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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Cirrhotic Patient HPB Surgery, 1996, Vol. 10, pp. 79-82 (C) 1996 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association). Reprints available directly from the publisher Amsterdam B.V. Published in The Netherlands Photocopying permitted by license only by Harwood Academic Publishers Printed in Malaysia Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Cirrhotic Patient JEAN GUGENHEIM*, MARCO CASACCIA JR.*, DAVIDE MAZZA*, JAMES TOOULI**, VANNA LAURA*, PASCAL FABIANI* and JEAN MOUIEL* *Department of Digestive Surgery, Video-Surgery and Hepatic Transplantation St. Roch Hospital University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France **Flinders Medical Center, Bedford Park, South Australia (Received 25 October 1995) Cholecystectomy is associated with increased risk in patients with liver cirrhosis. Moreover, cirrhosis and portal hypertension have been considered relative or absolute contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. As experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy increased, we decided to treat cirrhotic patients via this approach. Between January 1994 and April 1995, nine patients with a Child-Pugh's stage A cirrhosis underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiography. There was no significant per- or post-operative bleeding and no blood transfusion was necessary. There was no mortality and very low morbidity. Median hospital stay was 3 days. This series suggests that well- compensated cirrhosis can not be considered a contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. KEY WORDS: Cirrhosis laparoscopic cholecystectomy INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Gallstones are more frequent in cirrhotic patients than Between January 1994 and April 1995, 9 cirrhotic in the general population 1'2. Cholecystectomy is asso- patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ciated with increased risk in patients with cirrhosis Operations were performed by two surgeons (J.G., because of intraoperative bleeding, postoperative he- P.F.) with a well-established experience in laparoscopic patic failure and sepsis with the potential of multiple surgery. There were 6 males and 3 females with a organ failure3-8. However at times, it becomes median age of 59 years (range: 35-81 years). Six pa- necessary to treat patients with cirrhosis who have tients had cirrhosis confirmed by liver biopsy; in the gallstones disease as they present with debilitating remaining three the diagnosis was made on the basis of symptoms9. Non cirrhotic patients with symptomatic significant clinical history and the appearence of the gallstones currently are treated by Laparo- liver at operation. Cirrhosis was secondary to: post- scopic Cholecystectomy (LC). Cirrhosis and portal hepatitis C in 4 cases, alcohol in 3 cases, post-hepatitis hypertension have been considered relative or abso- B and hemocromatosis. All patients were stage A lute contraindication to LC 1-12. However, as experi- according to the Child-Pugh classification. No patient ence with LC increased, a number of cirrhotic patients had ascites preoperatively. Two had stage I and II have been treated via this approach. We report our esophageal varices. One of these two patients had a experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the cir- program of sclerotherapy before he became sympto- rhotic patient. matic. The other patient was operated on without sclerotherapy. One patient was HIV infected. All pa- tients liver Correspondence to: Prof. Jean Gugenheim, Department of Diges- had preoperative and postoperative func- tive Surgery, Video-Surgery and Hepatic Transplantation St. Roch tion tests (see Tab. 2) and abdominal ultrasonography. Hospital-5, Rue Pierre Devoluy. 06000 Nice. 79 80 JEAN GUGENHEIM et al. 0 0 CHOLECYSTECTOMY IN CIRRHOSIS 81 No patient had previous upper abdominal surgery. Median hospital stay was 3 days (range: 2-7 days). Indications for surgery were: recurrent biliary colic in Median duration of follow-up was 12.5 months (range: 5 cases, acute cholecystitis in 3 cases and biliary 7-22 months). One patient (n7) developed a pancreatitis in case. In this latter case, a preoperative multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma and died 10 ERCP was carried out, and demonstrated the months after the operation. All other patients are alive presence of micro-crystals in the bile. This patient without any complication. had an alcoholic cirrhosis, but a complete withdrawal was advocated by the patient and his family. This DISCUSSION led us to indicate a cholecystectomy in this patient. None of the patients were operated as an emergency; 2 There are a number of reports 3-5 which alert us to had the operation during the same hospital admission the potential morbidity (30-83%) and mortality for an acute episode and 7 had an elective opera- (21-27%) associated with cholecystectomy in the cir- tion at a later date. Surgery consisted of laparo- rhotic patient. In these reports it is documented that scopic cholecystectomy and routine preoperative the greater the severity of the cirrhosis, the greater is cholangiography, using our standard technique de- the potential of complications. In other series3'7'14'15 scribed previously 13. Liver biopsy was done in three similar to ours, cholecystectomy has been performed patients to confirm the etiology and the degree of in cirrhotic patients without significant morbidity or cirrhosis. Abdominal drains were not used. Antibiot- mortality. The difference between the former and later ics were given for 48 hours and started at the induction reports is in the severity of cirrhosis. Our patients were of general anesthesia. They consisted of piper- well compensated and all of Child Pugh class A. acilline I.V. 8 gr. per day in 5 patients, and In such patients, despite the difficulties presented of amoxicilline + clavulinic acid 3 gr. per day in 4 by alteration in the anatomy of the liver, due to patients. After operation patients were followed up as the cirrhosis, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is possible outpatients by their surgeon at regular intervals. and is associated with little increase in the risk of complications. In addition, none of our patients needed to undergo emergency surgery, a factor that is considered'4 a poor predictor of RESULTS outcome for a cirrhotic patient undergoing an abdominal operation. Cholecystectomy was completed laparoscopically in Wound problems, such as infection, dehiscence and all of the nine patients. During the operation, we did postoperative hernia, are complications which result not find any difficulty to dissect the triangle of Calot. in postoperative morbidity after open cholecystectomy However, the dissection of the gallbladder from the in cirrhotic patients, with a reported incidence of cirrhotic liver was difficult. After a moderate traction 12/0s. We had no wound complications following LC of the gallbladder, division was performed very cau- and we believe that this is a major advantage in treat- tiously using the diathermy hook. Haemostasis was ing these patients via this approach. completed carefully by use of a diathermy spatula, Potentially, laparoscopic surgery is associated argon beam diathermy and fibrin glue (Tissucol, with less adhesions around the liver, and there is no Immunofrance S. A., Illkirch, France). There was no subcostal incision. These factors may be important if significant peroperative or postoperative bleeding in the patient were to need liver transplantation at a any of the patients and no blood transfusion was future date. necesssary. All peroperative cholangiograms were These cases were operated by experienced normal and showed no evidence of stones in the bile laparoscopic surgeons. We caution that a surgeon ducts. The gallstones were pigmented in all patients. In must possess a high degree of laparoscopic proficiency eight they were multiple and one patient had a solitary before performing laparoscopiccholecystectomy in the stone. Median duration of the procedure was 80 min- cirrhotic patient. We recommend a low threshold for utes (range: 55-105 min.). Postoperative course conversion to the open procedure if difficulties, such as was uneventful in 8 cases, patient had moderate significant bleeding, are encountered. ascites, which was sucessfully treated with diuretics However, our series has demonstrated that and did not require paracentesis. There was no signifi- laparoscopic cholecystectomy is feasible in the cant alteration of the liver function tests, and no sign well-compensated cirrhotic patient, with potential of liver decompensation. There was no mortality. advantages when compared to the open procedure. 82 JEAN GUGENHEIM et al. REFERENCES approach. These include the morbidly obese, patients who have had multiple previous laparotomies 1. Bouchier, I.A.D. (1969)Postmortem study of the frequency of (Crohn's disease) and patients where there is a likeli- gallstones in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Gut., as liver 10, 705-10. hood of major surgery in the future, such 2. Nicholas, P., Rinaudo, P.A., Conn, H.O. (1972) Increased transplantation for those with cirrhosis. All these, by incidence of cholelitiasis on Laennec's cirrhosis. Gastroenterol- avoiding the higher morbidity of open surgery or the ogy., 63, 112-21. are a benefit. 3. Schwartz, S.I. (1981)Biliary tract surgery and cirrhosis. A reduction in adhesion formation, offered critical combination. Surgery., 90, 577-83. To datethese situations have been seen as relative or 4. Aranha, G.V., Sontag, S.J., Greenle, H.B. (1083) absolute contraindications to minimally invasive sur- Cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients. A formidable opera- of technical difficulties. It is
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