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Update on Overseas Investments by China's National Oil Companies

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Update on Overseas Investments by China's National Oil Companies PARTNER COUNTRY SERIES Update on Overseas Investments by China’s National Oil Companies Achievements and Challenges since 2011 PARTNER COUNTRY SERIES Update on Overseas Investments by China’s National Oil Companies Achievements and Challenges since 2011 Julie JIANG and Chen DING INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Secure Sustainable Together Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2014 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Switzerland Turkey www.iea.org United Kingdom Please note that this publication United States is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are available online at also participates in http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ the work of the IEA. © OECD/IEA 2014 Update on Overseas Investments by China’s National Oil Companies Achievements and Challenges since 2011 Table of contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... 5 Background note............................................................................................................................... 6 Executive summary........................................................................................................................... 7 Page | 3 Overview of oil and gas demand and supply in China .................................................................. 10 Major investment trends and achievements ................................................................................ 13 Increased Chinese overseas oil and gas production ................................................................... 13 Notable geographic shift: New investors in OECD member countries ............................................ 16 Creating a win-win situation to develop domestic resources ..................................................... 20 Deepened co-operation with resource-rich countries ................................................................ 21 Expansion of value chain: Refining and pipeline investments .................................................... 24 Risks and challenges ....................................................................................................................... 26 Security of transnational pipelines and personnel ..................................................................... 26 Uprisings and sanctions in the Middle East and North Africa: A balancing act for China’s evolving foreign policy .................................................................................................... 27 Sudan and South Sudan: The headache that never went away .................................................. 30 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Annex 1: Chinese overseas oil and gas upstream acquisitions from January 2011 to December 2013 ........................................................................................................... 35 Annex 2: Chinese overseas oil and gas upstream acquisitions from January 2002 to December 2010 ........................................................................................................... 38 Annex 3: Motivations for NOCs to invest overseas and strategies used ...................................... 40 Annex 4: Main development targets of China’s 12th FYP for Energy ........................................... 41 Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure ............................................................................ 42 References ...................................................................................................................................... 44 List of figures Figure 1 • China’s oil demand ..................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2 • Source of Chinese crude oil imports in 2013 by region .............................................. 10 Figure 3 • Chinese natural gas demand ...................................................................................... 11 Figure 4 • Chinese natural gas supply ......................................................................................... 12 Figure 5 • Chinese overseas oil production by region and incremental change (2011-13) ........ 14 Figure 6 • Chinese overseas oil and gas production by country and by company (2013) .......... 14 Figure 7 • Chinese overseas unconventional gas production (2013) .......................................... 15 Figure 8 • Chinese overseas unconventional production in North America ............................... 16 Figure 9 • Iran’s exports to China and other countries ............................................................... 28 Figure 10 • Sudan and South Sudan oil output and Chinese imports ........................................... 31 Update on Overseas Investments by China’s National Oil Companies © OECD/IEA 2014 Achievements and Challenges since 2011 List of tables Table 1 • Shares of oil and gas production (out of total country production) in the top companies of the United States and Canada .......................................................... 17 Page | 4 Table 2 • Selected foreign upstream shale agreements with Chinese NOCs in China ................. 21 Table 3 • China’s loans for long-term oil and gas supply signed since 2011 ................................ 22 Table 4 • Existing and planned downstream co-operation with companies from resource-rich countries in China ................................................................................... 24 List of boxes Box 1 • CNOOC’s landmark Nexen acquisition ............................................................................... 17 © OECD/IEA 2014 Update on Overseas Investments by China’s National Oil Companies Achievements and Challenges since 2011 Acknowledgements This publication was prepared by the International Energy Agency (IEA), under the generous leadership and support of Maria van der Hoeven, Executive Director, and Kenneth J. Fairfax, Deputy Executive Director. Page | 5 Julie Jiang was the lead author of the report, and Cherry Ding conducted data analysis and contributed to writing and research. The authors benefited from the expertise of their IEA colleagues and other international and Chinese experts in this subject. The authors wish to thank the following for their support, advice, reviews and contributions: Jonathan Sinton, Ulrich Benterbusch, Fatih Birol, Misako Takahashi, Richard Jones, Laszlo Varro, Antoine Halff, Anne-Sophie Corbeau, Tim Gould, Valerio Pilia, Matthew Parry, Andrew Wilson, Charles Esser, Toril Bosoni, Michael Cohen and Kristine Petrosyan. Special thanks go to colleagues at the Office of Global Energy Policy whose regional expertise contributed greatly to this publication. They are Christopher Segar, Marc-Antoine Eyl-Mazzega, Kevin Tu, Haoping Zhang, Yayoi Yagoto, Thea Khitarishvili, Joerg Husar, Jon Hansen, Sun Joo Ahn and Steve Gallogly. We are grateful to numerous colleagues outside the IEA who contributed their valuable time and input, including Erica Downs, Laurent Chevalier, Arthur Yan, Mike Chen, Xu Xiaojie, Chen Xiaoni, Wang Zhen, Matt Ferchen, John Seaman, Gavin Thompson, Li Chen, Zhu Xingshan, and other colleagues who wish to remain anonymous. This publication would not have been possible without the hard work of the IEA publication team. Many thanks go to Rebecca Gaghen, Muriel Custodio, Astrid Dumond, Therese Walsh, Cheryl Haines and Bertrand Sadin, and Justin French-Brooks, who edited this publication. Update on Overseas Investments by China’s National Oil Companies © OECD/IEA
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