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Stream Restoration, a Natural Channel Design
Stream Restoration Prep8AICI by the North Carolina Stream Restonltlon Institute and North Carolina Sea Grant INC STATE UNIVERSITY I North Carolina State University and North Carolina A&T State University commit themselves to positive action to secure equal opportunity regardless of race, color, creed, national origin, religion, sex, age or disability. In addition, the two Universities welcome all persons without regard to sexual orientation. Contents Introduction to Fluvial Processes 1 Stream Assessment and Survey Procedures 2 Rosgen Stream-Classification Systems/ Channel Assessment and Validation Procedures 3 Bankfull Verification and Gage Station Analyses 4 Priority Options for Restoring Incised Streams 5 Reference Reach Survey 6 Design Procedures 7 Structures 8 Vegetation Stabilization and Riparian-Buffer Re-establishment 9 Erosion and Sediment-Control Plan 10 Flood Studies 11 Restoration Evaluation and Monitoring 12 References and Resources 13 Appendices Preface Streams and rivers serve many purposes, including water supply, The authors would like to thank the following people for reviewing wildlife habitat, energy generation, transportation and recreation. the document: A stream is a dynamic, complex system that includes not only Micky Clemmons the active channel but also the floodplain and the vegetation Rockie English, Ph.D. along its edges. A natural stream system remains stable while Chris Estes transporting a wide range of flows and sediment produced in its Angela Jessup, P.E. watershed, maintaining a state of "dynamic equilibrium." When Joseph Mickey changes to the channel, floodplain, vegetation, flow or sediment David Penrose supply significantly affect this equilibrium, the stream may Todd St. John become unstable and start adjusting toward a new equilibrium state. -
APPENDIX a Site Characteristics for Selected USGS Gage Stations In
APPENDIX A Site Characteristics for Selected USGS Gage Stations in the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge Physiographic Provinces This Appendix provides summaries of field data collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) at fourteen U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gage station monitored stream sites in the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge hydro-physiographic region of Maryland. For each site, information and survey data is summarized on four pages. The first page for each site contains general information on the drainage basin, gage station, and the study reach. The Maryland State Highway Administration provided land use/land cover information using the software program GIS Hydro (Ragan 1991) and 1994 Landsat and Spot coverage information. The land use/land cover information may be incomplete for drainage basins that extend beyond the state of Maryland boundaries, this is noted in the General Study Reach Description for the pertinent sites. Stream order and magnitude are based on Strahler (1964) and Shreve (1967), respectively. The reported discharge recurrence intervals are from the log-Pearson type III flood frequency distribution for the annual maximum series calculated by USGS according to the Bulletin 17B procedures. The second page provides information on the study reach including cross-section plots and particle size distributions in the riffle and reach. The third page presents photographic views of the surveyed cross-section in the study reach and the fourth page provides a scale plan form diagram of the study reach mapped using a total station survey instrument and generated with the graphic and survey reduction software Terra Model. -
Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology with Reference to Conditions in North Carolina by Ralph C Heath
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology With Reference to Conditions in North Carolina By Ralph C Heath U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report 80-44 Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural^ Resources and Community Development Raleigh, North Carolina 1980 United States Department of the Interior CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. W. Menard, Director For Additional Information Write to: Copies of this report may be purchased from: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Services Section Post Office Box 2857 Branch of Distribution Box 25425, Federal Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27602 Denver, Colorado 80225 Preface Ground water is one of North Carolina's This report was prepared as an aid to most valuable natural resources. It is the developing a better understanding of the primary source-of water supplies in rural areas ground-water resources of the State. It and is also widely used by industries and consists of 46 essays grouped into five parts. municipalities, especially in the Coastal Plain. The topics covered by these essays range from However, its use is not increasing in proportion the most basic aspects of ground-water to the growth of the State's population and hydrology to the identification and correction economy. Instead, the present emphasis in of problems that affect the operation of supply water-supply development is on large regional wells. The essays were designed both for self systems based on reservoirs on large streams. study and for use in workshops on ground- The value of ground water as a resource not water hydrology and on the development and only depends on its widespread occurrence operation of ground-water supplies. -
Wetted Perimeter Assessment Shoal Harbour River Shoal Harbour, Clarenville Newfoundland
Wetted Perimeter Assessment Shoal Harbour River Shoal Harbour, Clarenville Newfoundland Submitted by: James H. McCarthy AMEC Earth & Environmental Limited 95 Bonaventure Ave. St. John’s, NL A1C 5R6 Submitted to: Mr. Kirk Peddle SGE-Acres 45 Marine Drive Clarenville, NL A0E 1J0 January 8, 2003 TF05205 Wetted Perimeter Assessment Shoal Harbour River Shoal Harbour, Clarenville, NF, TF05205 January 8, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 STUDY AREA .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 WETTED PERIMETER METHOD ................................................................................... 1 2.0 STUDY TEAM ...................................................................................................................... 3 3.0 METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 CRITICAL AREAS (TRANSECTS).................................................................................. 3 3.2 SURVEY DATA................................................................................................................ 4 4.0 RESULTS............................................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Survey data from each transect Page i Wetted Perimeter Assessment Shoal -
State Standard for Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines
ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES FLOOD MITIGATION SECTION State Standard For Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines Under the authority outlined in ARS 48-3605(A) the Director of the Arizona Department of Water Resources establishes the following standard for Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines in Arizona. State Standard for Hydrologic Modeling, or “guidelines for the experienced modeler”, has been developed to address hydrologic conditions for a variety of statewide watersheds. Included are problems and situations identified by the State Standard Work Group (SSWG) and floodplain managers. The intended audience is statewide; engineers, professionals and Floodplain Administrators. The following topics are included: • Hydrologic Model comparison and recommendation • Guidelines and parameters • Model application for specific situations, and associated hydrologic parameters • Precipitation values (NOAA 14) • Storm duration • Unique conditions, such as wildfire burn, overgrazing, logging, drought, rapid snowmelt, urbanization. The State Standard includes examples addressing the above key issues. This requirement is effective August, 2007. Copies of this State Standard and the State Standard Technical Supplement can be obtained by contacting the Department’s Water Engineering Section at (602) 771-8652. SS10-07 1 August 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................5 1.1 Purpose and Background .......................................................................5 -
Rainfall-Runoff Relationship (Contd.) Rainfall-Runoff
Module 3 Lecture 2: Watershed and rainfall-runoff relationship (contd.) Rainfall-Runoff How does runoff occur? When rainfall exceeds the infiltration rate at the surface, excess water begins to accumulate as surface storage in small depressions. As depression storage begins to fill, overland flow or sheet flow may begin to occur and this flow is called as “Surface runoff” Runoff mainly depends on: Amount of rainfall, soil type, evaporation capacity and land use Amount of rainfall: The runoff is in direct proportion with the rainfall. i.e. as the rainfall increases, the chance of increase in runoff will also increases Module 3 Rainfall-Runoff Contd…. Soil type: Infiltration rate depends mainly on the soil type. If the soil is having more void space (porosity), than the infiltration rate will be more causing less surface runoff (eg. Laterite soil) Evaporation capacity: If the evaporation capacity is more, surface runoff will be reduced Components of Runoff Overland Flow or Surface Runoff: The water that travels over the ground surface to a channel. The amount of surface runoff flow may be small since it may only occur over a permeable soil surface when the rainfall rate exceeds the local infiltration capacity. Module 3 Rainfall-Runoff Contd…. Interflow or Subsurface Storm Flow: The precipitation that infiltrates the soil surface and move laterally through the upper soil layers until it enters a stream channel. Groundwater Flow or Base Flow: The portion of precipitation that percolates downward until it reaches the water table. This water accretion may eventually discharge into the streams if the water table intersects the stream channels of the basin. -
Development of Rainfall-Runoff Model Using Tank Model: Problems and Challenges in Province of Aceh, Indonesia
Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, 2 (1): 26-36 April 2013 ISSN: 2088-9860 REVIEW Development of Rainfall-runoff Model Using Tank Model: Problems and Challenges in Province of Aceh, Indonesia Hairul Basri Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Abtstract - Rainfall-runoff model using tank model founded by Sugawara has been widely used in Asia. Many researchers use the tank model to predict water availability and flooding in a watershed. This paper describes the concept of rainfall-runoff model using tank model, discuss the problems and challenges in using of the model, especially in Province of Aceh, Indonesia and how to improve the outcome of simulation of tank model. Many factors affect the rainfall-runoff phenomena of a wide range of watershed include: soil types, land use types, rainfall, morphometry, geology and geomorphology, caused the tank model usefull only for concerning watershed. It is necessary to adjust some parameters of tank model for other watershed by recalibrating the parameters of the model. Rainfall runoff model using the tank model for a watershed scale is more reasonable focused on each sub-watershed by considering soil types, land use types and rainfall of the concerning watershed. Land use data can be enhanced by using landsat imagery or aerial photographs to support the validation the existing of land use type. Long term of observed discharges and rainfall data should be increased by set up the AWLR (Automatic Water Level Recorder) and rainfall stations for each of sub-watersheds. The reasonable tank model can be resulted not only by calibrating the parameters, but also by considering the observed and simulated infiltration for each soil and land use types of the concerning watershed. -
Hydrological Controls on Salinity Exposure and the Effects on Plants in Lowland Polders
Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders Sija F. Stofberg Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee Personal chair Ecohydrology Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr J.P.M. Witte Extraordinary Professor, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Ecological Science VU Amsterdam and Principal Scientist at KWR Nieuwegein Other members Prof. Dr A.H. Weerts, Wageningen University & Research Dr G. van Wirdum Dr K.T. Rebel, Utrecht University Dr R.P. Bartholomeus, KWR Water, Nieuwegein This research was conducted under the auspices of the Research School for Socio- Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE) Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders Sija F. Stofberg Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 07 June 2017 at 4 p.m. in the Aula. Sija F. Stofberg Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders, 172 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2017) With references, with summary in English ISBN: 978-94-6343-187-3 DOI: 10.18174/413397 Table of contents Chapter 1 General introduction .......................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Fresh water lens persistence and root zone salinization hazard under temperate climate ............................................................................................ 17 Chapter 3 Effects of root mat buoyancy and heterogeneity on floating fen hydrology .. -
18 an Interdisciplinary and Hierarchical Approach to the Study and Management of River Ecosystems M
18 An Interdisciplinary and Hierarchical Approach to the Study and Management of River Ecosystems M. C. THOMS INTRODUCTION Rivers are complex ecosystems (Thoms & Sheldon, 2000a) influenced by prior states, multi-causal effects, and the states and dynamics of external systems (Walters & Korman, 1999). Rivers comprise at least three interacting subsystems (geomorphological, hydro- logical and ecological), whose structure and function have traditionally been studied by separate disciplines, each with their own paradigms and perspectives. With increasing pressures on the environment, there is a strong trend to manage rivers as ecosystems, and this requires a holistic, interdisciplinary approach. Many disciplines are often brought together to solve environmental problems in river systems, including hydrology, geomor- phology and ecology. Integration of different disciplines is fraught with challenges that can potentially reduce the effectiveness of interdisciplinary approaches to environmental problems. Pickett et al. (1994) identified three issues regarding interdisciplinary research: – gaps in understanding appear at the interface between disciplines; – disciplines focus on specific scales or levels or organization; and, – as sub-disciplines become rich in detail they develop their own view points, assumptions, definitions, lexicons and methods. Dominant paradigms of individual disciplines impede their integration and the development of a unified understanding of river ecosystems. Successful inter- disciplinary science and problem solving requires the joining of two or more areas of understanding into a single conceptual-empirical structure (Pickett et al., 1994). Frameworks are useful tools for achieving this. Established in areas of engineering, conceptual frameworks help define the bounds for the selection and solution of problems; indicate the role of empirical assumptions; carry the structural assumptions; show how facts, hypotheses, models and expectations are linked; and, indicate the scope to which a generalization or model applies (Pickett et al., 1994). -
Saltmod Estimation of Root-Zone Salinity Varadarajan and Purandara
79 Original scientific paper Received: October 04, 2017 Accepted: December 14, 2017 DOI: 10.2478/rmzmag-2018-0008 SaltMod estimation of root-zone salinity Varadarajan and Purandara Application of SaltMod to estimate root-zone salinity in a command area Uporaba modela SaltMod za oceno slanosti koreninske cone na namakalnih površinah Varadarajan, N.*, Purandara, B.K. National Institute of Hydrology, Visvesvarayanagar, Belgaum 590019, Karnataka, India * [email protected] Abstract Povzetek Waterlogging and salinity are the common features - associated with many of the irrigation commands of - Poplavljanje in slanost tal sta običajna pojava v mno surface water projects. This study aims to estimate the vljanju slanosti v koreninski coni na levem in desnem gih namakalnih projektih. V študiji poročamo o ugota root zone salinity of the left and right bank canal com- mands of Ghataprabha irrigation command, Karnataka, - obrežju kanala namakalnega območja Ghataprabhaza India. The hydro-salinity model SaltMod was applied delom SaltMod so uporabili na izbranih kmetijskih v Karnataki, v Indiji. Postopek določanja slanosti z mo to selected agriculture plots at Gokak, Mudhol, Bili- parcelah v okrajih Gokak, Mudhol, Biligi in Bagalkot gi and Bagalkot taluks for the prediction of root-zone - salinity and leaching efficiency. The model simulated vodnjavanja tal. V raziskavi so modelirali slanost v tal- za oceno slanosti koreninske cone in učinkovitosti od the soil-profile salinity for 20 years with and without nem profilu v razdobju 20 let ob prisotnosti podpovr- subsurface drainage. The salinity level shows a decline šinskega odvodnjavanja in brez njega. Slanost upada with an increase of leaching efficiency. The leaching efficiency of 0.2 shows the best match with the actu- vzporedno z naraščanjem učinkovitosti odvodnjavanja. -
12(1)Download
Volume 12 No. 1 ISSN 0022–457X January-March 2013 Contents Land capability classification in relation to soil properties representing bio-sequences in foothills of North India 3 – V. K. Upadhayaya, R.D. Gupta and Sanjay Arora Innovative design and layout of Staggered Contour Trenches (SCTs) leads to higher survival of 10 plantation and reclamation of wastelands – R.R. Babu and Purnima Mishra Prioritization of sub-watersheds for erosion risk assessment - integrated approach of geomorphological 17 and rainfall erosivity indices – Rahul Kawle, S. Sudhishri and J. K. Singh Assessment of runoff potential in the National Capital Region of Delhi 23 – Manisha E Mane, S Chandra, B R Yadav, D K Singh, A Sarangi and R N Sahoo Soil information system for assessment and monitoring of crop insurance and economic compensation 31 to small and marginal farming communities – a conceptual framework – S.N. Das Rainfall trend analysis: A case study of Pune district in western Maharashtra region 35 – Jyoti P Patil, A. Sarangi, D. K. Singh, D. Chakraborty, M. S. Rao and S. Dahiya Assessment of underground water quality in Kathurah Block of Sonipat district in Haryana 44 – Pardeep, Ramesh Sharma, Sanjay Kumar, S.K. Sharma and B. Rath Levenberg - Marquardt algorithm based ANN approach to rainfall - runoff modelling 48 – Jitendra Sinha, R K Sahu, Avinash Agarwal, A. R. Senthil Kumar and B L Sinha Study of soil water dynamics under bioline and inline drip laterals using groundwater and wastewater 55 – Deepak Singh, Neelam Patel, T.B.S. Rajput, Lata and Cini Varghese Integrated use of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on the productivity of wheat-soybean cropping 59 system in the vertisols of central India – U.K. -
Irrigation Influence on Catchment Hydrology Modelling with Advanced Hydroinformatic Tools
Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 48 (1), 2016 IRRIGATION INFLUENCE ON CATCHMENT HYDROLOGY MODELLING WITH ADVANCED HYDROINFORMATIC TOOLS Erika BEILICCI, R. BEILICCI Politechnica University Timisoara, Department of Hydrotechnical Engineering George Enescu str. 1/A, Timisoara, [email protected] Abstract: Agriculture is a significant user of water resources in Europe, accounting for around 30 per cent of total water use. Because water is essential to plant growth, irrigation is essentially to overcome deficiencies in rainfall for growing crops. Irrigation is a basic determinant of agriculture because its inadequacies are the most powerful constraints on the increase of agricultural production. Irrigation was recognized for its protective role of insurance against the vagaries of rainfall and drought. But the irrigation, besides the positive effects, has a significant environmental impact. The environmental impacts of irrigation are variable and not well-documented; some environmental impacts can be very severe. The main types of environmental impact arising from irrigation appear to be: water pollution from nutrients and pesticides; damage to habitats and aquifer exhaustion by abstraction of irrigation water; intensive forms of irrigated agriculture displacing formerly high value semi-natural ecosystems; gains to biodiversity and landscape from certain traditional or ‘leaky’ irrigation systems in some localized areas; increased erosion of cultivated soils on slopes; salinization, or contamination of water by minerals, of groundwater sources; both negative and positive effects of large scale water transfers, associated with irrigation projects. Minor irrigation schemes within a catchment will normally have negligible influence on the catchment hydrology, unless transfer of water over catchment boundaries is involved. Large irrigation schemes may significantly affect the runoff and the groundwater recharge through local increases in evapotranspiration and infiltration as well as through operational and field losses.