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Hydrologic Evaluation of Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects in the Indus Plain, Pakistan a Summary

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Hydrologic Evaluation of Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects in the Indus Plain, Pakistan a Summary Hydrologic Evaluation of Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects in the Indus Plain, Pakistan A Summary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1608-Q Prepared in cooperation with the West Pakistan Water and Powt > Dei'elofunent Authority under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development Hydrologic Evaluation of Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects in the Indus Plain, Pakistan A Summary By M. ]. MUNDORFF, P. H. CARRIGAN, JR., T. D. STEELE, and A. D. RANDALL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF ASIA AND OCEANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1608-Q Prepared in cooperation with the West Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Hydrologic evaluation of salinity control and reclamation projects in the Indus Plain, Pakistan. (Contributions to the hydrology of Asia and Oceania) (Geological Survey water-supply paper; 1608-Q) Bibliography: p. Includes index. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.13:1608-Q 1., Reclamation of land Pakistan Indus Valley. 2. Salinity Pakistan Indus Valley. 3. Irrigation Pakistan Indus Valley. 4. Hydrology Pakistan Indus Valley. I. Mundorff, Maurice John, 1910- II. West Pakistan. Water and Power Development Authority. III. Series. IV. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper; 1608-Q TC904.6.I53H93 631.7 75-619285 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-02748-8 CONTENTS Page Abstract ____________________________________ Ql Introduction ____________________________________ 2 General setting _____________________________ 2 History of hydrologic investigations, monitoring, and research ____ 3 Scope and objectives of present study _________________ ___ 4 Acknowledgments __________________________ 6 Upper Indus hydrologic regimen __________________________ 6 Climatology ___________________________________ _ ___ 7 Surface-water hydrology and canal system ___________ ___ 8 Ground-water geology___________________________________ 15 Aquifer characteristics _________________________________ 16 Chemical quality of water _________________________~____ 18 Hydrologic regimen before canal irrigation ___________ ___ 19 Changes in hydrologic regimen induced by canal irrigation 21 Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects ___________ ______ 21 Resume of reclamation program ________________________ __ 21 Effects of reclamation _________________________ 24 Water supply _______________________ 24 Water levels ______________________________ 26 Water quality _____________________________ 28 Soil salinity _______________________________________ 31 Soils, land classification, and land use ___________________ 32 Agriculture cropping practices _________________________ 33 Hydrologic problems associated with reclamation ___________ _ 34 Tubewell performance _________________________________ 34 Discharge and specific capacity monitoring _____________ 35 Screen deterioration ________________________ 38 Tubewell rehabilitation ______________________ ___ _ 40 Tubewell life __________________________ 41 Tubewell design and sanding _____________________ 43 Brackish water ______________________________________ 44 Salt balance and export of saline water __________________ 45 Non-SCARP areas ________________________________ 47 Private tubewell development _____________________________ 47 Hydrologic changes ____________________________________ 48 Alternatives for the future __________________________________ 50 Public compared to private tubewell development _______________ 50 Regulation of tubewell development ___________________ 51 Shallow compared to deep tubewell development ___________ 52 in IV CONTENTS Page Alternatives for the future Continued Underground storage and conjunctive water use ___ Q53 Surface storage ______________________-____ 55 References _________________________________ 57 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Map showing SCARP and scheme locations, canal system, ground water salinity, and depth to bedrock beneath the alluvium, Upper *Indus Plain, Pakistan _________In pocket 2. Map showing location of salinity control and reclamation projects (SCARPS) and reservoirs, *Indus Plain, Pak­ istan ____________________________In pocket FIGURE 1. Index map showing location of study area (shaded) _ _ Q9 2. Graph showing maximum, mean, and minimum discharge of the Indus River at Attock ______ 10 3. Graph showing cumulative replacement of tubewells in SCARP-I ______________________________ 42 4. Graph showing cumulative replacement of tubewells in Punjab region and Bahawalpur, 1954-72 _________ _ 47 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Mean annual discharge for selected streamflow stations in Indus River Basin, 1962-68, in millions of acre-feet per year __________________________ Qll 2. Dissolved-solids content of surface waters of Upper Indus River system, in milligrams per litre _________________ 11 3. Mean annual suspended sediment yield for selected stream- flow stations in Indus River Basin, 1962-68, in thousands of acre-feet per year _ _ _ _ __ _ 12 4. Chronology of canals and associated headworks in operation in Indus River Basin as of June 30, 1972 __________ 14 5. Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects in operation as of June 30, 1972 ___________________________ 23 6. Trends in improvement of soil salinity conditions in SCARP- I between 1961 and 1967 _____________________ 32 7. Numbers and distribution of private tubewells by political divisions and districts of Punjab region as of June 30, 1971 48 8. Private tubewells in operation as of June 30, 1971, estimated annual pumpage, and change in water level to June 30, 1972, in non-SCARP areas since the early 1960's ____ 49 9. Completed and proposed storage reservoirs in Indus River Basin as of June 30, 1972 _____ 56 METRIC-ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS Metric unit English equivalent Metric unit English equivalent Length Specific combinations Continued millimetre (mm) = 0.03937 inch (in) litre per second (1/s) = .0353 cubic foot per second metre (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) cubic metre per second kilometre (km) = .62 mile (mi) per square kilometre [(m3/s)/km2] Area square mile [(ft3/s)/mi2] metre per day (m/d) *\ *^Q fpAt" HAT rlav f TivHvsmHf square metre (m2 ) = 10.76 square feet (ft2) conductivity) (ft/d) square kilometre (km2 ) = .386 square mile (mi2) metre per kilometre hectare (ha) =. 2.47 acres (m/km) = r>.28 feet per mile (ft/mi) kilometre per hour (km/h) = .9113 foot per second (ft/s) Volume metre per second (m/s) 3.28 feet per second cubic centimetre (cm") 0.061 cubic inch (in3 ) metre squared per day o litre (1) = 61.03 cubic inches (mVd) 10.764 feet squared per day (ft2/d) o cubic metre (m3 ) = 35.31 cubic feet (ft3 ) (transmissivity) cubic metre = .00081 acre-foot (acre-ft) cubic metre per second cubic hectometre (hm3' = 810.7 acre-feet (m3/s) = 22.826 million gallons per day litre = 2.113 pints (pt) (Mgal/d) litre = 1.06 quarts (qt) cubic metre per minute (m3/min) = 264.2 gallons per minute (gal/min) H litre = .26 gallon (gal) GG cubic metre = .00026 million gallons (Mgal or litre per second (1/s) = 15.85 gallons per minute 108 gal) litre per second per cubic metre = 6.290 barrels (bbl) (1 bbl = 42 gal) metre [(l/s)/m] = 4.83 gallons per minute per foot [(gal/min) /ft] kilometre per hour Weight (km/h) .62 mile per hour (mi/h) gram (g) = 0.03,r> ounce, avoirdupois (oz avdp) metre per second (m/s) = 2;237 miles per hour gram =. .0022 pound, avoirdupois (Ib avdp) gram per cubic tonne (t) = 1.1 tons, short (2,000 Ib) centimetre (g/cm3 ) = 62.43 pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3 ) tonne = .98 ton, long (2,240 Ib) gram per square centimetre (g/cm2 ) gram per square Specific combinations centimetre = .0142 pound per square inch (lb/in2) kilogram per square centimetre (kg/cm2) = 0.96 atmosphere (atm) Temperature kilogram per square centimetre = .98 bar (0.9869 atm) degree Celsius (°C) = 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) cubic metre per second degrees Celsius (m3/s) = 35.3 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (temperature) = [(l.SX°C)+32] degrees Fahrenheit CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF ASIA AND OCEANIA HYDROLOGIC EVALUATION OF SALINITY CONTROL AND RECLAMATION PROJECTS IN THE INDUS PLAIN, PAKISTAN A SUMMARY By M. J. MUNDORFF, P. H. CARRIGAN, JR., T. D. STEELE, and A. D. RANDALL ABSTRACT This report summarizes the observations and findings of a team of four specialists from the U.S. Geological Survey assigned to Pakistan under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development during May to August 1972 for a hydrologic evaluation of Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects in the * Indus Plain.1 Individual members of the team undertook comprehensive studies related to climatology, surface-water hydrology, and the canal system; streamflow and sediment yields of the rivers; computer applica­ tions to hydrologic data; aquifer characteristics; hydrologic evaluation of Salinity Control and Reclamation Pi-ojects (SCARPs); tubewell performance; hydrology of shallow versus deep tubewells; well and well-screen design in the Indus Plain; evaluation of observed and anticipated trends in both private and public tubewell development; evaluation of water-quality programs, data analysis, and records, and computer coding of special water-quality data; and evaluation of water-level
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