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Cell Biology and Genetics.Pdf Biology 5 Biology 5 Cell Biology and Genetics By Mr. Charles K.Twesigye African Virtual university Université Virtuelle Africaine Universidade Virtual Africana African Virtual University 1 NOTICE This document is published under the conditions of the Creative Commons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ License (abbreviated “cc-by”), Version 2.5. African Virtual University 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Biology 5, Cell Biology and Genetics____________________________ 3 II. Prerequisite Course or Knowledge _____________________________ 3 III. Time ____________________________________________________ 3 IV. Materials _________________________________________________ 4 V. Module Rationale __________________________________________ 4 VI. Overview _________________________________________________ 5 6.1 Outline _____________________________________________ 6 6.2 Graphic Organizer ____________________________________ 8 VII. General Objective(s) ________________________________________ 9 VIII. Specific Learning Objectives _________________________________ 10 IX. Pre-Assessment One ______________________________________ 12 9.1 Rationale __________________________________________12 9.2 Pedagogical Comment For Learners ______________________ 19 X. Key Concepts (Glossary) ___________________________________ 19 XI. Compulsory Readings _____________________________________ 22 XII. Compulsory Resources ____________________________________ 29 XIII. Useful Links _____________________________________________ 32 XIV. Learning Activities ________________________________________ 42 XV. Synthesis Of The Module __________________________________ 136 XVI. Summative Evaluation ____________________________________138 XVII. References _____________________________________________ 142 XVIII. Main Author of The Module ________________________________ 143 African Virtual University 3 I. Biology 5, Cell Biology and Genetics By Mr. Charles K.Twesigye, Kyambogo University and Prof William J Fraser, University of Pretoria. 1. Illustration of the nucleus (1), endoplasmic reticulum (3 and 4), Golgi apparatus (8) and ribosomes (5) of an animal cell retrieved from http://en.wikibooks.org/ wiki/General_Biology/Cells/Cell_Structure on 4th of November 2006. II. Prerequisite Course or Knowledge You should have an understanding of mitotic cell division and the cell cycle, cell and cell structure, diploid and haploid phases of sexual life-cycles and gamatogenesis before starting on this module. These topics are covered in units on cells, the origin of life and continuity of life normally taken at advanced levels of school biology. III. Time 120 hours African Virtual University 4 IV. Materials This module covers Cell Biology and Genetics. Section A of the module introduces molecular and structural organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, while section B includes a detailed study of classical transmission of genetic informa- tion and provides an introduction to the principles of genetics. To achieve these outcomes, you will be given the opportunity to engage with on-line learning experiences where the specific websites have been linked to the learning content and also to access the learning content by means of CD-Rom and hard copies. We have also recommended your participation in a number of laboratory and field-related activities during the course of the module. Section of a protein structure showing serine and alanine residues linked together by peptide bonds. Carbons are shown in white and hydrogens are omitted for clarity (Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins on 5 November 2006). V. Module Rationale The purpose with this module is to give you a better understanding of cellular biology in order to prepare you for the complicated biochemical and physiological processes to follow. The module also focuses on genetics as it relates to the function and structures of cells. The learning experiences you are about to encounter in this module will also serve as a foundation for further studies in advanced molecular biology and biochemistry. The module has been designed in such a way that your personal study skills will enable you work more effectively through the learning and assessment tasks. Although you might not have direct access to a laboratory where you would be able to study cells microscopically, the module will prepare you for such encounter as well as the application of the science process skills in the science classroom. We will also suggest a number of alternative options to practical work to you in this module.supplemental to the work done in this module. African Virtual University 5 A three-dimensional diagram of the animal cell, including its organelles taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cell on 4 November 2006. VI. Overview Rod-shaped bacterium, E. coli (prokaryote) dividing by binary fission taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html on 27th August 2006. African Virtual University 6 6.1 Outline We have structured the module for you into two main sections namely Cell Biology and Genetics. Section A will introduce you to cells (cell theory),the molecular and structural organizations of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (emphasis on eukaryotic cells). Other topics to be covered under section A include cell divi- sion, nucleic acids, colloidal systems(enzyme kinetics and metabolisms) and tech- niques in cell biology. Section B starts with the history of genetics and moves on to genetic code and chromosomal theory(multiple alleles, sex linkages traits, crossing-over and mapping). This section also covers mutations and variations; elements of population genetics and the application of genetics in biotechnology, agriculture, medicine and industry. The section will also introduce you to principles of genetics with specific reference to the classical transmission of genetic information. It is necessary to have a better understanding of the struc- ture and function of cells (Section A) before you can link any advanced process such as cell division and the transfer of characteristics (Section B) to cell characteristics. Role of the Golgi apparatus in forming lysosomes taken from the website http:// www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html. The latter site was granted permission from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) to use the illustration. African Virtual University 7 The content of the module can be outlined as follows: Unit Topic Theory Practical Total Time Time Time 5.1.1 Introduction to cells (cell theory and discovery) 5.1.2 Prokaryote and Eukaryote cells 15 15 30 (General features) 5.1.3 Structure and functions of cell organelles(Eukaryotic cell,ER,Golgi apparatus, cell membrane,etc) 5.1.4 Cell division (mitosis, control of 10 10 20 cell growth, meiosis 5.1.5 Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) and Protein synthesis 5.1.6 Colloidal systems (enzyme kinetics 5 5 10 and metabolism) 5.1.7 Techniques in Cell Biology (microscopic and cytological techniques) 5.2.1 History of genetics (mendelism) 5.2.2 An overview of genetic code and 10 10 20 chromosomal theory(multiple alleles, sex linkage traits, crossing-over and mapping 5.2.3 Mutations and variation (chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations 5.2.4 Elements of Population and quantitative genetics genetics 15 15 30 ( Phylogenetic variations, DNA-polymorphism, random mating, Hardy-Weinberg principle, Causes of evolution 5.2.5 Application of genetics in Biotechnology (Bio-safety issues 5 5 10 Genetic engineering in Agriculture, Medicine, Industry etc.) 60 60 120 African Virtual University 8 6.2 Graphic Organizer " History of genetics "Genetic code and chromosomal theory Intr oducti on to genetics " Prokaryote cells " Multiple a lleles Cell biology, cell mi cro scopy and cell structure " Eukaryote cells " Cell structure and function " P hy lo ge n ic or ge n eti c v ariations " DNA-polymorphism " DNA and RNA " Random mating Population and quantitative genetics Cell division " Mitosis Cell biolog y an d Ge n eti cs " Hardy-Weinberg pr inciple " Miosis " Ca u ses of ev ol ut io n " Enzymes and enzyme activity Colloidal systems " Biosafety issues " Metabolism Applicatio n o f genetics in Biotechnology " Genetic engineer ing in Agri cultur e, e tc African Virtual University 9 VII. General Objective(s) When you have mastered this module, you should have achieved the following general objectives: 1. To understand the cell theory and its scientific discovery. 2. To understand the gross and the fine structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 3. To demonstrate and describe the structure and functions of cell organelles. 4. To describe and demonstrate the process of cell division. 5. To understand the nature and structure of nucleic acids and their role in protein synthesis. 6. To describe the chemical nature of enzymes and their role in metabolism. 7. To effectively explain and demonstrate the use of the light microscopy and related techniques in the study of cells. 8. To describe Mendel’s breeding experiments and explain Mendel’s results in terms of the particulate theory of inheritance. 9. To examine the genetic code and the chromosomal theory. 10. To describe mutations and their role in causing variation in populations. 11. To explain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium . 12. Describe application of genetics in biotechnology and demonstrate the scientific relevance of these principles to society
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