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Groundjwater Recharge Hydrology / 10855 i> ^'.| y f f 971 GROUNDJWATER RECHARGE HYDROLOGY \:. ARS 41-161 December 1970 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PREFACE This publication presents in rather general terms the current thinking on artificial ground-water re charge-what is its place in the hydrology of a basin-where can it be effective-how can it best be accomplished—what is physically required to maximize its economic value-how can its effects best be predicted? Artificial recharge means replenishment of the ground-water storage through works provided primarily for that purpose. The source for artificial recharge is surface water in excess of current needs for which there is no surface storage available. The engineer is concerned with problems of water control, distribution, water conditioning, and physical works required to make recharge successful. The soil scientist and geologist are interested in the control and prediction of where and when recharged waters reach the water table and their movement within it. The economist, resource manager, or attorney will be concerned in general with the control and administration of large-scale artificial-recharge projects within a ground-water basin. Even a single landholder can realize significant benefits from artificial recharge through simple procedures of water control. Therefore, it is hoped that this pubHcation can define operational artificial recharge for this broad group of interested individuals and at least introduce the technical problems that may be encountered. 325557 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This publication contains considerable information and data developed at the Agricultural Research Service field station at Fresno, Calif., where laboratory and field studies of ground-water recharge have been carried on for a number of years. It is published under a cooperative agreement with the California Department of Water Resources. The State has provided substantial financial support to the ground-water research project of the Agricultural Research Service station, as well as technical advice and reviews of the project. Special acknowledgment is due to Helen J. Peters, Ground-Water Engineer; Raymond C. Richter, Supervising Engineering Geologist; and Albert J. Dolcini, Principal Engineer, Water Resources. CONTENTS Page Glossary of terms v Chapter I. Introduction: Ground-water recharge in the hydrologie cycle 1 The ground-water reservoir 1 Auditing ground-water storage 2 Inputs 2 Outputs 2 Storage 2 Artificial recharge in basin water management 2 Chapter II. The geology of ground-water basins: Relation of geology to ground-water recharge 4 Alluvial deposits 5 Eolian deposits 8 Glacial deposits 8 Fractured and porous rock systems 8 The ground-water reservoir 8 The base of the ground-water reservoir 8 Economical pumping lift and prevention of intrusion 9 Lateral Umits of ground-water storage 9 Upper Umit of storage reservoir 9 Artesian aquifer storage 10 Storage in consolidated rocks, Umestones, and volcanics 10 Geophysical methods ^0 Exploratory wells 10 Down-hole resistivity and potential logging 10 Seismic surveys 12 Gravity-meter survey 12 Magnetic surveys • • 12 Questions for the geologist 12 Chapter III. The surface and ground-water hydrology of artificial recharge: Definition of hydrology 1^ Trends in water development 14 Surface storage ^^ Surface-water conveyance 1^ Ground-water storage 1^ Ground-water flow ^^ Recharging ^0 Transfer of water to the water table 22 Questions for the hydrologist ^^ ii Page Chapter IV. Recharge through surface soils: Water intake rates 24 Effect of particle size and distribution 24 Effect of pore size distribution 25 Effect of soil structure and aggregation 25 Effect of chemical constituents 25 Effect of clogging and particle realinement 27 Effect of compaction and cultivation 28 Location of recharge site 28 Soil stratification 28 Soil profile exploration 28 Existing perched water tables 29 Field measurement of soil intake rates 29 Methods of assessing recharge rate: Pilot recharge areas 30 Infiltrometers 30 Soil cores 31 Site selection vs. engineering design 31 Questions for the soil scientist 31 Chapter V. The apphcation of ground-water flow theory to artificial recharge: Need for theoretical analysis 33 Definitions 33 Heat flow vs. ground-water flow 33 Ground-water mounds resuhing from recharge 34 Specific capacity 40 Aquifer tests 43 Questions for the hydrologist 43 Chapter VI. Methods for artificial recharge 44 Basins 44 Ditches or furrows 46 Flooding 47 Natural stream channels 47 Pits and shafts 48 Injection wells 49 Chapter VII. Water quality 51 Physical characteristics affecting water quahty 51 Chemical constituents affecting water quality: Dominant cations 51 Dominant anions 52 Other cations 52 Other anions 52 Biological factors affecting water quality 52 Water microbiology 52 Soil microbiology 53 Salt balance and ground-water recharge 53 Questions for the chemist 54 iii Page Chapter VIII. Benefits from artificial recharge: The problem ^^ Benefits ^^ Relief of overdraft ^^ Use of ground-water basin as reservoir and distribution system ^' Costs Experience and data of Los Angeles Flood Control District ^^ Facilities Operational problems Literature cited iv GLOSSARY OF TERMS 1. AQUICLUDE—A geologic formation so impervious surface area of the aquifer per unit change in the that, for ail practical purposes, it completely component of head normal to that surface. The obstructs the flow of ground-water (although it may volume of water (measured outside the aquifer) thus be saturated with water itself), and completely released or stored, divided by the product of the confines other strata with which it alternates in head change and the area of aquifer surface over deposition. A shale or very impervious tight clay is which it is effective, correctly determines the an example. storage coefficient of the aquifer. For an ideal or artesian or confined aquifer, regardless of its atti- An areally extensive body of saturated but relatively tude, the water released from or taken into storage, impermeable material that functions as an upper or in response to a change in head, is attributed solely lower aquifer boundary and does not yield appreci- to compressibiUty of the aquifer material and of the able quantities of water to wells or to adjacent water. Although rigid Umits cannot be established, aquifers. the storage coefficients of artesian aquifers may range from about 0.00001 to 0.001. In nonartesian 2. AQUIFER—A permeable geologic formation that or unconfined aquifers, the storage coefficient is stores and transmits water. equal to the specific yield of the material. 3. AQUIFER SYSTEM-A heterogeneous body of 7. CONFINED AQUIFER (or ARTESIAN AQUI- interrelated permeable and poorly permeable mate- FER)-Theoretically an aquifer in which the water rial that functions regionally as a water-yielding is separated from the atmosphere by impermeable hydraulic unit. It comprises two or more inter- material. Because of its orientation in the verfical connected aquifers separated by laterally discon- plane and overburden pressures, a well that pene- tinuous aquitards that locally impede ground-water trates it can have a static water level above the movement but do not greatly affect the overall bottom of the upper confining bed. In reahty hydraulic continuity of the system. confined aquifers are open to the atmosphere or other unconfined aquifers and it is here that they 4. AQUIFUGE—A rock that contains no intercon- receive their recharge. Changes in head in pumping nected openings and, therefore, neither absorbs nor wells result from changes in pressure within the transmits water. A massive hard granite is an aquifer rather than storage changes. Confined aqui- example. fers exhibit only minor changes in storage and so act as conduits from zones of recharge to those of 5. AQUITARD—A rather impervious and semiconfin- discharge. ing geologic formation that transmits water very slowly in comparison to the aquifer. Over a large 8. GROUND-WATER RESERVOIR-An aquifer or area of contact, however, it may permit the passage aquifer system in which ground-water is stored. The of large amounts of water between adjacent aquifers water may have entered the aquifer by artificial or that it separates from each other. Clay lenses natural means. interbedded with sands, if thin enough, may form 9. GROUND-WATER STORAGE CAPACITY-The aquitards. reservoir space contained in a given volume of or deposits. Under optimum conditions of use, the A body of saturated material of relatively low usable ground-water storage capacity volume of permeabihty that impedes ground-water movement water that can be alternately extracted and replaced and does not yield freely to wells, but which may in the deposit, within specified economic limi- transmit appreciable water to or from adjacent tations. aquifers and, where thick enough, may function as an important ground-water storage unit. 10. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY-The proportion- ahty constant (K) between the volumetric flow (Q) 6. COEFFICIENT OF STORAGE, also DRAINABLE through a unit cross-sectional area (A = 1) and the OR FILLABLE VOlE^The volume of water an loss in hydraulic head (Ah) per unit length (L) of aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit aquifer. 11. PERCHED GROUND-WATER-Ground water sup- expressed as the ratio of the volume of water that a ported by a zone of material of low permeability formation, after being saturated, will yield by and located above an underlying main body of gravity to its own volume. The ratio
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