Prevalence of heavy fuel oil and black carbon in Arctic shipping, 2015 to 2025 BRYAN COMER, NAYA OLMER, XIAOLI MAO, BISWAJOY ROY, DAN RUTHERFORD MAY 2017 www.theicct.org
[email protected] BEIJING | BERLIN | BRUSSELS | SAN FRANCISCO | WASHINGTON ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank James J. Winebrake for his critical review and advice, along with our colleagues Joe Schultz, Jen Fela, and Fanta Kamakaté for their review and support. The authors would like to acknowledge exactEarth for providing satellite Automatic Identification System data and for data processing support. The authors sincerely thank the ClimateWorks Foundation for funding this study. For additional information: International Council on Clean Transportation 1225 I Street NW, Suite 900, Washington DC 20005
[email protected] | www.theicct.org | @TheICCT © 2017 International Council on Clean Transportation TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. iv 1. Introduction and Background ............................................................................................1 1.1 Heavy fuel oil ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Black carbon .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Policy context ..................................................................................................................................4