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Homalomena Giamensis, a New Species from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, with Observations on Its Pollination

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Homalomena Giamensis, a New Species from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, with Observations on Its Pollination L. S. TUNG, S. Y. WONG, P. C. BOYCE, 2010 201 Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo VI: Homalomena giamensis, a New Species from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, with Observations on its Pollination Tung Lay Soon and Wong Sin Yeng Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Samarahan Sarawak, Malaysia Peter C. Boyce Visiting Scientist Pusat Pengajian Sains Kajihayat [School of Biological Sciences] Universiti Sains Malaysia1l800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia ABSTRACT KEYWORDS A new species, Homalomena giamensis Araceae, Homalomena giamensis, polli­ L.S.Tung, S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce, is de­ nation, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Ruteli­ scribed and illustrated from karst limestone nae, Parastasia bimaculata, karst lime­ formations at Kampung Giam, Kuching stone, Sarawak, Borneo. Division, SW Sarawak, to where it is locally endemic. As part of an ongoing project to INTRODUCTION investigate triggers and barriers in specia­ Homalomena is a predominantly Asian tion processes in Homalomena, observa­ genus of terrestrial or lithophytic solitary, tions of the pollination of Homalomena clumping, rarely scandent, very rarely giamensis were undertaken to record climbing, mesophytic, rarely helophytic, inflorescence mechanics, interactions with usually aromatic herbs occurring mainly insect visitors, and determine the pollina­ in shady perhumid or everwet forest. The tor. Five insect genera visited during genus has several centers of diversity in SE anthesis-Diptera: Drosophilidae (Coloca­ Asia, notably Sumatera and New Guinea, siomyia); Coeleoptera: Chrysomelidae: with the greatest representation on Borneo (Chaloenus & Dercetina sp.); Nitidulidae where there are perhaps in excess of 300 (genus undetermined), and Scarabaeidae: species, virtually all endemic, and with Rutelinae (Parastasia bimaculata Guerin). fewer than 20 species formally described The pollinator was determined to be the (Wong & Boyce, in press). ruteline scarab. Parastasia bimaculata is a Homalomena in Sarawak is presently rather widespread species in tropical Asia, the subject of study by a taxonomic and and has previously recorded as a pollinat­ systematic consortium coordinated from ing agent for one Bornean Homalomena. A UNIMAS (for outputs to date see, e.g., review of pollination studies of tropical Boyce & Wong, 2008, 2009; Boyce & Wong, Asian aroids to date is given. in press; Boyce & Wong, in prep.; Boyce et al., 2010; Wong & Boyce, in press; Wong et al., in press; Ng et al., in prep.). This paper Corresponding author: sywong@frst. is the first in a series investigating incidence unimas.my of pollinator guild niche partitioning as one 202 A ROJDEANA, Vol. 33 Plate 1. Homalomena giamensis L.S.Tung, S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce. A. Plant in habitat. ote the glossy bright green leaves. B. Detail of the petiolar sheaths and prophyll. C. Detail of sinus. D . Peti ole showing the pul vinus. E. Inflorescence at late pistillate anthesis. Note the spadix has extended beyond the spathe limb, the Colocasiomyia fli es o n the spathe limb, and the Pm'astasia beetl e visible inside the inflorescence. Note too that the length of the lower spathe exceeds that of the spathe limb. L. S. TUNG, S. Y. WONG, P. C. BOYCE, 2010 203 of the mechanisms to attempt to explain the thence tubular-apiculate for ca. 2-3 mm; extremely high rates of local and micro­ posterior lobes short, straight, ovate to endemic sympatric and parapatric often ovato-triangular, sinus rather narrow, lobes synchronously flowering species that occur 6-9 cm long; midrib raised abaxially green in Homalomena. when fresh, adaxially sunken slightly into lamina, ca. 3 mm wide, with ca. 9-11 TAXONOMY primary lateral veins on each side, diverg­ ing at 30°-80° from the midrib, adaxially Homalomena giamensis L.S.Tung, impressed abaxially slightly raised, distal­ S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce sp. nov. most veins curved slightly towards the apex when near the margin, interprimary veins Haec species notabilis ab combinatio barely distinguished from the primary folHs cordatis claroviride nitens, subtus lateral veins, alternating irregularly with non-glauca, venis primariis impressis primaries; secondary venation obscure, spathe inferior cum lamina spathae long­ running parallel to the interprimary veins, iore et inflorescentia mascula per anthesin striate; tertiary venation not visible; all quam resin producto. Typus: MALAYSIA, veins running into a slightly thickened Sarawak, Kuching Division, Siburan, Kam­ intermarginal vein. Inflorescences up to pung Giam, 01°19'16.1"; 110°16'16.7", 20 5 together, erect and smelling powerfully of June 2009, P.CBoyce & Wong Sin Yeng AR- anethol (anise) at anthesis, thence decli­ 2558 (holotypus SAR). nate, subtending prophyll, short, usually Paratype: Malaysia, Sarawak, Kuching less than 5 cm long; peduncle to ca. 25 cm Division, Siburan, Kampung Giam, Air long X ca. 5 mm diam. at the spathe Terjun Giam, 01°19'11.2"; 110°16'11.4", 7 insertion, glossy pale green. Spathe ca. 9- Feb. 2006, P.G.Boyce, leland ak Kisai & 11 em long, tightly furled prior to anthesis, Wong Sin YengAR-1691 (SAR). Plates 1 & 2. lower spathe inflating at pistillate anthesis Medium, somewhat robust, strongly ar­ and the margins gaping to partially reveal omatic (camphor) evergreen glabrous me­ spadix, margins also recurving, spathe limb sophytic herbs to ca. 1 m tall. Stem loosening at pistillate anthesis, thence pleionanthic, erect to ascending, ca. 3 cm inflating and then opening wide, spathe thick, medium green, internodes to ca. 1 cm interior white at anthesis, exterior pale long. Leaves up to ca. 15 together, ca. 6 glossy green with numerous faint longitu­ per module; modules starting with a dinal striae; spathe fully closing post conspicuous 2-keeled short-duration pro­ anthesis, and then turning pale green and phyllto 30 cm long, medium-green, glossy; eventually dark green; lower spathe petiole erect, 40-45 cm long, sub-terete ovoid-ellipsoid, twice as long at spathe except for the distal-most portion where limb, ca. 6-7 cm long, moderately con­ very shallowly dorsally channeled with stricted at the junction of the spathe limb, rounded margins, obscurely pulvinate ca. the constriction coinciding with junction of 2/3 along length, pulvinus ca. 4 cm long, the staminate and pistillate flower zones; petiole bases clasping, petiole bright green spathe limb ovato-triangular, ca. 3-4 cm with obscure longitudinal darker green long X ca. 3.5 cm wide (at staminate striae; petiolar sheath ca. 6-10 cm long, anthesis), limb margins very slightly recur­ ca. 1/3 of petiole length, equal, persistent, ving at staminate anthesis, apex stiffly decurrent at apex, margin erect, pale glossy mucronate to ca. 4 mm long. SPadix green; lamina rather broadly ovato-sagit­ exceeding the spathe by rapid spadix tate, 18-30 cm long X 14-25 cm wide, extension at anthesis onset, ca. 10.5 cm rubbery-leathery and somewhat quilted long, briefly stipitate; spadix contracting between the primary and interprimary post anthesis and entirely enclosed in veins, glossy bright green adaxially, paler persistent spathe throughout the fruiting green abaxially, base cordate to sagittato­ period; stipe ca. 3 mm long X 2 mm diam., cordate, tip acute, acuminate for ca. 2 cm weakly gibbose-cylindrical, and inserted 204 AROIDEANA, Vol. 33 slightly obliquely on peduncle, glossy Notes white; pistiUateflower zone ca. 3.75 cm Homalomena giamensis belongs to the long X ca. 1 cm wide, slightly less than ca. Cyrtocladon supergroup (sensu Boyce & 1/3 length of spadix, weakly fusiform; Wong, 2008), and is one of a medium­ pistils ca. 2 mm X 1 mm, rather densely sized species-complex, all currently unde­ arranged, stoutly globose-cylindrical, scribed, with glossy bright green, rather somewhat trapezoidal-compressed where rubbery-leathery cordate leaf laminae with pressed against adjacent pistils, very pale impressed primary venation, powerfully yellow-white, each pistil associated with a aromatic (camphor) vegetative tissues, ventrally located large staminode; style large, soon-degrading prophylls, the length barely differentiated; stigma globose-cap­ of the lower spathe exceeding that of the itate, smaller than ovary diam., pale gray; spathe limb, conspicuous interpistillar sta­ interpistiUar staminodes stoutly abrupt­ minodes, and the staminate portion of the ly globose-clavate on a slender stipe, spadix producing amber-colored resin clavate portion ca. 0.5 mm diam., slightly droplets during anthesis. overtopping the associated pistil, waxy white; suprapistiUar interstice zone Etymology absent; staminate flower zone to ca. 6 cm long, ca. 2/3 length of spadix, lowest From Kampung Giam, the type and only portion composed of a few sterile staminate known locality. flowers, fertile portion producing large numerous amber-colored resin droplets POLLINATION during late pistillate and at onset of staminate anthesis, these particularly to­ History wards the spadix tip, from where they Until recently pollination studies of flow down the spadix, mixing with the tropical Asian Araceae have almost exclu­ pollen strands; staminate flowers well sively been undertaken by Japanese ento­ defined from one another, ca. 2.5 mm X mological researchers, a few non-Japanese 1 mm trapezoid, comprising 3-5 truncate collaborators, and students undertaking stamens, each overtopped by a large, degrees in Japan. Notable among the flat synconnective, anthers marginal Japanese are Masako Honda-Yafuso with pollen extruded in strings and exiting
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