracellular Digestion Gastrovascular Cavity Incomplete Digestive System

Planaria 2. Complete Digestive System

“ a tube within a tube construction”

 Mouth

 Pharynx

 Esophagus

 Crop/gizzard

 Stomach

 Intestine

 Anus

Annelids – Segmented Worms Complete Digestive System

Mollusks

Roundworms Digestive System Functions

1. Mechanical Processing – breakdown, mixing, and food movement 2. Secretion – release of digestive enzymes that aid digestion 3. Digestion – breakdown of food particles 4. Absorption – passage of digested nutrients and fluid from the tube (extracellular space) into the body’s cells 5. Elimination – explusion of undigested materials Bird Specializations

Arthropods BirdGizzard Specializations Stomach

Chordates - birds Ruminant Specializations Vertebrate Mouth Specializations Teeth Specialization

Incisors

Canines

Molars Carnivore Herbivore: Teeth Specialization

Incisors

Molars

Rodent – Gnawing

Grazing Circulatory Systems

Single-celled organisms

O2 & Food

CO2 & Waste Circulatory Systems

 Rapidly transports substances to and from cells  May carry gases, food, chemical messages, waste material and living cells  Interstitial fluid bathes tissues  Heart – muscular blood vessel that acts as a pump 1. Open Circulatory Systems Open Circulatory System

Snails Open Circulatory System

Land Arthropods 2. Closed Circulatory System Fish – 2 chambered heart

1 ventricle 1 atrium Amphibians – 3-chambered heart

1 ventricle 2 atria Birds and Mammals – 4-chambered heart

 2 ventricles 2 atria

 Atrium – thin-walled; receives blood from body; pumps to ventricle

 Ventricle – muscular wall; forces blood into major arteries Cellular Respiration

 C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + energy

 Respiration in Water and Air  aquatic environments

 terrestrial environments Animal Gas Exchange

 Protists – direct diffusion of gases Gas Exchange – surface exchange vascular exchange Gas Exchange – surface/vascular exchange

Earthworms Gas Exchange - Gills Gas Exchange - Lungs Gas Exchange - Trachea

Terrestrial Insects Gills

Fish Gill Filament Countercurrent Exchange

Gas Exchange – Lungs

Amphibians Gas Exchange – Birds Air Flow

34% efficient, no air mixing Gas Exchange – Human