DOCSLIB.ORG

Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum Maculatum (Araceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum Maculatum (Araceae) M. CHARTIER AND M. GIBERNAU, 2009 153 Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum maculatum (Araceae) Marion Chartier and Marc Gibernau* Universite Paul Sabatier ~boratoire d'Evolution & Diversite Biologique (UMR 5174) Bat.4R3·B2 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France ABSTRACT KEYWORDS For entomophilous species, the size­ Size-advantage model, resources alloca­ advantage model predicts a bias to the tion, flower number, floral sex-ratio. female function with resource increase. This model has been shown to be ex­ INfRODUCTION pressed on Arum italicum Mill. (Araceae), Proposed by Ghiselin 0969, quoted in whose bigger or latest inflorescences are Lloyd & Bawa, 1984), the size-advantage female-biased. Here, we characterise the reproductive-trait variations of Arum ma­ model postulates a sex change when an increase in body size is related to differen­ culatum 1., a closely related species that is tial abilities to produce or sire offspring. For smaller and produces a single inflorescence per year. entomophilous plant species, such as Aroids, the size-advantage model predicts By measuring the different floral parts a female-biased gender expression with and counting the flower number of differ­ size increase (Klinkhamer et al., 1997). This ently-sized inflorescences, we showed that is expressed by a proportionally bigger (1) for A. maculatum, 34% of spadix size is increase of the female function than the allocated to the appendix, 12% for female male function in bigger individuals. This flowers and 7% for male flowers. Due to its topic has been mainly studied in Araceae size range, A. maculatum could in a on Arisaema species presenting an extreme manner be considered as a "small" A. reproductive variation with a gender mod­ italicum. (2) As for A. italicum, the ification according to size (Gusman & appendix size is the longest part of the Gusman, 2003). Apart from Arisaema, this inflorescence, and increases proportionally question has been mainly studied on Arum more than the male and female parts size italicum. It has been shown in this species with plant vigour. This is not surprising, as that there is a disproportionate allocation to the appendix is an essential attracting the appendix versus the floral parts, with a organ for pollinators. (3) There is no length representing 44% of the spadix size correlation in A. maculatum between the (Mendez, 1998; Gibernau & Albre, 2008), flowers number and the other floral char­ and a mass representing 29% of the total acters, and no bias for female part size in inflorescence weight (Mendez, 2001). Such bigger inflorescences. Thus, contrary to A. results are not surprising as the appendix is italicum, there is no expression of the size­ the inflorescence's attractive organ, pro­ advantage model for A. maculatum, whose ducing heat and volatile organic com­ range of sizes might be too small. Another pounds (Bermadinger-Stabentheiner & Sta­ explanation is selection for a high number bentheiner, 1995; Kite et al., 1998; Diaz & of male gametes that may counterbalance Kite, 2002). In general, fertile parts and the potential bias for female flowers. appendix weights increase with plant vigour, which is representative of an * e-mail: [email protected] increase of the reproductive effort when 154 AROIDEANA, Vol. 32 resources become more abundant (Men­ one diptera species, the midge Psychoda dez, 1998; Gibernau & Albre, 2008). In phalaenoides whereas A. italicum is polli­ Spanish A. italicum, Mendez (2001) nated by several diptera species (Lack & showed that the mass allocated to male Diaz, 1991; Diaz & Kite, 2002; Albre et al., flowers increases proportionally more than 2003). In a way, we can consider from a for female flowers with increase in the pollination point of view that A. macula­ inflorescence's weight, which is in contra­ tum may be a "specialist" and A. italicum diction with the size-advantage model rather an "opportunist" species. Another prediction. However, the same author difference is that mature plants of Arum (1998) found no significant difference maculatum generally produce only one between the proportional increase of male inflorescence whereas mature Arum itali­ and female flower number with spadix size cum produce an average of two inflores­ increase. On the contrary, in the South of cences (Albre & Gibernau, 2008). France, Gibernau & Albre (2008) found that The aim of this paper is to document the female flower number increased pro­ the reproductive characters of Arum portionally more than male flowers with maculatum in three different French spadix size increase in A. italicum, show­ populations, and to characterize its allo­ ing that a bias to female parts can exist, cation strategy. Does A. maculatum, which is in accordance to the size-advan­ which produces a single inflorescence tage model. Thus, A. italicum floral sex per year, express the size-advantage ratio, which is male-biased (mean = .74), model for big inflorescences? Does its decreases with spadix size increase (Giber­ higher pollinator-specificity result in a nau & Albre, 2008). Furthermore, the sex different resource allocation in terms of ratio from the last inflorescences (which are the relative appendix size or the numbers smaller) tends to be female-biased (Men­ of fertile flowers? dez, 1998) which is also in accordance with the sized-advantage model, as the more MATERIALS AND METHODS vigorous plants are the ones able to produce up to three inflorescences per 34 inflorescences of Arum maculatum L. year. Then, when considering the floral were collected during the spring of 2008 in parts size and mass variations, the resourc­ 3 populations situated in Bagneres-de­ es allocation in A. italicum seems to be Bigorre (Midi-Pyrenees, France), La Louba­ different for female parts, for which an tiere (Languedoc-RoussilIon, France) and increase in size would rather be due to an Smarves (Poitou-Charentes, France). The increase in flower size, than it is for male inflorescences were collected before the parts, for which an increase in size may release of pollen and preserved in 70% likely be due to an increase of flower alcohol. number (Mendez, 2001; Gibernau & Albre, The lengths of the different parts of the 2008). spadix, i.e. fertile male and female zones Here, we study the floral variations and and appendix, were measured with a the expression of the size-advantage model digital calliper. Moreover, male and female of Arum maculatum (L.). Its flowering flowers per inflorescence were counted on cycle is protogynous; female flowers being 13 inflorescences. receptive before stamens release the pol­ Data analyses consisting of linear regres­ len. Arum maculatum is pollinated by sions, Shapiro tests, Bartlett tests, ANCOVA deceived diptera attracted by the floral (for differences between regression odour mimicking the odour of their ovi­ slopes), as well as a Kruskal-Wallis test positing site (sapromyophily) (Gibernau et followed by a multiple comparison test (for al., 2004). The deceiving odour is pro­ inter populations differences of floral part duced by a sterile organ situated at the apex sizes) were performed using R 2.5.1 (2007) of the inflorescence called the appendix. software. Codes are available from M. Arum maculatum is mainly pollinated by Chartier. M. CHARTIER AND M. GIBERNAU, 2009 155 RESULTS '3~-;'C; g ..... rv") ..... Morphology ~~t ~C\j""'; The mean sizes of the different parts of a ~ tI tI +1 ~=d-1 ,-... C"cc the inflorescences are shown in Table 1. ~C\j<V)" r <'1') ..... The appendix appears to be the most ~ ~ II S',u~z important part of the inflorescence, rep­ I'-' fIl resenting 33.8 :!: 5.4% of the total spadix ~ i21 length. The fertile parts are shorter than =U \0 '<I'· ('(').. 00 '<I' the appendix representing 11.9 :!: 1.9% of 5 ~1 ~ .-t I'.-t . rIJ 1 U I'-' the total spadix length for the female ,-,i-sa: U e tI +1 tI tI ('(')'<1'\0\0 zone and 7.2 :!: .9% for the male zone rl '§ "d 0 "NOO...r (Table 1). Moreover, the female zone 13 ; = \0 N appears to be 1.6 times longer than the 1 d.!3U~ U =~ male zone. The inflorescences from the ~ ~ 2 population of Bagneres-de-Bigorre ap­ . 00 1rI.......... " . pear to be longer than in the two other "d~ a1Q Q~ populations (Table 1). Zone lengths are ; j ~ : ~ +1 +1 tI significantly different. between popula­ 8oq~~ S' 5.,s ;: ..... 1rIrv") ..... " tions only for the male part (X22• 4= 7.07, 3 rIJ 8. ~ ~ df = 2, P = .03), Bagnere-de-Bigorre +1 ~ fIl .-t .d Q having significantly longer male zone ~ ; ~ !! '-' length than Smarves (P < .05). U~ U 0 ~ ..........· N'<I'.-t The mean numbers of male and female ,g ~ froB .-t\O.-t.-t 1'-' fIlrf')U"d flowers are shown in Table 2. Here again, +1 +1 +1 tI in the population of Bagneres-de-Bigorre, ~.s-s ; I' N \0 If\ v\"oov\ inflorescences seems to have more flowers I'N ~fIl: than in the two other populations. But f~· 1 ~tfll inflorescence numbers per population are too low to test for any difference between .s]5i C'o.!C populations. ~C\j~ ~ ~!~ ,-... ~ +1 +1 tI Intra-plant relationships C'<;t<CC'o.! ~2;,s ~cC\j" ~ rv") ..... The three measured floral zones sizes eQl~ '-' were positively correlated with the spadix ~~=ar ,~ size, which is logical due to the autocorre­ i!Jl I i 1). 00 I' If\ lation of these traits (Fig. The appendix Q!,sd i • .. '<I' length increases proportionally more ~ ~ 1I' If\.-t • t.s Q 3 '-' tI +1 tI +1 (slope = .5) than the male (slope = .06) a U ~ ~ ~ Q, .!3 \O.-tNo\ and female zone lengths (slope= .07). is "d. oo"",;oo...r fIl ; rl \0 N Surprisingly, male and female zone size i is U ~ 1 slopes are not Significantly different (F1•32 f ts 'i = .11, P= .75) i.e.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Liliaceae S.L. (Lily Family)
    Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Photo: Ben Legler Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Lilium columbianum Xerophyllum tenax Trillium ovatum Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Fritillaria lanceolata Ref.1 Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Erythronium americanum Allium vineale Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Herbs; Ref.2 Stems often modified as underground rhizomes, corms, or bulbs; Flowers actinomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals, 6 stamens, 3 carpels, ovary superior (or inferior). Tulipa gesneriana Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) “Liliaceae” s.l. (sensu lato: “in the broad sense”) - Lily family; 288 genera/4950 species, including Lilium, Allium, Trillium, Tulipa; This family is treated in a very broad sense in this class, as in the Flora of the Pacific Northwest. The “Liliaceae” s.l. taught in this class is not monophyletic. It is apparent now that the family should be treated in a narrower sense and some of the members should form their own families. Judd et al. recognize 15+ families: Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amarylidaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Dracaenaceae (Nolinaceae), Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae, Ruscaceae, Smilacaceae, Themidaceae, Trilliaceae, Uvulariaceae and more!!! (see web reading “Consider the Lilies”) Iridaceae (Iris family) Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae (Iris family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Sisyrinchium douglasii Sisyrinchium sp. Iridaceae (Iris family) Iridaceae - 78 genera/1750 species, Including Iris, Gladiolus, Sisyrinchium. Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial; Underground stems as rhizomes, bulbs, or corms; Leaves alternate, 2-ranked and equitant Ref.3 (oriented edgewise to the stem; Gladiolus italicus Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals; Stamens 3; Ovary of 3 fused carpels, inferior.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Common Native & Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska
    Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska Cover photographs by (top to bottom, left to right): Tara Chestnut/Hannah E. Anderson, Jamie Fenneman, Vanessa Morgan, Dana Visalli, Jamie Fenneman, Lynda K. Moore and Denny Lassuy. Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska This document is based on An Aquatic Plant Identification Manual for Washington’s Freshwater Plants, which was modified with permission from the Washington State Department of Ecology, by the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University for Alaska Department of Fish and Game US Fish & Wildlife Service - Coastal Program US Fish & Wildlife Service - Aquatic Invasive Species Program December 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................ x Introduction Overview ............................................................................. xvi How to Use This Manual .................................................... xvi Categories of Special Interest Imperiled, Rare and Uncommon Aquatic Species ..................... xx Indigenous Peoples Use of Aquatic Plants .............................. xxi Invasive Aquatic Plants Impacts ................................................................................. xxi Vectors ................................................................................. xxii Prevention Tips .................................................... xxii Early Detection and Reporting
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Albre, J., Quilichini, A. & Gibernau, M., 2003. Pollination ecology of Arum italicum (Araceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141(2), 205–214. Allen, G. 1881. The Evolutionist at Large, Chatto & Windus. Available at: http://archive.org/details/ evolutionistatl00allegoog [accessed 19 August, 2012]. Allen, G. 1897. The Evolution of the Idea of God: An Inquiry into the Origins of Religion, H. Holt and company. Available at: http://archive.org/details/evolutionideago00allegoog [accessed 19 August, 2012]. Anon., 1526. The Grete Herball. Translated from French by Peter Treveris: London. Anon., 1833. History of Vegetable Substances Used in the Arts, in Domestic Economy, and for the Food of Man, Boston, Lilly, Wait, Colman and Holden. Available at: http://archive.org/details/ historyofvegetab02bostiala [accessed 12 January, 2013]. Anon., 1838. Stone quarries and beyond. The Penny Magazine. Available at: http:// quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/isle_of_portland.html [accessed 12 January, 2013]. Anon., 1861. The Physicians of Myddvai; Meddygon Myddvai, or The Medical Practice of the Celebrated Riwallon and his Sons, of Myddvai, in Caermarthenshire, Physicians to Rhys Gryg, Lord of Dynevor and Ystrad Towy, about the Middle of the Thirteenth Century, Llandovery: D.J. Roderic, London, Longman & Co. Available at: http://archive.org/details/ physiciansofmydd00llan [accessed 12 January, 2013]. Anon., 2004. Arum maculatum (for advanced foragers only). BushcraftUK. Available at: http:// www.bushcraftuk.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3862 [accessed 12 January, 2013]. Anon., 2008. Herbal Medicine Diploma Course. A Brief History of Herbalism. Lesson 1. Anon., 2012. Wihtburh [Withburga]. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available at: https:// en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wihtburh&oldid =530340470 [accessed 12 January, 2013].
    [Show full text]
  • Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum Italicum (Araceae)
    M. GIBERNAU,]. ALBRE, 2008 101 Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum italicum (Araceae) Marc Gibernau· and Jerome Albre Universite Paul Sabatier Laboratoire d'Evolution & Diversite Biologique (UMR 5174) Bat.4R3-B2 31062 Toulouse cedex 9 France *e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION In Arum, bigger individuals should An extreme form of flowering character proportionally invest more in the female variations according to the size is gender function (number or weight of female modification, which occurs in several flowers) than the male. The aim of this species of Arisaema (Clay, 1993). Individ­ paper is to quantify variations in repro­ ual plant gender changes from pure male, ductive characters (size of the spadix when small, to monoecious (A. dracon­ parts, number of inflorescences) in rela­ tium) or pure female (A. ringens) when tion to plant and inflorescence sizes. The large (Gusman & Gusman, 2003). This appendix represents 44% of the spadix gender change is reversible, damaged length. The female zone length represents female individuals will flower as male the 16.5% of the spadix length and is much following year (Lovett Doust & Cavers, longer than the male zone (6%). Moreover 1982). These changes are related to change these three spadix zones increase with in plant size and are explained by the plant vigour indicating an increasing size-advantage model. The size-advantage investment into reproduction and pollina­ model postulates a sex change when an tor attraction. It appears that the length of increase in body size is related to differen­ appendix increased proportionally more tial abilities to produce or sire offspring than the lengths of the fertile zones.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Plants of Bendigo
    Produced by Indigenous Plants of Bendigo Indigenous Plants of Bendigo PMS 1807 RED PMS 432 GREY PMS 142 GOLD A Gardener’s Guide to Growing and Protecting Local Plants 3rd Edition 9 © Copyright City of Greater Bendigo and Bendigo Native Plant Group Inc. This work is Copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the City of Greater Bendigo. First Published 2004 Second Edition 2007 Third Edition 2013 Printed by Bendigo Modern Press: www.bmp.com.au This book is also available on the City of Greater Bendigo website: www.bendigo.vic.gov.au Printed on 100% recycled paper. Disclaimer “The information contained in this publication is of a general nature only. This publication is not intended to provide a definitive analysis, or discussion, on each issue canvassed. While the Committee/Council believes the information contained herein is correct, it does not accept any liability whatsoever/howsoever arising from reliance on this publication. Therefore, readers should make their own enquiries, and conduct their own investigations, concerning every issue canvassed herein.” Front cover - Clockwise from centre top: Bendigo Wax-flower (Pam Sheean), Hoary Sunray (Marilyn Sprague), Red Ironbark (Pam Sheean), Green Mallee (Anthony Sheean), Whirrakee Wattle (Anthony Sheean). Table of contents Acknowledgements ...............................................2 Foreword..........................................................3 Introduction.......................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Pollinator–Plant Interaction Types in the Araceae
    BRIEF COMMUNICATION doi:10.1111/evo.12318 THE EVOLUTION OF POLLINATOR–PLANT INTERACTION TYPES IN THE ARACEAE Marion Chartier,1,2 Marc Gibernau,3 and Susanne S. Renner4 1Department of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Ecologie des Foretsˆ de Guyane, 97379 Kourou, France 4Department of Biology, University of Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany Received August 6, 2013 Accepted November 17, 2013 Most plant–pollinator interactions are mutualistic, involving rewards provided by flowers or inflorescences to pollinators. An- tagonistic plant–pollinator interactions, in which flowers offer no rewards, are rare and concentrated in a few families including Araceae. In the latter, they involve trapping of pollinators, which are released loaded with pollen but unrewarded. To understand the evolution of such systems, we compiled data on the pollinators and types of interactions, and coded 21 characters, including interaction type, pollinator order, and 19 floral traits. A phylogenetic framework comes from a matrix of plastid and new nuclear DNA sequences for 135 species from 119 genera (5342 nucleotides). The ancestral pollination interaction in Araceae was recon- structed as probably rewarding albeit with low confidence because information is available for only 56 of the 120–130 genera. Bayesian stochastic trait mapping showed that spadix zonation, presence of an appendix, and flower sexuality were correlated with pollination interaction type. In the Araceae, having unisexual flowers appears to have provided the morphological precon- dition for the evolution of traps. Compared with the frequency of shifts between deceptive and rewarding pollination systems in orchids, our results indicate less lability in the Araceae, probably because of morphologically and sexually more specialized inflorescences.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the Quality of Ornamental Bulbous with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (Pgpr)
    ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 7 | Issue: 5 | May 2021|| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor 2021: 8.047 || ISI Value: 1.188 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF ORNAMENTAL BULBOUS WITH PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) Domenico Prisa1 , Alessandra Benati2 1CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia, PT, Italy 2Associazione P.A.C.M.E. Le Tribù della Terra ONG 1Corresponding author: Domenico Prisa Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra7029 DOI No: 10.36713/epra7029 ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to use Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the improvement of cultivation and agronomic and pathogen protection characteristics of ornamental bulbous plants such as Tulip (fam. Liliacee), Iris (fam. Iridacee), Freesia (fam. Iridacee) and Narcissus (fam. Amarillidacee). The experiments, started in November 2020, were conducted in the greenhouses of CREA-OF in Pescia (Pt), Tuscany, Italy. The experimental groups were: i) group control irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; ii) group with Effective microorganisms irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; iii) group with beneficial bacteria (TNC Bactorrs13) irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; iv) group with beneficial bacteria (Tarantula powder Advanced nutrients ) irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized. The trial showed a significant improvement in the agronomic parameters analysed on plants obtained from Narcissus, Iris, Tulip and Freesia bulbs treated with microorganisms. In particular, there was an increase in plant height, vegetative and root weight, bulb weight and diameter, and flower duration.
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Arum Flyer
    PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT- WESTERN INVASIVES NETWORK Revised April, 2020 847 NW Monroe Ave. Corvallis, OR 97330 (541) 910-8769 Photo: Travis Johnson 1Photo: Liz West************ NOXIOUS WEED ALERT************ Italian Arum Italian arum (Arum italicum), also known as Digging and disposing of the small “orange candleflower” and “Italian lords and underground corms in the garbage can help. ladies,” is a non-native perennial that was However, manual removal is only introduced as an ornamental plant. It has recommended on small patches, because if now naturalized and appears to be the plant is not completely eradicated, the spreading. Arum italicum is a woodland soil disturbance can increase its spread. If species and prefers moist, well-shaded you have it on your land, do not let it go to environments. It’s extremely difficult to seed. Wearing gloves, cut and bag all seed eradicate once it becomes established and heads, and dispose of them in the garbage. may spread from residential gardens into The variegated, exotic leaves and showy red fruits woodland areas. For more info on Italian arum: make it an attractive garden plant. Unfortunately, Western Oregon is the perfect environment for Why is it a problem? WA Noxious Weed Control Board unwanted invasions. (Photo: East Multnomah SWCD) This plant is problematic because of its ability Lower Hudson PRISM to form a dense cover in open sites. It can out-compete native plants and prevent their The Western Invasives Network encourages establishment. you to report Italian arum, in an effort to inform future management priorities across Italian arum is also toxic to humans and western Oregon.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Anthropogenic Pressures on Geophytes of Iran and the Possible Protection Strategies: a Review
    International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology Vol. 2, No. 2; December 2015, pp 111-132 Environmental and Anthropogenic Pressures on Geophytes of Iran and the Possible Protection Strategies: A Review Homayoun Farahmand1* and Farzad Nazari2 1. Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. 2. Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. )Received: 12 August 2015, Accepted: 3 October 2015( Abstract Ornamental geophytes (ornamental flower bulbs) are international and national heritage considering their contribution to people's life quality around the world. Iranian habitats support about 8000 species of flowering plants (belonging to 167 families and 100 genera) of which almost 1700 are endemic. Iran is a rich country in terms of distribution of bulbous plants. More than 200 species of bulbous species from different plant families naturally grow in Iran and play an important role in the colorful display of flowers in the plains, mountains, and forests. Unfortunately, some flower bulbs are at the risk of eradication in Iran due to some factors, including inappropriate herboviry and overgrazing, land use change, illegal bulb and flower harvesting, road construction, mining activities, drought, etc. The establishment of protected areas, efficient propagation methods such as micropropagation, gathering the species at the risk of extinction in Botanical Gardens and Research Centers, highlighting the decisive role of Non- governmental organizations (NGOs), and improving tourism are some approaches suggested for better conservation. Meanwhile, under the current situation, national and international protecting rules and regulations should be assigned and fulfilled to save this invaluable natural heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species List for Billy Creek Preserve Scientific and Common Names from This List Were Obtained from Wunderlin 2003
    Plant Species List for Billy Creek Preserve Scientific and Common names from this list were obtained from Wunderlin 2003 Scientific Name Common Name Native Status EPPC FDACS IRC FNAI Family: Blechnaceae (midsorus fern) Blechnum serrulatum swamp fern native Woodwardia areolata netted chain fern native CI Family: Nephrolepidaceae (sword fern) Nephrolepis exaltata wild Boston fern native Family: Osmundaceae (royal fern) Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis royal fern native CE R Family: Pteridaceae Acrostichum danaeifolium giant leather fern native Pteris tripartita Giant brake fern exotic Family: Thelypteridaceae (marsh fern) Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens marsh fern native R Family: Cupressaceae (cedar) Taxodium distichum bald-cypress native Family: Pinaceae (pine) Pinus elliottii var. densa south Florida slash pine native Family: Alismataceae (water plantain) Sagittaria latifolia broadleaf arrowhead native Family: Asparagaceae Sansevieria hyacinthoides bowstring hemp, mother-in-law's tongue exotic II Family: Araceae (arum) Lemna aequinoctialis lesser duckweed native Pistia stratiotes water lettuce exotic I Family: Arecaceae (palm) Phoenix reclinata reclinata palm exotic II Roystonea regia royal palm native E R Sabal palmetto cabbage palm native Serenoa repens saw palmetto native Family: Bromeliaceae (pineapple) Tillandsia setacea southern needleaf airplant native Tillandsia usneoides spanish moss native Family: Commelinaceae (spiderwort) Commelina diffusa common dayflower exotic Family: Cyperaceae (sedge) Rhynchospora colorata white
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Arum What Is Italian Arum ? Italian Arum, Arum Italicum, Is Also Known As Orange Candleflower, Cuckoo’S Pint, and Italian Lords-And-Ladies
    February Invasive Plant Highlight Italian Arum What is Italian Arum? Italian Arum, Arum italicum, is also known as Orange Candleflower, Cuckoo’s Pint, and Italian Lords-and-Ladies. It is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe. It has been cultivated as an ornamental plant for traditional and shade gardens in the U.S. Italian arum is a perennial, herbaceous plant that grows from small pea-sized white bulbs. Many bulbs are produced during the growing season and they make it difficult to eradicate the plant. Italian Arum leaves Italian Arum is classified as a toxic weed. It is poisonous to humans if ingested and can cause an allergic reaction if touched without using gloves. Italian Arum can grow 12 to 18 inches. It blooms in the spring with white flowers that make bright orangish-red fruit. It spreads when its seed disperses by water or by birds consuming the berries. The plant invades riparian forest areas, threatening native plant diversity and also can cause increased erosion and slope instability along streambanks. Italian Arum berries Better Groundcovers Alumroot, Wild Ginger, Mayapple, Jack-in-the-pulpit, and Allegheny Spurge Please Remove It! If you have Italian Arum, please remove it before it spreads into other adjacent properties. Italian Arum emerges in the Fall and will stay green during mild winters making it easy to spot. Herbicides are not effective since death of foliage above ground does not indicate that the bulbs have died. To remove small patches with a trowel, dig down to root end (about 6 inches) and sift the soil to extract all the small bulbs.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae
    HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH WITH ARACEAE Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden P. O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166 U.S.A. Note: This paper, originally published in Aroideana Vol. 21, pp. 26–145 in 1998, is periodically updated onto the IAS web page with current additions. Any mistakes, proposed changes, or new publications that deal with the systematics of Araceae should be brought to my attention. Mail to me at the address listed above, or e-mail me at [email protected]. Last revised November 2004 INTRODUCTION The history of systematic work with Araceae has been previously covered by Nicolson (1987b), and was the subject of a chapter in the Genera of Araceae by Mayo, Bogner & Boyce (1997) and in Curtis's Botanical Magazine new series (Mayo et al., 1995). In addition to covering many of the principal players in the field of aroid research, Nicolson's paper dealt with the evolution of family concepts and gave a comparison of the then current modern systems of classification. The papers by Mayo, Bogner and Boyce were more comprehensive in scope than that of Nicolson, but still did not cover in great detail many of the participants in Araceae research. In contrast, this paper will cover all systematic and floristic work that deals with Araceae, which is known to me. It will not, in general, deal with agronomic papers on Araceae such as the rich literature on taro and its cultivation, nor will it deal with smaller papers of a technical nature or those dealing with pollination biology.
    [Show full text]