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Otterbein Aegis Spring 2009

Otterbein Aegis Otterbein University, [email protected]

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essays andbookreviews thatadvancethepresence andvaluesofthehumanities oncampusandbeyond. A journal designed to catalyze a deeper critical appreciation of the humanities at Otterbein College, contact Dr. Karen [email protected]. on Students interested in serving Aegis’ Editorial Board for the 2009-2010school year should essay. All essays acceptedfor publicationwill needeventually tobesubmittedonhard diskette inMicrosoft Word. submissions should be accompanied by a cover sheet, essays;on which appear instead,the author’s submitted on name, appear address, not should and the title of the names postage. Authors’ sufficient with envelope self-addressed a returned,be include to please submission your of copy one for U.S.wish the and through Mail submitting areyou If addressedand Dr.to Karen Steigman, Faculty Advisor, Submissions, prepared according either to the final year ofhis/herstudyatOtterbein. the in is year’sfollowingwriter the the forconsidered edition—evenif be will date reviewsthis receivedbook after on a rolling basis. The deadline for the coming year’s edition shall be the second Friday of Winter Quarter. Essays and Aegis Aegis between 1-4pages—intwelve pointtype, double-spaced, in Times New Romanfont withstandard one-inchmargins. pages.be with margins.reviewscited should worksBook one-inch standard and/or notes font devotedto pages includes Roman This New in Times and double-spaced,type, point twelve pages—in 10-30 between be should Essays assess scienceandtechnology. Aegis in publication for eligible be also humanities—will the in traditionally criticism or interpretation of questions involve that approach—or in philosophical or historical are that sciences social the in books of reviews and Essays archeology; jurisprudence;literature;linguistics;philosophy;languages; thehistory,history; theory,disciplines:following andcriticism of thearts;the ethics; andcomparativein religion.reviews book and essays scholarly humanities, the of definition (NEH) Humanities’ the for Endowment National the with accord In will appear annually each calendar year toward the end of spring quarter. Essays and book reviews will be received iscommittedtononsexistlanguageandwording free ofhostileovertones. will also consider essays and reviews of books that use the disciplines of the humanities to interpret, analyze, or Aegis: The Otterbein College Humanities Journal Aegis: TheOtterbeinCollegeHumanities Advisor: Cover Art: Jennifer Scarbrough Jessica Ramey Christine Horvath Stephanie Freas Ashley Fox Will Ferrall Board Members: Editors: Statement of EditorialStatement of Policy Aegis Zachary HopperandLarsaRamsini Zachary Dr. Karen Steigman MLA Style Manual 2009Editorial Board Kerri Miller Aegis

, TowersHall, College,Otterbein Westerville,Ohio, 43081. or The Chicago Manual of Style , should be sent in duplicate Aegis Aegis seeks scholarly will consider will Aegis .

3 aegis 2009 contents 5 Editors’ Introduction 6 Interview with Dr. Rita Raley 15 Articles

15 Gibson Got It Wrong, South Park Got It Right: How one animated episode effectively critiques The Passion of the Christ—Sarah Martindell

21 Wuthering Heights: A Psychoanalytical and Masculine Study—Meghan (Johnson) Boyd

33 Perseverance through Adversity: The Importance of Unification—Jessica Sheffer

38 Liquid Influences—Whitney Prose

43 Revisiting van Inwagen, Lewis, and the Consequence Argument—Larsa Ramsini

50 Two Worlds Combined: Modernism and Classicism in Stravinsky’s Apollo— Bonnie Shore

58 Book Reviews

58 Leni: The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl—Will Ferrall

60 Suite Française—Stephanie Freas

62 The White Tiger—Zachary Hopper

64 The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao—Christine Horvath

66 A Mercy—Jessica Ramey

67 The Wordy Shipmates—Larsa Ramsini

69 The Drunkard’s Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives—Jennifer Scarbrough

71 Contributors Editors’ Introduction eyes.” —Marcel Proust vantage pointasmuch aswe have. tive onthetopicsthey discuss andtheissuesthatthey raise, andwe hopeyou appreciate this of Otterbein’s best students. Ourcontributors are sure toprovide you withanew perspec lected essays. They cover awidevarietyoftopicswithinthehumanitiesandrepresent some Raley iscurrently aFacultyFellow attheHumanitiesResearch InstituteatUCIrvine. journals,literary including inrelationstudy ofnew mediaart toneoliberalglobalization, andshehaspublishedin leading tion specialization. Herrecent book, Center (formerly Transcriptions) andco-director oftheLiterature andCulture ofInforma atUCSBsheisalsothedirectorIn theEnglishdepartment ofthe Literature.Culture. Media media (art, literature, and20-21Cliterature inan theory) “international” or “global” context. University of California SantaBarbara, where sheresearches andteachesintheareas ofnew you will pick up a copy and form your own critical interpretation of the text. and help spark interest in the humanities. It is also our hope that after reading these reviews,colonial era. We hope that these reviews give our readers insight into newthe works control of literature that randomness has over our lives, and the Nonseparatist Puritans of the Americanand review. The novels chosen address such issues as WWII-era film director Leni Riefenstahl, issuesandtohelpingothers betterunderstandthem.porary disciplines atOtterbein. These works reveal ourstudents’commitmenttoexploring contem questionsbeingraisedandargumentsofferedthe important inthevarioushumanities our own lives. We hopeyou willfindinalloftheessays includedinthisjournalasampleof we ashumanbeingshave withourenvironment andtheneedtopreserve itaswe would ing ofthework asawhole. Inreading heranalysis one isreminded ofthecloserelationship metaphors associatedwithwatertoreveal ofthissymbolismtothemean theimportance ences,” Whitney Prose takes Anne Patchett’s novel satire andshouldbeseenashighcomedy. As anotherexample, inheressay, “Liquid Influ watch it. Rather, sheargues, many seemtothink, simply gutterhumorfitonly todecrease theintelligenceofthosewho season.thirteenth analyzes theanimatedsitcomandshows SarahMartindell thatitisnot, as to ourworld atlarge. quality aswell asfor theirabilitytoraisequestionsrelevant totheOtterbeincommunity and philosophy, English, music, history, andculturalcriticism. They were selectedbothfor their pling of some of the best work being done by students in the humanities at Otterbein. cover a wide range of topics—from nity the sixth edition of “The real voyage of discovery consistsnot inseekingnew landscapes butinhaving new We, theeditorsof2009edition This year’s humanitiesspeaker wasDr. RitaRaley, anassociate professor ofEnglish atthe Members of the The sixessays publishedinthisjournalrepresent avarietyofdisciplines, including As this year’s editors, we have the honor of presenting to the Otterbein College commu Zachary Hopper and Larsa Ramsini HopperandLarsa Zachary Aegis South Park Aegis: editorial board have each selected a recently published work to read The Yale JournalofCriticism South Park The Otterbein College Humanities Journal. The essays included continues tostirupcontroversy withthebeginningofits South Park Tactical Media shows evidence ofanunderlying brilliancetoitsbitter Aegis to the Civil Rights Movement—and are a sam , hopethatourreaders enjoy thisyear’s se (University ofMinnesotaPress, 2009), isa The Patron SaintofLiars , Postmodern Culture , and andextractsthe Cultural Critique ------. -

Editors 5 aegis 2006 Zachary Larsa Hopper and Ramsini rhetoric, written signs and symbols, so it makes sense that I would zero in on a particular zero sense that I would so it makes written signs and symbols, rhetoric, interfaces haptic say let’s media, A lot of locative about text. media that’s practice of locative at all. not about text are inflected social sculptures, or technologically to this type of at UC SantaDo you teach any Barbara courses related one of them? describe could you Ifwork? so, begin We regularly. fairly so that is one class that I teach literature, I teach electronic Sure. one thing I focus on. Another thing I like to think about is artists’ uses of programming code to think about is artists’ uses of programming Another thing I like on. one thing I focus language—brackets programming out of affective works compose that they’ll and the way using what’s that artists are in the way and slashes and dots and so forth—so I’m interested to think In general I like environment. in this post-screen underneath the screen happening about not strictly so media arts practice that’s media arts practice, about language driven about language, in getting people to think I’m invested As an English professor, visual culture. As an English professor, could you explain how locative media and locative media and locative could you explain locative how As an English professor, to literary studies? relate narrative which the for which is literature literature, on is electronic I focus one thing that Well, would narrative So certainly locative deliverycomputer is both a composition and a medium. most texts as are on the computer, composed it’s know be an instance of this because we literary so born-digital are works it on the computer, read can only but you at this moment, handhelds, so that art practices are no longer screen-based. We’ve started of to see a lot We’ve no longer screen-based. so that art are practices handhelds, One ubiquitous. Short pretty Message Serviceare (SMS) projects based projects. projection and those to text in, everyone corner and invite a street over thing artists will do is take long enough York in New If you’re onto the façade of a building. messages will be projected also an art not only practice but it’s so it’s all the time, that happening like see projects you’ll practice. common media a pretty [team] but depend on user contribution. So if you wanted, you could create your own own your could create you wanted, So if you will distribute Project on user contribution. [team] but depend Arrow Yellow The or Murmur. Project Arrow Yellow the hotspots for arrows up yellow and stick you meaningful to places are can choose whatever so you stickers to tell stories. media? locative researching got you into What first the desktop and to from shifting away I started artists noticing in this decade how were It’s a media that uses geographic location data, such as the global position system (GPS) and position system (GPS) such as the global data, location that uses geographic a media It’s artistic for purposes. (GIS), system information geographic a subset of media? narrative locative Is locative and often single-authored for instance, to be fictional, tend projects narrative Locative Yes. single artistson the design have media may locative whereas an artistby a team of artists, or An Interview with Dr. Rita Raley Rita InterviewAn Dr. with of your definition What is media? locative

aegis 2009 6 Dr. Raley That’s oftenregarded asoneoftheoriginalmomentselectronic literature, butthenwe own adventure” stories, thereader isassembled. getstochoosehow sointheory thestory to negotiate ornavigate herway through. People oftencompare hypertext to “choose your with hypertext, whichhasanodeorlexiastructure, where chunksoftextinvite thereader of buildingafence higherandthenit’s stillpenetrated. Then barbedwire isadded andthat is them. And then, ofcourse—andmany people have notedthis—we reach theabsurd point to whichthepopulaceinvests intheideaofafence asareal entitythatsomehow protects border. From theperspective ofsomeonewhoislivinginCalifornia, Iamaware oftheextent Certainly. Think aboutthefarce ofbuildingafence thatwould spanthe entire U.S.-Mexico (200) campaigns”? something wrong operations doubl[ing] with“military as public relations or isthere alsoanormative inyourwriting? claim Doyouthinkthere is isyourpurposeacts by simplytoanalyze thestateand thesituation, control over theuncontrollable” thesesorts (199).How of do youview attemptingto“feign actof upforpeopletoseeisan putting theimage security measures are beingtaken, but alsothatthesimplegesture of thatborder thefact control and mance” signsmaynotjustindicatethat In yourarticle“Border Hacks,” “symbolicperfor youdiscusstheideaof of rootedness andplace. about locative media—orlocative narrative it inparticular—is people worryaboutthis. Accepting thatimpressionistic argument, whatIfindinteresting and soforth. He’s ofinterested sort indisconnectedness, dislocatedness, you know; many want anexampleofdislocativeness, butalsospacesinfront ofscreens andshoppingmalls of transit, passage, ephemerality; it’s almostmetaphorical. Everyone goes totheairport, ifyou there isnotanactualexistingsenseofnon-place. Auge isinterested innon-placeasspaces place. It’s impressionistic; partly it’s notmeanttobeanempiricalstudy. Herecognizes that permodernity His nameisMark Auge andhisbookiscalled Whatdoesthatexactlymean? “non-place.” of thatwe liveworld younotedsomeonewhosaid a betterway inanew and You theworld inyourtalkthatlocative getustoinhabit said in mediacan recreation. look for cluesinthelandscape. Inaway theseprojects like Yellow Arrow are aboutplay or a square orazoosomething—and oncethere, listentoamessagetiedtheplaceor invite usersorplayers site—oftenapublicsite, tocomeaparticular orparticipants like Yes, certainly. ARGs (AlternateRealityGames)would have alocative component, sothey’ll recreation? erature, are locative there asaformof media,perhaps otherusesof any Aside from artorlit beingusedtomake asaformof astatementand not thedesktopscreen. We ofwhere endedupsort Iamtoday. post-screen writing, soIhadthem lookatSMSpoetry, whichofcourseisascreen butit’s also dointeractive fiction, textadventure games. ThislasttimeItaughtit we endedupwith . What he’s interested inare these two conceptualpolesbetween placeandnon- Non-places: Introduction toan Anthropology ofSu does try togive you try thatsense - - -

Dr. Raley 7 aegis 2009 ------You know, as a sort of sym know, You it be reversed? should divisions between countries, but that these divisions, by their very nature, nature, their very by these divisions, but that countries, divisions between what you call “metaphysical” people. divisions between you As create is not simply the indi Carl Schmitt by state, the enemy as understood an that exemplifies understanding enemy,” but the “public vidual enemy, frame Do you see this mind prevalent the “‘us” against “them” mentality. for nations, other than dealing with foreign in the United States in areas example, in conducting a PR campaign against “the other” you may be that was pretty widely critiqued and never amounted to anything. So if the question is: can So if the question is: amounted to anything. critiqued and never widely that was pretty be a localized instance of re and this would hope so, these things be stopped? One would a condition of inviting “You’re and commentary nationwide in the press had said, People fusal. to the citizenry.” policing operations over worry about turning and we surveillance, universal not only territorial also explain are in this article the fact there that You search for the enemy within and assume the role of the proxy sovereign in sovereign of for the enemy within and the proxy the role assume search “illegals” in this article. which are Do you the witch hunt for the enemy, reverse and could we if how so, can be reversed, think that this process Moreover, that McCarthyist logic? he a program, advertised Texas of when the governor remember If you It can be reversed. in and report of the border footage to watch video Texas citizens of invite decided he would And sovereign. to be a proxy everyone for this invitation crossing—precisely on the border pened, like ethnic cleansing and so forth. Yes, I would think that’s a good example of symbolic a good think that’s I would Yes, ethnic cleansing and so forth. like pened, these which is what about this notion of total protection, I do worry So yes, performance. oneself against risk? Because risk by immunize does one fully How campaigns seem to offer. against risk? yourself immunize fully you do how is an external phenomenon; nature to join in the invited are to that is the idea that today’s citizens Linked ed this attitude towards other concerns, such as the war in Iraq, foreign foreign such as the war in Iraq, concerns, other towards ed this attitude or the economy? policy, this? the surge as something quite similar to Could one think of It exists as a PR actually. fair analogy, be a I think that would think so; I would bolic exercise? it’s nonetheless, But one could point to. materially or is something physically there campaign; Iraq and thereby securitizing we’re all about security; It’s foremost. and a PR campaign first hap things that have seeing other us from it prevents temporary; It’s securitizing ourselves. licing the U.S.- Mexico Divide.” You write that, concerning border control, control, border that, concerning write U.S.-licing the Divide.” Mexico You and important than actual security, “The performance more is of security Do you see this mode of as a substitute for the real.” serves the theatrical ofthought/action—that and if “symbolic performance” —as problematic, For control? border limited to or as strictly see it as spreading do you so, example,be if the consequences adopt what would U.S. government the penetrated, so then we add drone patrols, but the border is still penetrated, and then we add add we and then penetrated, is still border but the patrols, drone add then we so penetrated, and penetra one hand, on the of policing of intensification get a kind just patrols…You foot actual is as an than it as a word, an idea, as powerful is more fence The other. tion on the entity. Games: Po “Border study Andreas’ In this same discuss Peter article you

aegis 2009 8 Dr. Raley are becausewe’re notlike them. Iwouldn’t say that’s necessarily Schmittian, becauseSchmitt In ageneralsense, certainly. Group identificationisoftenbasedonnegation: we are who we riage, characterizing theindividuals mar abortionorsame-sex suchasagainst inacampaign, working against fragmentary and hopeful vision of an idealfuture, onethatisnotfixed an on visionof hopeful and fragmentary state that“a tacticalmediapractitioner actsforthe ‘here now’ and witha onvarious websites withwhichtheydonotagree issues.Youganizations’ You thatthesepeopleknown as“hacktivists”(204)hack into or explain governmental investment ininformation security. now. It’s asmallpercentage, butstill, itlets you know thatthere isaninstitutional, juridical, get of2007or2006, butitwasbetween four andsixbilliondollarsthen, andprobably more fences, orinaddition tofences. Ishouldgetamore recent figure. Ithinkthatisfrom thebud Yes, that’s why there’s governmental money going intosecuring, buildingfirewalls insteadof implementit. theseand take can agrievance uponeof nection and That raisesaworry, internetcon withan itseemsthat anyone because script, it’s justamatterofrunningitover andover again. Oh sure. Imean, people stilldoECDattacks. They’re quiteeasy; afteryou activatetheinitial will bedigitallyprotested viaelectronic civildisobedience(ECD)? Wray’s prediction withStefan thefutureDo youagree that thewars of ing between RussiaandGeorgiaiswar—cyberwaranothertermpeople usetodescribeit. “hacktivism,” ofit, isapart of, apart let’s say, warfare inourcurrent moment; whatishappen the networks ofeachrespective government. We already know that, whatIcallinthisarticle attacks were launchedonbothsides, obviously notby artists. And thepointwastocripple skirmishes between RussiaandEstonia, andRussiaGeorgia, distributeddenialofservice crucial component. They’re notadditive; they’re constitutive. And intherecent skirmishes, the you wanttothinkaboutit—netwar, information war, andsoforth—say thatnetworks are a generationwarfare,Most theoristsoffourth orwarfare inthe current moment, however that they spendondefense ofinformation architecture andattack(itactually hastwo aims). ness wasbetween four andsixbilliondollars, probably leaningtowards sixbilliondollars, last figure Isaw for government’s program inwhatthey callComputerNetwork Aware Yes, information security isahugeissue, andahugearea ofresearch inthegovernment. The now, unregulated? fairly whichisforthemost part security freedom reduce and of thatwe theamount have incyberspace infrastructure, doyouthinkthatthegovernment willincrease internet temporarily informationand shutdowntransfer of thecommunication socialprotest. formof Asthismethodhasthepotentialtohinder new whichsomemayconsidera focuses on“interference disturbance,” and You alsowrite thatthehacktivistsusea“denial-of-service”tactic group formation. state. Sohe’s lessinterested insocialgroup formation thanheisinnationalorstate-based is dealingsomuch withtheproblem ofpoliticalcommunity andsovereignty for these issuesas“theother”? , issuesofnation-

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Dr. Raley 9 aegis 2009

- - - - don’t want change immigration politics such that we had no border had no border politics such that we change immigration practically because we don’t have artificial intelligence. Without artificial intelligence we’re stuck at the Without artificial we’re intelligence artificial intelligence. have don’t because we being at the grammatic rather than the rhetorical—rhetorical of the literal, the level literal, a necessity, So it’s AI to deal with the rhetorical. require the space of figuration—and it does use machine don’t you why the reason it’s example, for because, problematic and certainly it’s Obviously be meaningless. it would or Shakespeare; say, let’s translation to translate Dante, what know to hard It’s Walking? it to? reduce you do What itself. text the lose to going you’re field-based at this machine translation is basically why It’s to in the end. Dante gets reduced considered as neutral and emphasis falling on the process, accuracy, and accuracy, and as neutral emphasis falling on the process, considered something down functionality to break of the exchange.” Is it problematic of and num than complex as a language a series into nothing more as rich information? or formulas for transferring bers one has to eliminate begins with the idea that in a way Translation” “Machine and Sure, register of language, the figurative rather than register, works at the literal it the figurative; eye toward the future, an eye toward a possibly better future, but we don’t quite know what quite know don’t but we better future, a possibly toward an eye the future, toward eye to be. going that’s and another a bit now go to switch gears of “Machine We’ll articles, your to our attention that “Machine translation brings write You Translation.” significant manner the ideal ofin a materially a perfect and fully automat with both languages language one natural to another, ed translation from Yes, but I don’t think anyone would be so naïve as to think one particularone think to as of denial distributed naïve so be would anyone think don’t I but Yes, know as we change immigration politics service to fundamentally going is somehow campaign or the local action, the local tactic, between gap a yawning So there’s them in this country. also an abstraction. but it’s a goal, is obviously which and radical structural transformation, in tactics out of necessity. more invest is that tactical media practitioners found And what I’ve with an now, can do is act that all we exist in the present, of the fact that we aware are They that would be possible. So, what can they do, they can try they sort some to effect of structural do, what can they So, be possible. that would of long- all in the interest with these short-termtransformation that it’s actions and hope term structural change. that they know but they view, a positive have So they may not to in going to try so that’s what they’re now, is going on right whatever terrupt. term, strategies long-term. And often a tactical media practitioner will say, “Look, I do have I do have “Look, will say, a tactical media practitioner And often long-term. strategies term, civil electronic Dominguez and the the case of Ricardo in example, For goal.” a strategic is to change immigration our strategic goal “Obviously say, they’ll disobedience collective, would or an impossibility—what a kind of fantasy, that’s a way, in but, politics in this country”; that mean? Could we believes really at all? No one or immigration regulation regulation management or border a future horizon but ever in flux.” It also seems strange seems It also in flux.” hack these that but ever horizon a future achieve to of goal a set-in-stone have do not tivists like would what they you explain actions. Could with their further and their mentality why they ideal in place, a solid do not have and an effects” of idea “material the of happen to see their activism? as a result like would (208) they short- to be known are Tactics tactics and strategy. between a difference there’s First of all

aegis 2009 10 Dr. Raley In thisarticleyouargue foramore comprehensive lan understanding of general senseofwhatthisissaying? point too. Orwithtranslatorslike BabelFish—it’s always aboutbasicmeaning. CanIgeta doesn’t languageuseitselfchange? Let’s say, orchanges in ourunderstanding oftechnology say there must be somechangesinlanguageuse, butcouldn’t one turnitbackandsay, well, capacity toalterit, butitsomehow doeschange; it’s kindofaparadox. Iwould Socertainly localway.very Ithinkyou cansay languagepracticedoesalter, obviously. Noneofushasthe who say hasaltered thatit must bethecasethattechnology speech. Itmust bethecase, ina I don’t know ifIwould make thatstrong claimofstrictdeterminism, butthere are linguists currently use? how getrid weand thefigurative that ing tochange speak, we language of how weinnormal,everyday speak life?Doyouthink thisisactuallygo So how isgoingtoaffect doyouthinkthattheactualmachinetranslation sit down withthosestylemanuals, they tellyou toparrot down, gettoyour point… Strunk and White? Eliminate deadwood. What’s deadwood? It’s rhetoric. You know, ifyou of Style when everything we’ve beentaughttobelieve from Strunkand White ( scholars makecan literary thecasethatlanguageisaboutmore thanjustbasicfunctionality plexity isimportant, andfigurationmore generally isimportant. SoI aboutthat.worry How Sure. scholarIhaveAs aliterary stake acertain intheideathatdifficultyisimportant, com (293) from apart rhetoricspeaking translation,devoid figurative of and speech? towardlation willleadtoashiftinlanguage themore utilitarian ways of asopposedtotherhetorical, trans forthepurposesthe grammatical of on Do youreally language, thinkthatafocusontheutilitarian aspectof idea, whichisthatEnglishthedominant, thestandard, thepivot language. architecture ontopofit, andthen thatinformation architecture ofinflectedwiththat issort English. Soinaway whathappens isthatyou have anideaandthenyou buildaninformation is present in AltaVista BabelFishtoday. You can’t doany ofthetranslationsexceptthrough er ofthis. Histhinkingthatevery languageisintimately andontologically related toEnglish In asense. That’s why I’minterested in Warren Weaver, whoisinaway theconceptualfound weand are theoneswhocontrol theentire system? intheUnitedStates began machinetranslation Why isthat?Isitbecause to Chinese. you’re going totranslate, let’s say, from French toChinese, you go French toEnglish, English Well, theway machinetranslationworks isthatitalways hastogo through English. Soif “master, universal, überlanguage”? (292). Whatdangers doyouseeintheimperialistic isa notionthatEnglish toitsspeakers offers “rhetoric context”thateachdistinctlanguage and aroundlanguages theworld, second,toappreciate and thedifferences in onother translationsoastofirst, language guage notimposetheEnglish ) onforward isthatit’s allaboutcommunication. What’s oneofthebasictenants

The BasicElements - - - - -

Dr. Raley 11 aegis 2009 - - - teach Chumash; if it’s not coming from the community, it’s off. What would it mean to come would What off. it’s the community, not coming from if it’s teach Chumash; sort of anthropologists? us, from In this piece you claim “programming lan that the distinction between guages and languages—based natural on the notion that programming only capablelanguages of are and instructions incapable of figuration, of the lit affect,generating properties and embodying other historical particular environs, in Santa Barbara, one of the indigenous languages is the Chumash, the one of the indigenous languages is the Chumash, Barbara, in Santa particular environs, but it’s to, down we’re living speakers many how know even I don’t Chumash population. to recording devoted amount of time and money still a great But there’s in the single digits. It doesn’t goes. all the money where That’s can in the language. and documenting what they the toward it goes encouraging people to learn Chumash; or actually teaching, towards go not our place to be that it’s the idea would Also, practical. isn’t because the former recording, Or do you see this advance in technology as solely being detrimental to a Or do you see this advance in technology as solely being detrimental and language’s history? unique culture generally. technologies more recording for but the digital, for a question even not it’s Maybe one Maybe Africa. tribal languages in say, let’s of various, Think about all the analog recording it—that the stand by to what extent I would the argument—I’m not sure make could even because one doesn’t or the disappearance, in a sense facilitates the devolution recording In my if it exists in the recording. the anxiety about preserving the living language, feel esting in that example is that they’re thinking about what they want to preserve and what want to preserve thinking about what they esting in that example is that they’re willing to lose. they’re advanced languageDo you think that this more technology translation dying languages and encourage people to become fluent will help preserve in other languages, if one language it’s to another? easy to translate from archive, which is the work of researchers at the University of Virginia and the University of Virginia and the University of at the University of researchers work which is the archive, had big question that they and the poems, digitizing Blake’s archiving, is about North Carolina, digitize Do we composites of the image of the text? which are digitize these, do we is how reduce the and or flatten flatten out and lose text, sort of, and thereby, them as single images, What will be entertaining all of these questions. were They of codes? whole image to a series make don’t So if we to disappear. is going the page, the vellum, know Because we preserved? I find inter What to lose the print. going then we’re print to the digital, from the transfer not easily translatablenot easily language, into a computer will be abandoned? it (307-8) The rate of language of dead languages. think context, in a language First of all, I think so. not written but they’re die, their speakers first of all, Well, Why? a day? two death is what, have don’t you a written record, have don’t if you that: from So extrapolate enough. down Blake William The mind: One example that just comes to history—it disappears. essentially the developments of technology themselves. I don’t like that strict determinism, but if one but if strict determinism, that like I don’t of technology themselves. the developments would say I change, language influencing factors of the multiple a picture out sketching were to be partthat big picture. of have would machine translation that “the nature in his assertion agreeDo you with Jean-François Lyotard of fundamentally has knowledge is changed,” and if that research future

aegis 2009 12 Dr. Raley aspects of language? Do you think it is acceptable tousethecurrent Do youthinkitisacceptable language? aspects of research thattranslation distinction tomake, and shouldfocusonboth uponthisdistinction?Doyouthinkthatisamisleading you expand erary—still predominates research” inmachinetranslation (302).Could umbrella ofEnglishsomehow? And notidentifyingwith sameness…isitreally still ahierarchy? Are you just absorbing, essentially, allsub-continental languageswithinEnglish, orunderthe does iteclipse, rather? What’s atstake inexcludingthe notion ofdifference atthatpoint? itself hasitsown, let’s say, optics—whatdoesthe notionwe are allthesamemean? What mon source, thatitallgoes backto the Indo-European root andeverything isavariant. That root. The bigdiscovery around 1800andtheRomantic Period wasthatthere wasthecom difference, everything isunrelated, etc., andlanguagein termsofsameness, theIndo-European lish book, actually. And there was exactly thissplitbetween thinkingoflanguage in termsof to do quite a bit of research into language politics around 1800; of the Global Eng this is part pragmatically. Butit’s aninteresting question. Isitproductive tothinkabout sameness?Iused it’sPartly adifferent definitionoflanguage, Ithink. Warren Weaver isthinkingalmostpurely distinctnatural languages? of tion thatfocusesonsimilarities differences rather between than speakers Weaver thenhave more clout intheirargument foraprocess transla of this innatestructure research? translation would affect Would peoplelike Thought,”how doyouthinktheelucidationof of or“Language Grammar” ven Pinker are correct thatthere intheirclaim “Universal is somesort of peoplelike Ste Chomsky (298).If and Noam alllanguages” at thebaseof You mentionWarren Weaver’s a“‘real’ of universal conception language tive ifthere couldbea direct dialogbetween thesetwo languages? let’s say, between thePhilippines andChina. Butwouldn’t itbemore interesting andproduc onecouldhaveCertainly apurely functional exchangeofinformation, maritimeinformation, Chinese? What would itdotoourPacificRim relations ifEnglish weren’t thepivot there? system,guage technology thatwould accommodate translationsbetween, let’s say, Tagalog and this way: wouldn’t itbemore productive ifwe couldhave amachinetranslationsystem, alan Sure. ButIwould stepbackabitfrom thenotionofdamageorharm, andinsteadthinkofit writing?to translateothertypesof repercussionsbut thementalitybehinditmaycause whenthey’re trying in aspecificinstance—say, harm So itmaynotcause in weather reports— translation technologiespromoting? tual development ofmachinetranslationtechnologies, andwhatnotionoflanguageare these my questions. wastoaskthosevery taskinthatarticle What isthevisionthatshaped theac Again, whatare theideasthatinform it? And what kindofideasisitpromoting? Isuppose functional uses. Butasatranslationpractice, onewould wanttoaskcriticalquestionsofit. instances. I’mnotinimicaltoallinstancesofmachinetranslation; Iunderstandithasitsbasic, I thinktheidealwould intelligenceengine, beamachinetranslationwithanartificial for all translationsaswell? types of informative instructions,” forthese ordoesthemethodneed tochange translationin“weather reports, of methodology documents, and legal ------

Dr. Raley 13 aegis 2009 - - technology as a centralization, and tactics and techniques as decentralization. as decentralization. and tactics and techniques technology as a centralization, I guess, broadly, structures of power and then resistance to that power. So in the case of So in the case of that power. to and then resistance power of structures broadly, I guess, Englishes as the one hand and on force of centralizing be English as a kind would it English, activities as in the hacktivists’ at play that is the dynamic And maybe a decentralizing force. policing mecha border the disciplinary force, centralizing have hand you On the one well. clearly hacktivists that are tactics of the these swarm have hand you and on the other nisms, centralizing forces, that tension between maybe So and dispersed. distributed, decentralizing, It was, actually, the common source, the Indo-European root; it’s still a hierarchy. So I guess So I guess still a hierarchy. it’s root; the Indo-European source, the common actually, It was, I’m wary differ of the identification and of samenesses the identification and of samenesses in all instances want to be critical would One ences. By means of e.g. any do you see topics, your closing, link between border media? English, and Global locative control,

aegis 2009 14 Dr. Raley Right: How one animated episode Right: Howepisode oneanimated Gibson GotItWrong, the wall.” With thisoutlandishscene, Parker illustrates how heviews Gibson—as amaniacal a choice, isthatit? Well go ahead. Ijustsure hopeyou don’t use thosewhipsover there on using thetable’s built-inwristand ankleclamps. Heresponds, “I get it—butyou don’t have worst. You stillwon’t getyour ticket money back. Icantake whatever you candishout.” wearing only apair ofwhitebriefs. He skipsover toatable. Gibsoncontinues: “Do your ahead.” While intheprocess ofdelivering these lines, hestripsoffhisclothesuntilis “Torture you?” Stanrepeats. Gibsonsays, “So you won’t tellyou!” them thatthey willhave tofindthemoney, andsays, “You cantorture meall you want—Istill to Gibson’s Malibumansiontorequest thattheir$18bereturned tothem. Gibsoninforms is over, they determinethatthemovie “sucked” andthey wanttheir money back. They travel Stan andKenny, decidetosee amplifies in “ThePassionofthe Jew.” Two of movies leadviewers towonder whetherGibsonisaddicted to torture, aconceptParker for violence, suchas Goal 1:Illustrate WhatParker asGibson’sObsessionwithTorture Saw actuallylow offers cartoon adeepreflection ofonemovie’s negative impactonitsaudience. subsequent critiqueopensviewers’ mindsinadifferent way. What couldseemtobeashal mocking thesurgeofevangelism thatthefilmsparked. preoccupation withviolence; criticizingGibson’s movie for itsanti-Semitic elements; and episode achieves othergoals, someofwhichinclude: callingattentiontoGibson’s unhealthy month afterGibson’s filmdebuted. sion oftheChrist In particular, theepisode “The PassionoftheJew,” whichmocksMelGibson’s movie series has many layers toexplore—and suchsatire isworthexplaining. ComedyCentral’s animated joke may loseitshumororimpact. Somejokes, however, contributetoadeepsatire that Introduction: ComedyGoesDeeper WhenSurface-Level Christ critiqueseffectively South Park Stan insists, “We don’t wanttotorture you.” Gibsonstraps himselfontothetable Stan andKenny are confused, asneitherofthemhadsaidanything abouttorture. Besides Trey Parker’s “The PassionoftheJew” originally aired onMarch 31, 2004, abouta The easiestway toruinajoke istoexplainwhy itis funny. With anexplanation, the Sarah Martindell , demonstratesanew level ofhumor—adidactic level. The Passion contains satire tobeexaminedoncethelaughterdiesdown. thatdeserves Braveheart Braveheart , Gibsonhasdirected andproduced otherfilmswith a proclivity The Passion (1995) 1 Aside from thesimplegoal ofmakingviewers laugh, this

and afterreading aboutallthehype. When themovie Apocalypto South Park The Passion of the The Passion of South Park do intendtotorture me, huh? Well go (2006). The gruesomescenesinthese 2 Eachexample ofParker’s satire and ’s maincharacters, eight-year-olds GotIt The Pas

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Martindell 15 aegis 2009 - - , because , The Passion argues that the “level of “level argues that the Cartman’s comments set the Cartman’s 5 , focuses on the gratuitous nature of nature on the gratuitous focuses , The Passion, was not Gibson’s attempt to realistically attempt to realistically was not Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ. The Passion would agree. would . He notes that Gibson strays from the biblical from that Gibson strays He notes . 3 The Passion The Passion South Park Jesus at the Movies Jesus at the Anti-Semitic Elements

’s absolutely contains anti-Semitic features. Alan F. Segal lists Alan F. contains anti-Semitic features. absolutely are squirming by now, they should connect that emotion with how should connect that emotion with how they now, squirming by are The Passion of the Christ The Passion The Passion The The team behind 4 South Park South Park and its alleged anti-Semitism…but is this controversy unfounded? and its alleged anti-Semitism…but is this controversy The Passion of the Christ The Passion Within the first thirty seconds of “The Passion of the Jew,” eight-year-old Cartman eight-year-old Jew,” “The Passion of the Within the first thirty seconds of Parker expands on the masochist theme in a way that could alienate his audience, his audience, that could alienate expands on the masochist theme in a way Parker The camera moves from the gleeful faces of the sadistic Roman legionnaires to the legionnaires the gleeful faces of the sadistic Roman from The camera moves the camera the whipping post, from Jesus is unleashed Jesus.…When of back flayed ballet as he is dragged away[,] the scene into a macabre transform and music work blood. his own through a trail leaving Gibson’s after watching reviewer, One movie The torture of Jesus while manacled to a stone pillar, prolonged and graphic, with and graphic, prolonged to a stone pillar, while manacled The torture of Jesus passion accounts in the words from its point of departure takes various instruments, 27:26; Matt (Mark 15:15; “whipped” or “flogged,” “scourged,” as translated variously Father.” “My heart is ready, declares, “Bring it on,” to say, as though Jesus, 19:1). John W. Barnes Tatum, author of Tatum, Barnes W. tone for his role in the rest of the episode. He encourages Kyle to see Kyle He encourages of the episode. in the rest his role tone for even “[t]here’s that Kyle He informs the devil.” are that Jews in the movie, “Mel Gibson says, let Barabbas—a serial and…[t]hey Jesus, a chance to save have the Jews one part where surrounding Cartman highlights the controversy about it.” instead and laugh free killer—go The Passion as under the sway “depicting Jews Leaders”: “The Jewish in his essay some of these features the viewers of the viewers to be subjected to the outlandish scenes in it feels Goal 2: Expose Jew.” “Vulcan and “Jew” as both friend Kyle to his Jewish refers have been made perfectly well and been remembered by his audience had he limited the his audience had he by and been remembered well been made perfectly have takes Parker But as the episode continues, mentioned above. to the table-strapping parody Gibson insanely. more even Gibson behaving showing higher level, to an even hyperbole his offers Then Gibson squeezing them. are that others nipples and pretends twists his own See fine. Okay, you? wouldn’t me, to torture all love would “You saying, to a crowd, anus to experience pain is of his desire The absurdity it!” can take can fit in there—I what you If to handle. is too much abuse of Christ the absurd in the same way to handle, too much Gibson has an “obsession with physical suffering to the exclusion of social, political, and meta political, to the exclusion of social, suffering with physical “obsession Gibson has an context.” physical strategy. to be an effective this method of expansion proves even and end up backfiring—yet exaggerated Gibson’s exaggerated depictions of Gibson find their parallels in All of Parker’s torture—would One could argue that his point—that Gibson loves depiction of the Passion. Perhaps it is Mel Gibson—not Jesus—who seems to say “bring it on.” seems to say Mel Gibson—not Jesus—who it is Perhaps He claims as pornographic.” be branded in another genre, “would, violence” in the movie the torture scene(s) in the torture fetish: torture to Gibson’s evidence which adds whipping, of Jesus’ portrayal text in his man obsessed with torture. Gibson practically begs for the boys to abuse him. One must must One him. to abuse the boys begs for practically Gibson with torture. obsessed man a mas secretly Mel Gibson real Is the accurate. some way is in view Parker’s if then, wonder, Jesus in of the flogging ochist? Perhaps hours spend so many sick satisfaction to Gibson a it gave Perhaps execution. depict Jesus’ of torture. those scenes and co-writing co-producing, directing,

aegis 2009 16 Martindell a sceneflashanimageof mutated Jewish face? Why would Jewish children belikened to portrayals ofJewish tothestory. characterscannotbepertinent For whatpurpose would figures asugly ormisshapen”; and “includ[ing]Emmerich’s depictionsofthe Jews.” of Satan”; “[a]dditions whichmake theJews seemcruel, orgreedy, orwhichstereotype Jewish his audiencewill gethispoint. Hehastobludgeon theaudiencewithvulgar words, offensive down moment.” onthefloorlicking hisballsatthis very ItisasifParker doesnottrust that love ofMelGibson toavulgarlevel: “If Iknew where MelGibsonwas,” says, Cartman “I’d be always go beyond theaudience’s level. comfort Indeed, hedoessoinelevating Cartman’s Hitler andleadacrowd in the shoutingofanti-Jewish phrases. Parker, like Gibson, must “you know, like inthe movie.” Itisnotpreposterous enoughtohave imitate Cartman Adolf must exterminate theJews.” streets. (TheGermanphrasescanbeloosely translatedas “It istimefor revenge” and “We fans. Hemanipulatesthecrowd intorepeating Germanphraseswhile marching through the prays toaposterofGibson Cartman, thepresident oftheMelGibsonFanClub(andsuch adevoted follower thathe up angertoward the Jews. the pointthatPassioncouldhave beendesigned, andeven distorted, tostir inaneffort “performance piece.” Ideally, viewers willnotmake Kyle’s mistake—they willnotoverlook all Jews, for killingJesus. Heoverlooks thepriest’s mentionoftheoriginalpurposethis new knowledge, choosinginsteadtodwell ontheideathathemust apologize, onbehalfof the Middle Ages toincitepeopleagainst theJews.” Somehow, Kyle doesnotdwell onthis the crucifixion.” himself slightly by admittingtwo crucialfacts. First, “there’s notawholelotintheBibleabout dangerous—questions.pondering important—and deep theologicalimplicationsthatKyle raises. Hisquickchangeofsubjectproves thatKyle is question withanotherquestion: “What istroubling you, my child?”Heshiesaway from the The Romansare notresponsible, would leadustobelieve. ashistory Godisresponsible! Jesus’ death. The Jews are notresponsible, asGibsonandEmmerichwould leadustobelieve. sins, excellent point. IfthemajorityofChristiansbelieve Jesus’ deathwasasacrifice for their “[D]id GodsendJesus some ofthemostthought-provoking linesoftheentire episode. Kyle raisesthequestion: Gibson’s movie,” visitsapriestwith questionsaboutJesus’ death. Their exchangecontains that, yes, hisJewish ancestorswere responsible for killingJesus. insistsKyleCartman seethemovie. Kyle watchesthemovie andcomestotheconclusion The Pilate creates feelings ofunderstandingtoward theRomansandanimositytoward theJews. moment ofindecisionbefore hepassedsentence,” according toSegal. Gibson gives Pilateasympatheticpersonality, whenitisunlikely Pilatewould have spent “a the Jews have for thedeathofJesus. The real responsible person, however, isPontius Pilate. demons? Moreover, oneoftheworst anti-Semiticfeatures of 8 South Park andthatGodsentJesus for thispurpose, toearth Parker returns tohisgiftofhyperbole inhisexplorationofGibson’s anti-Semitism. Although thepriest’s inadequateresponse isdisappointing, hedoesredeem Of course, insteadofgivingKyle adirect answer, thepriestanswers Kyle’s Kyle, feeling guiltybecause Jesus “didn’t whathappened deserve tohiminMel episodetacklesthequestionof “Who was responsible for killingJesus?” when 10 Second, “The Passionwasactually doneasaperformance piecebackin to die, ordidJesus justgetkindofscrewed over?” Hemakes an 11 12 ), dresses up like Adolf Hitlerandaddresses acrowd ofGibson ) The naïve crowds thinkthey are repeating Aramaic phrases— 9 thenactually The Passion 7 God Gibson’s rendering of istheresponsibility isresponsible for 6 These

Martindell 17 aegis 2009

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15 they’d they’d esus suffered a bru suffered esus The Passion and Offer an Would the God I worship Would concur with Stan’s sentiment. sentiment. concur with Stan’s The Passion The , two couples emerge from the theater talking the theater emerge from couples two , episode. One character realizes, “We shouldn’t shouldn’t “We One character realizes, episode. The Passion South Park Later, in “The Trials of Jesus,” Glenna Jackson concludes her of Jesus,” Trials “The in Later, 14 Jesus and Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ The Passion Jesus and Mel Gibson’s But by the end of the episode, the Christian crowds encounter a new image of encounter a new the Christian crowds the end of the episode, But by After Stan and Kenny see and Kenny After Stan No, dude, if you wanna be Christian, that’s cool, but you should follow what Jesus what Jesus should follow but you cool, that’s wanna be Christian, if you dude, No, killed is what people he got on how Focusing killed. he got taught instead of how bad results. ends up with really Ages and it did in the Dark asking themselves if there could be a different, healthier way to evaluate biblical events. events. biblical to evaluate healthier way could be a different, if there asking themselves deeper questions can start to stir within Christian viewers: Bigger, in this one have to be centered faith my of need to inflict brutal pain on someone? Does the core history blood violent act? Should the most important be one dominated by religion’s moment in my and suffering? essay with the assertion that “[i]n today’s world of violence, we need hope, not brutality.” need hope, we of violence, world “[i]n today’s with the assertion that essay coincides with the This revelation Lots of people “Yeah. Another adds, Christ.” of and execution our faith on the torture focus Such a concept faith.” on violence to inspire rely We shouldn’t crucified in those times. got grown who have Christian viewers especially viewers, to many new could be completely are they thanks to the episode, Now, of the crucifixion. up with traditional interpretations The essayists in The essayists “is at best non-Gospel claims the film God,” “Hymn to a Savage in Dominic Crossan, John and of Ministry before a Passion devoid “present[s] anti-Gospel” because it and at worst afterwards.” Resurrection film is far-reaching, as is their reverence for its creator. reverence as is their film is far-reaching, their impressions to reevaluate forced are They insane man. Gibson—that of an unstable, use it to inspire accept the film and blindly No longer can they of the film and its director. out of their stupor and them snap makes deterioration Gibson’s Seeing Christian outreach. this moral lesson: listen as Stan offers Their experience of the film is a common one. According to Tatum, “Advance screenings screenings “Advance Tatum, to According the film is a common one. Their experience of leaders became convinced and church audiences; selected before held in mega-churches were opportunities unparalleled Easter time people to Christ.” for bringing that the film afforded opportunity club meeting understand this unparalleled fan Cartman’s The people who attend Cartman encourages each of them to take meeting, At the people to Christ. bringing for it our each make We idea! “[W]hat a great agree: They to the movie. at least one person the for reverence The Christian community’s person!” one more to convert responsibility Alternative death was.” Christ’s how horrible realize didn’t I “Wow, says, first man The about the film. exit They on!” now from Christians be good let’s Oh honey, “Me neither. responds, His wife people saw “I think if more his wife, The second husband tells the scene. into believing.” you guilt-trips it really “Yeah, pleasantly, She answers faith in Jesus.” have images, and outlandish concepts…which is precisely the crime of which Mel Gibson is guilty. is guilty. Mel Gibson of which crime the precisely is concepts…which and outlandish images, J get his point—that will his audience trust that does not if Gibson It is as gruesome images his audience with has to bludgeon Instead Gibson undeserved death. tal, amounts of torture. and incredible the Evangelistic to Response Goal 3: Critique

aegis 2009 18 Martindell thoughtful, strategiccritiquesofevents they seeaspotentially damaging. Inthiscase, they see or vulgar; butitstumblesuponsomedeeprevelations. The writersoftheshow offer Godfor Conclusion: Thank (New York: Continuum, 2004), 92. “Emmerich’s depictions” refers to Anne Catherine Jesus andMelGibson’s The Passion of theChrist: The Film, the GospelsandtheClaims ofHistory 6 Kyle.” seconds intotheepisode, finally compromises Cartman and refers to Kyle as “Vulcan Jew 5 4 3 topics, however, belonginalongeressay. in thefilmandillustratingridiculousnessofachildbeing allo 2 Press, 2004), 220. Barnes Tatum, first day ofLent, aseasonofholinessandintrospection intheChristiancalendar. See W. 1 Endnotes Polebridge Press, 2004). Tatum, W. Barnes, 31March 2004by ComedyCentral. Written anddirected by Trey Parker. broadcast South Park The New International Version oftheBible Christ: The Film, theGospelsandClaimsofHistory Corley, KathleenE. L. andRobert Webb, eds., Bibliography The jokes are notsoshallow afterall. Park religion? Fortunately, dare toquestionthenecessityof thePassion, anelementthatseemssocentraltotheir would stoptoponderwhetherviolenceisareliable inspirationfor faith. CouldChristians the openingof the exaggerationGibsonusesinhisown film. Despitethecontroversy and hype surrounding the Jew” exaggeratedly mocksmany features of may beusedinaway thatrepulses viewers, thatinitselfmakes astatement. “The Passionof relations, even toahealthy treatment ofthehumanbody. Although themethodofhyperbole the response that The “Vulcan” reference isduetoaspaceshipgame theboys are playing. About thirty-four Joe Morgenstern, Tatum, 215. Othergoals thisepisodeachieves includemakingfun ofthe(inaccurate)languagechoices Alan F. Segal, “The Jewish Leaders.” From KathleenE. L. Corley andRobert Webb, eds., The Passion oftheChrist charactersliesanew way tolookatGibson’s movie, andanew way tolookatreligion. At timesthe . Episodeno. 114/804(114

Jesus attheMovies: Hundred A GuidetotheFirst Years The Passion oftheChrist,

Jesus attheMovies: Hundred A GuidetotheFirst Years The Passion oftheChrist The Wall Street Journal South Park South Park opened on February 25, openedonFebruary 2004, whichwasalso Ash Wednesday, the raisesthequestion. Amidst thecrazyanticsof seriesmay appear shallow, desperatefor alaugh, outlandish, South Park th episode total/fourth episodeinseason8), episodetotal/fourth first itisdoubtfulthatthemodern American audience . Publishing, Zondervan 2007. (27 February 2004). (27February Citedin Tatum, 222. generated asdestructive—to spirituality, torace Jesus andMelGibson’s The Passion ofthe The Passion oftheChrist (New York: Continuum, 2004). wed tosee the film. These (SantaRosa, CA: Polebridge (SantaRosa, CA: , includingmocking South

Martindell 19 aegis 2009 —is that South Park , upon which Gibson which Gibson upon , The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ Jesus of Our Lord Passion The Dolorous Courtesy of the online translation source http://babelfish.yahoo.com/ Courtesy of the online translation source 220. Tatum, 12. Webb, and Corley 127. Webb, and Corley Cartman’s prayer is as follows: “I want to thank you for all the blessings you have brought brought have all the blessings you for thank you “I want to is as follows: prayer Cartman’s John Dominic Crossan, author of the essay “Hymn to a Savage God,” examines the examines God,” “Hymn to a Savage author of the essay Crossan, Dominic John Corley and Webb, 101. Webb, and Corley our sins” (NIV). for “Christ died the phrase which includes 15:3, See 1 Corinthians that Son, only and one [God’s] gave [God] that world the loved so God “For 3:16: John See 12 13 14 15 11 making all my are you past and now times in the so many me the way shown have You me. all you for is doubt and I praise you there where me strength give You come true. dreams the world and the courage to show had the wisdom have Mel Gibson, you, Only done. have film is seen your sure to making life I will dedicate my forward day this From the truth. Hail Mel Gibson. bidding. do thy may the masses so that we I will organize everyone. by Amen.” 10 writes, He gospels. canonical the four in Ministry/Passion/Resurrection for ratio of chapters and 17/2/2” (see Corley has John and has 21/2/1, Luke 25/2/1, has Matthew “Mark has 13/2/1, priest in point—which matches the point of the Crossan’s 12). Webb, not on his passion/ life, on Jesus’ focus in the gospels majority of chapters the overwhelming death. Emmerich’s visions, entitled entitled visions, Emmerich’s 17-20. Corley, See his film. based very closely 7 8 9 (NIV). eternal life” perish but have in him shall not believes whoever

aegis 2009 20 Martindell and Masculine Study Wuthering Heights: A Psychoanalytical mine whatmasculine “type” Heathcliffembodies, Iwillfirstprovide a generaldescriptionof classical models ofthehero, drawing on the Bibleandancientmythology. Inorder todeter hero. Romantic modelsfor masculinity includedtheByronic (Romantic)hero andtheCarlylian Victorian typesofmasculinity includedthedandy, thegentleman, theprophet, andthepriest. Victorian masculinity, ing For thisreason, Romanticaswell as Victorian typesofmasculinityare relevant whenanalyz tonotethat portant but shewould alsohave beenfamiliarwiththesocialexpectationsofmen. However, itisim literature she read. Notonly would Emily Bronte have beenfamiliarwiththevarioustypes, of masculinityshelearnedfrom herfather, brother, andthemalecharactersinpopular interaction withmalesoutsideofherfamily. So, whatsheknew aboutmen anddifferent types tively 11). isolatedexistence”(Sherry For thesereasons, Emily Bronte’s life provided for little rick, “discouraged [them]from mixingwiththeHaworth children andhenceledacompara siblings relied oneachotherfor socialandintellectualinteractionbecause theirfather, Pat some timespentaway atschoolorperiodsspentasateachergoverness. Bronte andher Types Masculinity of into, aswell assomeofhischaracteristicsthatare androgynous oreven feminine. as abasisofexploration. Iwilldiscusswhat masculinetypesHeathcliffdoesandnotfit masculinity relevant tothetimeperiodinwhichEmily Bronte wrote her novel willbeused linity. To helpframethisjourney through Heathcliff’smasculinity, several distincttypesof I willexplore how Emily Bronte’s novel provides onmenandmascu a social commentary Heathcliff. Through closetextualanalysis, varioustextsoftheory, andpsychoanalytic criticism, ever, isonmasculinity, specifically themasculinityof Emily Bronte’s life willbeprovided throughout thisessay. The mainfocus ofthisessay, how writing. To helpillustratesomeofthesebiographical reflections, bitsofinformation regarding readers tobefamiliarwiththeworld andframeofmindinwhichtheauthorresided while with men. Even ifapieceofliterature isnotmeanttoautobiographical, for itisimportant Emily Bronte also offers readers someinsightintoherpersonallife, however itwas, short view ofmaleisolation, education, romance, andfriendship. While commentingonmasculinity, within, andvariationson, masculinity. estingly, thenovel alsosuggestshow Victorian societyviewed males, andtheirdifferent roles Bronte in Wuthering Heights 2 Thomas Carlyle rejected boththeRomantic and Victorian models infavor ofmore Emily Bronte resided inHaworth for themajorityofher life, withtheexceptionof As awoman writingaboutromance, turmoil, andpassioninthe Victorian era, Emily Wuthering Heights Meghan (Johnson)Boyd , Wuthering Heights

Dandies and Desert Saints:Dandies andDesert Stylesof Masculinity Victorian and Heathcliffinparticular. InJohn Eli studyof Adams’ contemporary offers usmany perspectives onwomen, butperhaps more inter Wuthering Heights, was written in 1847—shortly aftertheRomantic era. was writtenin1847—shortly Wuthering Heights’ published in1847, central malecharacter,

offers afirsthand , someprevalent ------1

Boyd 21 aegis 2009 - - - and seen The prophet’s The prophet’s Victorian and People For example, “Carlyle exalted poets “Carlyle example, For 7 According to Altick in to According 4 (25) 5 Also, if a prophet someday decides to live his life in accor his life decides to live someday if a prophet Also, 6 A gentleman could be described as earnest, honest, courteous, courteous, honest, be described as earnest, A gentleman could 3 gentleman, the prophet is a figure of masculine vocation defined vocation defined of masculine is a figure the prophet gentleman, the influence broadly) or (more to the marketplace, in antagonism constraints or the those be physical “circumstances”—whether of in the pressures inherent of autonomy subtle undermining more Carlyle decorum that that anxious middle-class of respectability, “gigmanity.” called contemptuously Prophets and priests are more complex types of masculinity, and perhaps less easily less easily perhaps and complex types of masculinity, more and priests are Prophets the dandy and the Like a model of masculine identity under stress. In contrast, a dandy dresses the part, but is unable to back it up with the social or but is unable the part, a dandy dresses In contrast, Among the types of masculinity in Victorian society, the dandy and the gentle the dandy society, Victorian in types of masculinity Among the , “dandyism framed the Victorian period” (296). A dandy is a “fundamentally theatrical theatrical “fundamentally A dandy is a period” (296). Victorian the “dandyism framed , through death or alteration. through need a prophet, just like A priest, seem hypocritical. he may dance with the marketplace, light. in a religious solely or interpreted not be viewed the purposes of the oracles who interpreted secular as constituting a modern priesthood, but individuals Priests need not be literal preachers, to ordinary men” (Altick 278). universe at perhaps them, and opinions to those around beliefs, or emote their feelings, “preach” who times in a poetic manner. tions and dictations. A prophet could be an “outsider” or “iconoclast” and is, as Adams says, Adams says, as “iconoclast” and is, “outsider” or could be an A prophet tions and dictations. to according his life lives Since a prophet path in life. own his due to forging under stress of as a voice almost entirely has been understood “the prophet beliefs and visions, his own and self-mistrusted age” (Adams 24). moral wisdom (or blindness) in a baffled many reason, for this person to maintain and, for any “wisdom” is difficult extraordinary of this stress—either themselves “relieve” characters to their prophet authors will allow In other words, a prophet is a man who defines himself in opposition to society’s expecta to society’s is a man who defines himself in opposition a prophet In other words, “wholly lacking a sense of secure self” (Adams 22). A dandy’s social efforts are solely for the for solely social efforts are A dandy’s self” lacking a sense of secure “wholly (Adams 22). and not to please the dandy himself. others, by of or acceptance enjoyment way in a religious is not meant to be interpreted as a priest, well as A prophet, understood. is: a prophet Adams, to According alone. self-disciplined, and true to his word. Being a gentleman is not an act or façade, but an actual is not an act or façade, Being a gentleman and true to his word. self-disciplined, moral integrity. in grounded of living life personality and way have. would that a gentleman moral credentials Ideals to disdain” (Adams he professes of the audience dependent on the recognition abjectly being, his purpose being to be shell of a gentleman, a dandy is a mere In this way, 22). masculinity understood as a strenuous psychic regimen, which could be affirmed outside the which could be affirmed regimen, psychic understood as a strenuous masculinity self-master akin to as a charismatic be embodied nonetheless would but arena, economic professional is an educated, A gentleman (7). disciplined entrepreneur” that of the daring yet and caliber, born to be of gentlemanly Someone is most likely the part. man who also dresses business, social interactions, (e.g., his life characteristics in all aspects of exhibits gentlemanly etc.). appearance, physical the types. These general descriptions will also help us to recognize if and how Emily Bronte Bronte Emily how if and to recognize help us will also descriptions general These the types. characters the male to construct members family her male of the behaviors from borrowed in her novel. are and Victorian era, with the visualized and associated the most easily perhaps man are “a as defines the gentleman Adams critical study, In his novels. Victorian in represented well

aegis 2009 22 Boyd attractive andtaken charactertypethatithassurvived many forms inrecent literature and cal studyofdeviant behavior by BoggandRay, they claimthattheByronic hero issuchan Byronic (orRomantic)hero has alsobecome apsychopath(53)and “in alateragehisviolenceand lawlessness would or ifheismerely playing ofthe thepart “dandy” tothe “audience” hedisdains. and determineifHeathcliffhas return[s] agentleman”(Sutherlandix). Now, itisuptothereader toread between thelines is known aboutthisthree-year absenceisthathe leaves Wuthering Heights “a stableboy and where hecamefrom andwhathedidwhenleft Wuthering Heightsfor three years. What dy” isatoughtask. Heathcliffisadiverse yet mysterious character. Among hismysteries are males inthebook. ing Heathclifftothedefinitionsandcharacteristicsofeach typeofmasculinityandtoother Heathcliff. The complexnature ofHeathcliff’smasculinitywillbedeterminedby compar will now allow for closeanalysis of is What Heathcliff wishes toputthingsintheirproper place, butina “passive” and respectful manner. what wasdisorderly, chaotic, intoathingruled, regular” (Dellamora62). The Carlylian hero around himhow thingsshouldandcouldbe. Carlyle thatthehero“observes isthere tomake (Covert 2). This hero hasthepotentialtorightwrongs intheworld andtoshow those to thepriestinthatCarlyle “sees hismasculine, great manasaspiritualguidefor theworld” the Carlylian hero would bemore ofalover thanafighter. TheCarlylian hero isalsosimilar 2). Thus, insteadoftakingactionandbeingrebellious (acharacteristicoftheByronic hero), of apassive quality, astheabilitytoponderworld andperceive thedepthsofit”(Covert hero differs from theByronic/Romantic hero inthat “he conceives manhoodasmuch more possess respectability (“gigmanity”) andsincerity. However, thetemperamentofCarlylian over againassincerity”(Covert 2). So, asmentionedearlier, Carlyle thinksthatahero must and Goddivinealltruthsfor himself,” andhe “must possesswhathetermsover and hero. lives alife ofemotionalintensityandhighideals, like Lord Byron himself. especially inromantic situations, asconcludedinBoggandRay’s study. The Byronic hero also ronic hero isacharacterwhoquiteself-involved, yet elicitsmuch attentionfrom outsiders, in powerful positionsandgenerally generaterespect andinterest amongtheirpeers. The By common factor—theirjobsrequire isolationandasenseofmystery orsecrecy. They are also ous qualitysomany Byronic heroes share. ModernincarnationsoftheByronic hero share a era, Byronic heroes are oftenclosely associatedwithnature, perhaps lendingthemysteri lious; ambivalent; mistrustful; andoftenemergesasastranger(462). As withtheRomantic that ismysterious; cryptic; uncertain; stillunderdevelopment; self-absorbed; aloof; rebel characteristics oftheByronic hero thatwere identifiedinthisstudyincludedapersonality film genres: thecowboy, theprivatedetective, and “actioncops”(462). Someofthecommon 9 Similar to the Romantic hero, Carlyle believed that “the great man can look into nature Similar tothepassionateandself-forging natures oftheprophet andpriests, the Although Sutherland claimsthatheappears toreturn agentleman, headds thathe Determining whetherornotHeathcliffcouldbeclassified asa “gentleman”or “dan These typesofmasculinity, aswell assomeconnectionstoEmily Bronte’s family life, Another typeofmasculinitydefinedinEmily Bronte’s circle is ThomasCarlyle’s Not 8 hassomepassionateandmysterious qualities. Inthepsychologi really Wuthering Heights returned to Wuthering Heightsareformed “gentleman,” ’

famous (orinfamous)malecharacter, ------

Boyd 23 aegis 2009 ------true true yle’s hero, hero, yle’s - - - It is possible to find minor aspects of Heathcliff within the boundaries of the gentle It is possible to find minor aspects of Heathcliff within the boundaries of the When one is thinking of the main components and characteristics of Carl When one is thinking of the main components In terms of Carlyle’s definition of a priest, Heathcliff may qualify due to the poetic qual poetic the to due qualify may Heathcliff priest, a of definition Carlyle’s of terms In Mr. Linton’s; it looked intelligent, and retained no marks of former no marks of former and retained intelligent, it looked Linton’s; Mr. depressed in the yet lurked A half-civilised ferocity degradation. and his man but it was subdued; full of black fire, and eyes brows though too roughness, of quite divested dignified: ner was even 94) (Bronte grace. stern for He had grown a tall, athletic, well-formed man…His upright car well-formed athletic, a tall, He had grown counte His army. the in been having his of idea the suggested riage than of feature and decision older in expression nance was much prefer order and regularity to chaos. In fact, Heathcliff may feel more comfortable with more feel may Heathcliff In fact, to chaos. and regularity order prefer chaos and perhaps even enjoys being its cause. Carlyle also describes the hero as being a also describes the hero Carlyle being its cause. enjoys even chaos and perhaps Although Heathcliff “truths.” “sincerity” and and as possessing the world “spiritual guide” for those he encoun a spiritual guide for he is hardly his emotions, be poetic in confessing may spending time with her father Catherine from bans young Heathcliff beats his wife, ters. drinking and gambling until his death. to continue Hindley and allows he dies, before into his character cannot fit neatly but overall, hero; and the Carlylian priest, dandy, man, but it is often selective and to one person at a time. However, while these characters speak speak characters these while However, time. a at person one to and selective often is either. it but poets true not are and quality, artistic emotional the lack they “truths,” emotional As will be mentioned later in particularit is clear that Heathcliff does not fit that mold either. characteristic in that he does he defies a Carlylian the discussion of Heathcliff as a prophet, not ity of his emotional outbursts; but beyond that, there is not much evidence that Heathcliff could could Heathcliff that evidence much not is there that, beyond but outbursts; emotional his is of he ity when strongly most appear abilities poetic Heathcliff’s capacity. other any in role this uni fit the of truths the to apply not does ability poetic His anger. in speaking or Cathy of left speaking mostly is quality poetic This live. to how on others to guidance any offer not do and verse Wuthering at others how on opinions states openly who characters only the of one time, Joseph, to to time from mind her speak may Nelly lives. their live Grange Thrushcross and Heights after his return most definitely repudiate the assumption that Heathcliff has returned a returned has Heathcliff that assumption the repudiate definitely most return dan his the after unlike But, dandy. a like more only, image in changed appears he anything, If gentleman. seem actions His others. of recognition or praise, acceptance, the seek not does Heathcliff dy, did, he what or went he where knows one no years three for So, self-interest. on based be to if as seems It character. Heathcliff’s in place took change any, if what, to as unclear still is it and rebelliousness. and turmoil inner his on veneer a put to merely society used has he The description Nelly gives the reader of his appearance upon his return intimates that he had had he that intimates return his upon appearance his of reader the gives Nelly description The occur that acts careless and violent of string the However, man. a as and person a as grown [him]” (Bronte 106). Heathcliff’s predictions later came true when he beats Isabella. He also He also when he beats Isabella. later came true predictions Heathcliff’s 106). [him]” (Bronte to marry his son, she promises bedside unless father’s her dying Catherine from young keeps his transformation: amazed by is Nelly upon his return, Although, 265-266). Linton (Bronte have earned him a prison sentence—or at the very least a string of restraining orders and orders at the very sentence—or him a prison earned restraining string of least a have that suggest Heights Wuthering to returning actions upon His court (54-55). injunctions” of the world, a gentleman act and look like to to an extent, learned, obviously while he has Cath Heathcliff began courtingWhen Isabella, into a gentleman. reformed truly he has not and Heathcliff their relationship arise from that could him of the frustrations erine warned ever menaced if they off her fingers, fingernails] [Isabella’s “wrench he would that responded

aegis 2009 24 Boyd him, hemightqualifyasadandy, buthecares aboutneither. Heathcliffalsodoesnot possess he grow uptobeone. IfHeathcliffcared abouthisappearance, orwhatpeoplethought of due tothemysteriousness ofhisorigin)anddoesnotappear tobornagentleman, nordoes any category. Heathcliffwasnotbornintoany class(or, particular ifhewas, itisunknown the wall and very narrow,the wallandvery allowing for littlelightorways toseeinside. Heathcliffisalsovery to thesecrecy and mysteriousness thatHeathcliff possesses. The windows are setdeeply into mystery andrebelliousness. The windows inthehouseat Wuthering Heightsare alsosimilar on thecornerstoprotect andstabilizeit, andHeathcliffhimselfseemstobereinforced with applied toHeathcliff’scharacteraswell. The houseisreinforced with “large juttingstones” ous” conditions. Itisnotacoincidencethatthestructure hasphysical attributesthatcanbe The physical structure at Wuthering HeightsandHeathcliff himselfare exposedto “tumultu hiswaycliff’s characterandhelpstosupport from oflivingapart therest ofsociety: ofprophet.Heathcliff isasort The descriptionsof Wuthering HeightsalignsitselfwithHeath Heathcliff’s case, beingmore blindthanwise. life prevents himfrom enjoyingoflife aswell. parts This ismore evidence for theprophet, in selves” (Bronte 56). The prideHeathclifffeels inbeingaprophet andforging hisown pathin her stay at Thrushcross Grange, Nelly tellshim, “Proud peoplebreed sadsorrows for them When Heathcliffrefuses toadmitCatherinehistruefeelings aftershereturns homefrom his needsanddesires. This conceptisembodiedinanotherfamouspassagefrom thenovel. derly thingsandmake them “regular; instead, hewill he ismore ofaprophet thanaCarlylian hero; hedoes notwishtotake chaoticordisor choices inbehavior andare are meanttobenefitnoonebuthimself. self-serving Thisiswhy to gainafollowing ortoconvert thosearound himtopracticea “better” way oflife. His than ofany truewisdom. Hedoes notgo againstthe socialnormsorexpectationsinorder this reason, Heathcliff’sprophet-like behavior seemstobemore ofaresult ofhisblindness Heathcliff’s case, thepeoplearound himare baffled, unsure, andscared ofhis behavior. For describes (25). As Adams pointsout, aprophet canbeviewed aseitherwiseorblind, butin cliff exemplifies the “antagonism inthemarketplace” ofthe Victorian “prophet” that Adams that heseemstogo againstalmosteveryone andeverything inthenovel. Inthisway, Heath What Heathcliff masculinity donotapply tohim, I willmove ontodeterminewhattypesmay apply. priest-like qualitiesorthoseoftheCarlylian hero. Now thatIhave discussedwhattypesof stones. (Bronte 4) deeply setinthewall, andthecorners defended with largejutting architect hadforesight tobuilditstrong: thenarrow windows are ing theirlimbsoneway, asifcraving almsofthesun. Happily, the the endofhouse; andby arangeof gaunt thornsallstretch ing over theedge, by theexcessive slantofafew stuntedfirsat times, indeed: onemay guessthepower windblow ofthenorth weather. Pure, bracingventilation they must have upthere atall the atmospherictumult towhichitsstationisexposedinstormy “Wuthering” beinga significant provincial adjective, descriptive of There isalsoevidence inthesettingofnovel thenotionthat thatsupports Perhaps thereason thatHeathcliffstandsoutsomuch inreaders’ mindsisthefact Is make things chaoticifthatiswhatsuits ------

Boyd 25 aegis 2009 - - - - Wuthering Wuthering es and motives. Per es and motives. is a classical example of a Byronic character is a classical example of a Byronic the Victorian ideal of “manliness” held that “pain was “manliness” held that Victorian ideal of the , , Wuthering Heights Wuthering Of all the masculinities represented within Heathcliff, there is the most textual is the most there within Heathcliff, Of all the masculinities represented An interesting extension of Heathcliff’s prophet-like role can be seen in its female in its female can be seen role prophet-like extension of Heathcliff’s An interesting In this film, “Kate” is constantly asking “Heath” to tell her again where he came from. he came from. “Heath” to tell her again where asking “Kate” is constantly In this film, , made for MTV in 2003 (Krishnamma). Since it is a current adaptation, the film alters the film adaptation, it is a current Since MTV in 2003 (Krishnamma). made for , 10 intact the mysterious characteristics of the literary Heathcliff. intact the mysterious Heathcliff’s Non-masculine Qualities one could to questioning what categoryIn addition of masculinity Heathcliff represents, traits main male character has some feminine Bronte’s also ponder whether or not Emily or a to the question of whether Heathcliff is a Romantic be relevant which would as well, Altick to According character. Byronic younger audience, but one thing that stays true in the film is Heathcliff’s mysterious past and in the film is Heathcliff’s true thing that stays but one audience, younger origin. the climax when he finally until in elaborate response, with a different Each time he responds The recent of her. in front down and breaks he came from admits that he has no idea where rock Heathcliff as ultra-artistic (due to him being a Bronte’s Emily presents film adaptation while still keeping to a modern audience, relatable is more which star singer/songwriter), sorts. In the psychological article “Heterosexual Appeal of Socially Marginal Men,” Bogg and Marginal Men,” Appeal of Socially “Heterosexual In the psychological article sorts. that Heathcliff from state Ray quality that is the immense mysterious evidence the strongest Perhaps (460). in literature This stand-out quality the beginning to the very novel. end of the Heathcliff possesses from film adaptation, into a recent over is carried that Heathcliff possesses in the novel Heights to today’s it relevant characters and setting to make novel’s aspects of the original many dangers associated with living in complete opposition, or they succumb to the expectations or they opposition, dangers associated with living in complete Heathcliff In this case, of a significant other and become tame and domesticated. and desires Up until the very end and Isabella. with Catherine reformation and misses his chance for dies, against the grain in emotional isolation. Heathcliff lives of his life, of or Romantic hero that Heathcliff is a Byronic to supportevidence the interpretation the femme fatale and return her to her socially designated role as a female. This pattern is female. as a designated role her to her socially and return fatale the femme hero. Byronic and tame the typical trying when thinking of females to capture true in reverse things with the femme end up doing one of two or directors most writers this reason, For the Like (Eisenstein). reformation some type of her undergo or having killing her off fatale: all the while attract defies social norms and expectations, the male prophet fatale, femme feel the need to and film directors Authors him. can reform they sure who are ing women dies due to the Either the character the conclusion of the story. before this rebellion rectify in film noir that is a common character fatale” “femme The counterpartin another genre. and character who is hyper-sexualized fatale” is a female “femme The 1940. began around She at time. during the females expectations for against society’s that go in ways behaves a sense of to have also appears but this attention her, of the men around tracts the attention will be able to domesticate that they sure The male characters are uncertainty attached to it. guarded and closed off (with the exceptions of the emotional outbursts seen between him him between seen outbursts emotional of the the exceptions off (with closed and guarded at physical and the character Heathcliff’s shortly). discussed to be and Catherine, and Nelly himself society and protect himself apart him to set from Heights allow Wuthering tributes of above, As stated lifestyle. with a prophetic that come along and elements the struggles from desir is what suits his conditions if that is satisfied with chaotic Heathcliff to reign. chaos” seems “natural where in the moors, he is so at home this explains why haps

aegis 2009 26 Boyd with mealways—take any form—drive memad!Only donotleave meinthisabyss, where I After Catherine’s death, Heathcliffspeaksthefollowing duringanemotionaloutpouring: “Be ate, outabouthislove andwildasCatherine—oftenscreaming andcrying andfrustration. to beconcealedandgriefsuppressed” (7). Heathcliffisattimesjustasemotional, passion a love thatsurpassedphysical attraction. She created them tobetwo ofonewhole. parts Hareton tocomefullcircle. Linton. Intheend, Heathcliffdiesfrom hungerand generalinactivity, leaving young Cathy and parasitic tendencies. For Heathcliff, thisfalsehalfis Wuthering Heights, Hareton, Cathy, and Catherine dies, halfofHeathcliff dies, andheisleft toseekoutafalsehalfandcontinue his mersed ineachotherthatthe rest oftheirlives deteriorateandoneofthehalves dies. When its own otherhalf. However, justas Aristophanes describes, thetwo halves becomeso im of oneentity. In termsof Aristophanes’ rationalization, CatherineandHeathcliffare essentially two halves onlovecommentary andhow itcameabout: This notionofsoulmatesisatruly classicalidea. InPlato’s its feminine qualitiesby for periodsoftime, butmentally they are never farapart. Inthisway, exhib Heathclifffurther masculine attribute”(Adams2). Perhaps they are abletostay physically away from eachother Heathcliff norCatherineseemstoexhibitself-discipline, and “self-discipline [is]adistinctly Both HeathcliffandCatherineare hauntedby eachotherbothinlife andafterdeath. Neither pleasure, any more thanIamalways apleasure tomyself, butasmy own being”(Bronte 82). tions, andcompletely butare involuntary: almostnecessary “He’s always inmy mind: notasa the physical andemotional. Their love isnotoneconcernedwithgenderorsocialexpecta am and mineare thesame”(Bronte 80). Shefollows laterwiththenow famousline, “Nelly, I the following toNelly: “He’s more myself thanIam. Whatever oursoulsare madeof, his years, whenCatherinewastornbetween HeathcliffandEdgarLinton, Catherineadmitted proof thatHeathcliffpossessesaByronic orRomanticquality, aswell. be seenasfeminine behavior in Victorian society, thispenchantfor strong emotionsisfurther did wassomethingthatwould have beenmore appropriate for awoman. Although thismay should have beenmore reserved abouthisemotionsandfeelings—speaking outtheway he him from happiness. According to Victorian gendernorms(for any masculinetype), Heathcliff and feelings toward Catherineand, inturn, hishatred for every personandthingthatkept my soul!”(Bronte 165). Those livingwithhimattheHeightswere well aware ofhisemotions cannot find you! Oh, God!Itisunutterable! I Heathcliff!” (Bronte 82). BothHeathcliffandCatherinefeel thattheirbondgoes beyond (Plato 24) that wasleftlooked for anotherandwove itselftogetherwiththat. other. Whenever oneofthehalves diedandonewasleft, theone inactivity, becausethey didn’t wanttodoanything from apart each a singlelivingthing. Sothey diedfrom hungerandfrom general round eachother, weaving themselves together, wantingtoform for itsown otherhalfandstayed withit. They threw theirarms Since theiroriginalnature hadbeencutintwo, eachonelonged There hastobeareason thatEmily Bronte wanted CatherineandHeathcliff tohave The ideathattheirsoulsare thesameisnotHeathcliff’s alone. Duringtheiryounger 11 Ontheirown, CatherineandHeathcliff are incompleteandeachlongs for not exhibiting thisexpressly masculinequalityofself-discipline. cannot live withoutmy life! I Symposium , Aristophanes offers his cannot live without - - - -

Boyd 27 aegis 2009 - - - and —imagining how —imagining how looking-glass self taking the role of the other taking the role The idea that the opinions and actions of others can alter one’s personality is a personality of others can alter one’s The idea that the opinions and actions Just as it is possible to see parts of Emily Bronte’s life and encounters with males in and encounters with males life parts as it is possible to see Bronte’s of Emily Just Even if we see aspects of Heathcliff in several prevailing models of masculinity, and of masculinity, models prevailing in several see aspects of Heathcliff if we Even eventually became a reality for Heathcliff and his life through a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hind a self-fulfilling prophecy. through Heathcliff and his life for became a reality eventually Those same characteristics seem to define jealousy and vengefulness. extreme exhibits ley his need to have ruled by and actions are His life Heathcliff in the second half of the novel. Hareton. son, death and the subjugation of Hindley’s Hindley’s through on Hindley revenge that Linton when he admits to Nelly Edgar Heathcliff also exhibits a case of jealousy toward and had a as well, and behaved dressed and was “wishes [he] had light hair and a fair skin, he Heathcliff is comparing him this passage, In 56). chance of being as rich as he will be” (Bronte insist that it’s socially constructed” (Griffin 59). Heathcliff would have internalized comments internalized would have Heathcliff constructed” (Griffin 59). socially insist that it’s and own personality to his applied them and voiced have or opinions his male influences may aspect of the looking-glass self theoryAn interesting is that of a self-fulfilling himself. of view in others that confirm responses our expectations to evoke “the tendency for prophecy: after by Hindley degraded is constantly Heathcliff anticipated” (Griffin 63). originally what we These thoughts and opinions and Joseph. Nelly by lectured death and is constantly Earnshaw’s is growing up at the Heights. It is possible that his adult self is shaped by what he sees and by is shaped It is possible that his adult self up at the Heights. is growing years. men in his younger these three by the examples provided looking-glass concept is partThe of a symbolic “the looking-glass self.” as concept known our paint “we Mead claimed that interactionism theory George Herbert by Mead. founded that come from self-portrait with brush strokes Interactionists call this mental image the look to another person. we Heathcliff and Emily the same theory perhaps himself. to Heathcliff can be applied her novel, grow influences male many to exposed was common—neither in factor major a have Bronte that once he knows the reader unknown, are Although Heathcliff’s beginning years ing up. Earnshaw, by provided of masculinity are Heathcliff’s examples Heights, Wuthering at arrives male influences while he three only by Heathcliff’s masculinity is shaped and Joseph. Hindley, Heathcliff’s Complexity to place Heathcliff it is still difficult in which he is feminine, the ways acknowledge if we even Emily would Why contradictions. category into one solely because he possesses so many What does little certainty? complexity and such character with so much construct a Bronte author writing about masculinity? in terms of a female this say pair was female and the other half was male. Although this theoryAlthough supports heterosexual other half was male. and the pair was female it also supportsone the concept than as soul mates, as well relationships, and homosexual Catherine understands and accepts and male characteristics. both female person can embody masculine attributes. with Catherine’s as does Heathcliff characteristics, Heathcliff’s feminine in nature ability of the other to be androgynous the both characters recognize In this way, Aristophanes describes. true soul mates as are and perhaps Perhaps this was Emily Bronte projecting herself into both a female and male character and, and, character and male a female into both herself projecting Bronte Emily this was Perhaps also her and Branwell, she observed qualities injecting some her brother, in same time, at the Aristophanes’ also a part is as androgynous Catherine and of Heathcliff Thinking of father. Aristophanes “split,” being to the idea of humans Going back and gender. theory on love halves, female of two one was made up genders: different three were that there believed of the half was androgynous—one and the third male halves, made up of two another was

aegis 2009 28 Boyd it isusefulinsolvingcomplexsocialproblems” (Griffin55). By applying thelooking-glassself character andhard todefine, andMeadthoughtthat iswhether “thetruetestofany theory fueledby Catherine’sThis jealousyisfurther marriage toEdgar. complex Heathcliffisavery self toEdgar, andadmittingthatheenvies aspectsofEdgar’s physical appearance andwealth. Hindley and Heathcliffandalmostplays initby assigning Heathcliffashis apart “favorite” son the MTVmovie adaptation; Earnshaw isaloof andunaware ofthegrowing hatred between erine, Heathcliff, and Hindley free range. This aspectofEarnshaw isespecially highlightedin low. involved Heseemstobenotvery inthefamily life at Wuthering Heights, givingCath and atthesametimemaintain hisdistancefrom it. it is interesting that Joseph the chaos that takesis able to observe place at Wuthering Heights acteristics ofpreaching andgeneralisolationare alsosimilar toPatrickBronte’s lifestyle. Yet, except whenheappears tospeakhis mindtotheinhabitantsof Wuthering Heights. The char may well very bepresent inJoseph’s character. Joseph isalsoabsentinmuch ofthenovel, to Evangelicalinfluenceintheir formative years” (Altick190). Emily Bronte’s father’s voice with great intellectual gifts[that]camefrom Evangelicalhomesorwere otherwiseexposed Patrick Bronte, aclergyman. The Bronte sisterswere among “a number ofmenandwomen his advice. This moralvoice may berepresentative ofthevocation ofEmily Bronte’s father, ment onhisfellow inhabitantsandmasters, butitissafe tosay thatHeathcliffdoesnotheed the goings onasNelly; butheismore detached. andjudg Heoffers constant commentary He isconstantly onthegrounds at Wuthering Heights, andseemstoknow justasmuch of success. However, hisfondness ofvicesledtohisdownfall, much like Hindley. ful—he wasintelligent, artistic, andcharismatic, andhisfamily allowed himtheleisure toseek influences, herbrother Branwell. success Branwell tobe hadtheability and opportunity very to befulfilled. Also, Hindley’s charactermay besimilartooneofEmily Bronte’s mainmale a strong influenceinHeathcliff’slife, andHindley’s opinionsofhimmay have beendestined as aman “on theverge ofmadness”(Bronte 139). Hindley’s negative as dispositionserves this point, Isabella(asanew brideandresident of Wuthering Heights)describesHindley becomes more founded whenHeathclifftakes control ofthe Wuthering Heightsestate. At play together. However, uponHeathcliff’sreturn afterathree-year absence, Hindley’s hatred lower classandthatheisnotfittositoreatwith, andheCatherineare forbidden to place” (Bronte 22). For many ofhisyounger years, Heathcliffistoldby Hindley thatheisof Earnshaw for treating Heathcliff “too liberally” andhe “swears hewillreduce himtohisright wood reads inCatherine’s journalduringhisfirststay at Wuthering Heights, Hindley blames only grows afterEarnshaw’s deathandheisabletoexert more control over him. As Lock up untiltheend, hethinkshima “hellish villain”(Bronte 137). Hindley’s hatred for Heathcliff Wuthering Heights. From thebeginningoftheirrelationship, Hindley dislikes Heathcliffand, he does—heisgreatly jealousandresentful ofHeathclifffrom themomenthearrives at does. The reader knows thetypeoflife Hindley had, andknows why hebehaves theway are notasattractive inHindley becausehedoesnotpossessthemystery thatHeathcliff Byronic hero, butinalessattractive mannerthanHeathcliff. Perhaps thesecharacteristics able character. toHeathcliff,and theself-fulfillingprophecy theory perhaps hecanbecomeanunderstand Earnshaw life withinthenovel, hasashort butsetsthestage for theevents to fol Joseph seems tobeapriest-like character, whilealsobeingabitofprophet himself. Hindley seemstopossess theselfishnessandindependentcharacteristicsof ------

Boyd 29 aegis 2009 ------, “There is sheer “There , Women Writing About Men Writing Women know: her self, her interactions with her father and brother, her interactions with her father and brother, her self, know: did Krishnamma). The fact that this interpretation of Heathcliff’s and Earn of Heathcliff’s interpretation that this The fact Krishnamma). to point a warning lesson. (40) to point a warning lesson. Emily did not see her world in relation to moral or social concerns in relation did not see her world Emily placed on women the restrictions by She was not irked of the day. self-destruction as Branwell’s viewed and presumably in society, did Heathcliff and way—as its own soul going the action of a free observed the events, She was able to see such and Cathy. Hindley the from but she was so removed certain for actions, reasons or morality that she did not need to judge, everyday influence of Heathcliff does not have to be a projection of Emily Bronte in male form, but he but in male form, Bronte of Emily a projection to be Heathcliff does not have Another explanation for Heathcliff’s complexity relates back to Aristophanes’ to back relates Heathcliff’s complexity for Another explanation Wuthering Heights Wuthering Perhaps through the creation of Heathcliff, Emily Bronte was giving herself the opportunities was giving herself Bronte Emily of Heathcliff, the creation through Perhaps she Perhaps Branwell’s. from end was not all that different but Heathcliff’s had, that Branwell Em to be connected with the fate of her brother. or male, whether as a female her fate, saw the opportunity and perhaps to experience success did, just as Branwell had talent, Bronte ily and in to his vices and ended up meeting his fate, gave Branwell long enough). (had she lived There death. was unable to fight off the illness that came after her brother’s Bronte Emily the Earnshaw as between as well and her brother, Bronte Emily parallels between several are The Bronte sisters remained at home (unless they were teaching or performing governess governess teaching or performing were at home (unless they sisters remained The Bronte dreams to chase his out into the world male, the only sent Branwell, duties) while the family Bran resentment towards feel did not Bronte Emily to Sherry, According and find success. she did not think Apparently, but understood and supported him. this, for or her family well living out his destiny. a way, in as, Branwell she saw that he wasted his opportunities either; of males and their lives away from home. In this case, Heathcliff really would be her own her own be would Heathcliff really In this case, home. from away of males and their lives she combining what creation, at that time. about in popular literature and the characters that she read As Norman Sherry in literary form. Branwell, and her brother, Bronte could be a mix of Emily family, of the Bronte states in his biography be her male self? Emily Bronte had little exposure to men, as I have discussed, yet the repre yet discussed, I have as to men, had little exposure Bronte be her male self? Emily support is more There and appealing. emotional, so real, are her novel sentations of men in Jane Miller states in as this theoryfor because, women knew when his life, for a setting and a context male character difficulty of giving any is such a Heathcliff this is why Perhaps (151). outside the family” lives so little about men’s realisti was unable to Bronte Emily describe in terms of masculinity. difficult character to had such little first-hand knowledge all aspects of a male character because she portray cally male influences that Heathcliff is exposed to share characteristics with the main male influ with the characteristics is exposed to share that Heathcliff male influences self”“looking-glass to the male concept the applies Bronte Emily life. Bronte’s ences in Emily further male acquaintances as models) and life applies (with her real characters in her novels those characters onto Heathcliff. the concept through Heathcliff to shapes Bronte Could it be possible that Emily theory on the beginnings of love. ( this theory that shows adaptation has relevance. movie current in a exists relationship shaw’s Patrick Bronte isolation. for penchant patriarch’s Bronte is similar to the This behavior of “Because he was home: while himself even isolating it,” privacy and cherished “valued his spent in that his time being his study, his meals alone in he took most of trouble, a digestive main three it seems that the So, (Sherry parish business” he was not out on when 11). room

aegis 2009 30 Boyd does notpossesstheproper characteristicsofthegentlemanorshowy characteristics personality development theory, itbecomesclearthatHeathcliffisadynamiccharacter. He children andHeathcliff. mount Home Video, 2003. Wuthering Heights bia University Press, 1990. Tayler, Irene. University Press Inc., 1996. Sutherland, John. Sherry, Norman. Plato. Miller, Jane. html?subview=Main&entry=t119.e1328> Press. Otterbein College. S. Boyer, ed. Oxford University Press 2001. Leon Chai Griffin, Em. “Gigman” Eisenstein, Paul. ENGL275Lecture. OtterbeinCollege, 2 April 2008. Hill, NC: University Carolina ofNorth Press, 1990. Dellamora, Richard. 11 April 2008. History Covert, R. Bryce “Masculinity in Thomas Carlyle’s Bronte, Emily. College. 6 April 2008. Deviant Behavior Bogg, Richard A., andJanetM. Ray. “The Heterosexual Appeal ofSocially MarginalMen.” rian Literature Altick, Richard D. Cornell University Press, 1995. Adams, JamesEli. Bibliography of truththatappeals toallreaders, whethermaleor female. not beentirely definable, Emily Bronte creates afictionalcharacterthatpossessessomesort his interactionswithCatherineandtheothersat Wuthering Heights. Although Heathcliffmay For over 150years readers have found something compellingandirresistible inHeathcliffand generate, independent) andaByronic hero (mysterious, cryptic, andrebellious). Ifhewere utterly de However, Heathcliff shows tendencies/characteristicsofbeingaprophet (self-forging and of thedandy. HealsodoesnotexhibitthemoralqualitiesofpriestorCarlylian hero. The Symposium .” The Victorian Web Whether we analyze Heathcliffby psychoanalysis oftheauthor, orthrough standard Wuthering Heights The Oxford EnglishDictionary “Romantic Movement” Women Writing About Men A FirstLookatCommunication Theory Holy Ghosts: The malemuses ofEmily andCharlotteBronte Wuthering Heights . New York: W. W. Company, &Norton Inc., 1973. Charlotte andEmily Bronte Is HeathcliffaMurderer? Puzzles in19 July/Aug 2006: 457-77. Victorian People andIdeas: A companionfor themodernreader of Victo Dandies and Desert Saints:Dandies andDesert Stylesof Victorian masculinity . Dir. Suri Krishnamma. Perf. Erika Christensen, Katherine Heigl. DVD. Para Masculine Desire: The sexualpoliticsof Victorian aestheticism . New York: Penguin Group, 1999. 11 April 2008.

Boyd 31 aegis 2009 - - , , - - - - ) ), Wood ), North & Bleak House) Godfrey Able Godfrey

be like. Perhaps Perhaps be like. created by a fe by created ), ) , Will Ladislaw Will Ladislaw ) , Middlemarch )—after his failed Jane Eyre should , Mr. Hale ( Mr. , Bleak House Frankenstein)— ), Casaubon ( ), Frankenstein North & South Jane Eyre) ). Bleak House , that differs from the novel is the interpre the novel from that differs , Wuthering Heights. Wuthering ), Mr. Thornton ( Mr. ), post-traumatic prophet, Woodcourt ( Woodcourt post-traumatic prophet, Sir Leicester ( , , North & South Wuthering Heights Wuthering Oxford English DictionaryOxford ) Frankenstein)— ) would be a decent example—he has a strong moral compass, but moral compass, has a strong be a decent example—he ) would ) ), Fredrick ( Fredrick ), Middlemarch Wuthering Heights Wuthering The Moonstone Bleak House ( ) Middlemarch) that Zeus grew worried that man would become to powerful, so he split each into two. After so he split each into two. to powerful, become that man would worried that Zeus grew remain missing half and to find their tried desperately halves the two man was separated, does each human really that perhaps mates, This explains the idea of soul together forever. him or her whole. that will make a missing half have dark hair and dark skin (Bronte 56), but in the film, Heathcliff is portrayed by an actor with by Heathcliff is portrayed but in the film, 56), dark hair and dark skin (Bronte “Heath” in the movie, Also, skin. bronzed, but slightly blond hair and fair, mid-length golden out to “Heath” turns In the movie, that of the literary has a poetic mastery version. beyond his “Kate” through for his love and expresses be a very successful songwriter and performer, up until her death. songs and lyrics It is said arms. legs and four with four each was round man, created gods When the Greek 11 ters who embody these ideals because Carlyle himself felt that they were non-existent and non-existent were that they himself felt Carlyle ters who embody these ideals because define what the hero to back to classical literature the need to go felt ( Joseph which does not fit with the classical ideals of a Carlyl status, he is a common person of low ian hero. 10 One part of the MTV film, as having Heathcliff describes himself In the novel, appearance. physical tation of Heathcliff’s 7 Other examples of priests in Victorian literature: St. John ( John St. Victorian literature: 7 Other examples of priests in South Rochester ( Victorian literature: in heroes 8 Other examples of Byronic court ( ( to find those charac It is hard literature: Victorian in heroes 9 Other examples of Carlylian 4 Other examples of dandies in Victorian literature: Turveydrop ( Turveydrop literature: Victorian dandies in 4 Other examples of white to, all respect and pays on, a man who prides himself name for 5 Carlyle’s (“Gigmanity” respectability ( Victor Victorian literature: in prophets 6 Other examples of ( Frankenstein experiment, ( Will Ladislaw traits throughout the Romantic era were labeled as Byronic heroes. The “Carlylian hero” hero” “Carlylian The heroes. Byronic labeled as era were the Romantic traits throughout him placing in 1841, the topic of the hero began writing on who Carlyle, Thomas comes from wrote Bronte when Emily in the same decade Victor ( Victorian literature: gentlemen in 3 Other examples of action does though the novel’s qualities even gentlemanly Victorian and exhibits male novelist Victorian England place in not take Endnotes Victorian and the (Leon Chai) and 1830 1770 between took place Romanticism 1 European and 1901 (www.victorianweb. 1837 Victoria between of Queen to the reign linked era can be org). was Byron period. the Romantic from Byron poet Lord the from comes hero” “Byronic The 2 with specific Characters writer and his poetry writers after him. a prolific many influenced

aegis 2009 32 Boyd The Importance of Unification Perseverance through Adversity: projecting their messagetotheUnitedStates. granted theprotesters thepower andattention they needed inorder tobe successfulin understood thepower through ofsupport unification. Itisnosurprisethatthisactof unity (Carbado and Weise XXX). Although MalcomXdidnotagree withthe nonviolent tactic, he maybe I don’t agree with it; but I’m going to be there, brother, because that’s where I belong’ ” with onevoice. Even MalcolmX... attended, tellingreporters, ‘Well, whatever blackfolks do, the firsttime ever, itsdemands for theeconomicempowerment articulating and civil rights (XXX).protest history” They go ontosay that, “the movement peacefully coalescedfor According toCarbadoand Weise, thisdemonstration, “was aturningpointin American the attentionofpublicbecauseunityBlack Americans whowere involved. civil rightslegislationandemployment issues, thismarch wassopowerful incommanding and Weise discussthefamous “March on Washington.” Organizedby Rustininresponse to fied mentalityandbehaviors ofagroup. Inthebook clear thatnonviolent protest hasapowerful by impactonly theuni whenitissupported nonviolent protest. Although hefocused hisstrategiesonnonviolence ratherthanunity, itis often remained behindthescenesofmovement, strongly advocated of theimportance fication andusedthistotheiradvantage. Bayard Rustin, aninfluentialcivilrightsleaderwho beneath theBlack American community. movement, unificationin regard tothegroup asthe asawholeserves foundation ofstrength to create movements issuessuchascivilrights. dealingwithimportant Therefore, duringthis als working togetherfor thecommongood ofthegroup, there would benofirm foundation driving forces thatenableBlack Americans toovercome theiroppressors. Without individu of civilrights. Inallofthesetexts, itismadeapparent thatunityisoneofthemostimportant Greenlee, show someofthesestrategiesasrecurring totheadvancement themesnecessary The Lakestown Rebellion on Two Crosses writtenduringthistimeaswellArticles asbooksinspired by themovement, including and oppression, were metwithintelligentactionthatenabledtheprogression ofthecause. ment discussestheways inwhichthestrugglesfor equality, althoughlayered withhatred aged thepossibilityofthisreform. Muchoftheliterature surrounding theCivilRightsMove Throughout themovement, theuseofeffective tacticsby Black Americans thedepths ofinequalitiesdeeply rootedits attempttopervade withinthe American culture. sidered themostdifficultbattlewithinourborders. TheCivilRightsMovement wasuniquein revolution. Onefightinparticular, whichwascarried out for hundreds of years, couldbecon During theCivilRightsMovement many peoplerecognized ofuni theimportance Throughout UnitedStateshistory, Americans have often fought for reform and Jessica Sheffer by Devon W. CarbadoandDonald Weise, by KristinLattany, and The Spook Who Satby theDoor Time on Two Crosses Song ofSolomon 1 , editorsCarbado greatly encour by Toni Morrison, by Sam Time ------

Sheffer 33 aegis 2009 ------. Unity . The Lakestown Rebellion The Lakestown , Toni Morrison also alludes to the negative impact also alludes to the negative Morrison Toni , Song of Solomon The need for unification is also present in Lattany’s in Lattany’s unification is also present The need for The reader will later find out that Milkman is able to relieve his problems through through his problems relieve out that Milkman is able to will later find The reader In her novel, In her novel, The importance of unity is also conveyed through Bayard Rustin’s writings in which writings in Rustin’s Bayard through The importance conveyed is also of unity experiences of disconnection. This feeling is quickly relinquished, however, when he finds a however, relinquished, is quickly This feeling experiences of disconnection. Milkman’s Throughout learning the song of his ancestors. heritage by connection to his family the reader is able to show Morrison history, with his family’s various stages of involvement this effects and the different present, past with one’s importantjust how it is to unify one’s on the individual. can have against the American community importantis especially this Black due to the struggle within forming a connection with his roots. This feeling of membership combined with the realiza of membership combined This feeling a connection with his roots. forming could be described as the unification of Milkman group within his cultural tion of his role the song of his after learning about states, As Morrison and the history of his ancestors. as he had ever He was as eager and happy shining. were His eyes “he was grinning. ancestors, to his related of angst is largely initial feeling Milkman’s Thus, 304). (Morrison been in his life” hurriedly and bumping against him…He turned around to see where everybody was going, was going, everybody to see where against him…He turned around and bumping hurriedly into the night” forward see except their backs and hats pressing was nothing to but there the amount of attention from Milkman is disoriented this description, From 78). (Morrison group. hindrance to the He can also be seen as a physical that he chooses to put on himself. in the direc difficult it is to advance a group this scene depicts how sense, In a metaphorical obstacles that stand create on themselves, solely who focus when individuals, tion of reform of this advancement. in the way surroundings. Since he chooses to be unified with no one, his life is full of confusion and indif is full of confusion his life Since he chooses to be unified with no one, surroundings. aimed at correcting He does not sympathize with or contribute to the movements ference. within his own on the problems focused but instead remains time, of the the social problems oblivious he remains of a protest, placed in the middle when Milkman is physically Even life. was “the street In this scene he notices that, to the importance of the Civil Rights Movement. All walking he was coming from. in the direction all going with people, crowded more even ty as a whole. Instead of using both tactics, Rustin argued that all Black Americans must come Americans must Rustin argued that all Black using both tactics, Instead of ty as a whole. that believed He ultimate goals. to obtain their in order of protest form together under one to work Americans needed Black their battle against oppression, to be successful in in order the group. of and progression together to support the best interests this impact, to show In order unity on the individual level. the lack of from that can result his cut off from American who is mentally a Black Milkman, depicts the protagonist, Morrison gling for freedom and social justice” (Carbado and Weise 160). Rustin goes on to say that to say on Rustin goes 160). Weise (Carbado and and social justice” freedom gling for The 161). Weise (Carbado and Americans” black for progress “will obstruct any their actions, included which method of revolt, each united under their own were here students described as those of nonviolent the same goals for also aiming were They and pressure. tactics of fear violent of methods the utilizing that believed Rustin However, reform. and equality protestors: communi the Black its attempts and also served was futile in as a hindrance towards protest he points out the destructiveness of its absence. In his letter “No More Guns,” Rustin repri Rustin Guns,” “No More letter In his its absence. of destructiveness out the he points attempt to in an to firearms who turned American college students Black of mands a group he addresses students acted alone, Although the Black the white college students. intimidate black of a group “the use of guns…by stating, as a whole, community American the Black Americans strug all black - to sorrow - and a great shock come as a great students should

aegis 2009 34 Sheffer they are only abletoexecute theirplansattheexpenseofcitizensLakestown, most nience aswell asfor thebenefitsthey would receive from theincrease intourism. However, white neighboringtown decidetobuildahighway through Lakestown for theirown conve ever-present threat ofdestruction. Lattany explainsthatthecityplannersofexclusively to infiltrate, intimidate, and weaken the police and government officials. Because Freeman un able totrainthis group ofyoung mento utilizetheirbravery, intelligence, andindividualskills freedom ofotherBlack Americans through agangofteenagerscalled The Cobras. Freeman is through itsabsence. The protagonist ofthenovel, DanFreeman, attemptstofight for the ofthe presenceimportance ofunification, butalsoallows the reader toseethis importance need for unification. their whiteneighbors, theLakestown onthe community understandsandplacesimportance the Blackcommunity. Therefore, inorder toovercome thecircumstances implementedby towardsport onecause, butalsotheneedfor unificationamongthevariousgroups within ” (Lattany 78). ofagreementThis ideademonstratesnotonly theimportance andunifiedsup the risksalone. And thisissomethingthatcouldinvolve every man, woman, andchildintown’ gether asatribe. We’re surrounded andoutnumbered. We can’t afford toletthementake all listening tothenews ofthenew highway, Bellaclaimsthat, “ ‘black people…have towork to goes againstthebestinterest of theentire community for personalreasons. depicts theproblems thatcanoccurwithintheBlack American community whenonegroup at theendofscene, oneof theyoung warriors drowns inthepool. Inthisscene, Lattany as awhole. Rather, they unitewithintheirgroup torecover theirown pride. Unfortunately, has beenimpaired, thewarriors are nolonger focusing onwhatisbestfor theircommunity riors agree withhim, allowing theiremotionstocloudjudgment. Sincetheirjudgment got control ofyour minds”(Lattany 98). After Ted’s belittlingstatement, many ofthewar even know there’s anOlympic-sized pooltwo feet from your noses. That’s cause Whitey’s and yet you walkpastthatplaceevery day andpretend itisn’t there…you pretend you don’t community. After Ted hearstheirobjections, heclaims, “call yourselves proud blackwarriors, warriors trouble objecttothisideabecausethey for do notwanttocauseunnecessary their presence. Heisacharacterthatthrives ontemptationandtrickery. At first, many ofthe to theGrimReaper, isnotamemberofthewarriors duetohisbadreputation andeerie pool thatisfor whitepeopleonly. Ted, whoisdescribedasserpent-like andoftencompared whenthewarriors areShe depictsthisimportance temptedby Ted Crumptoswim ina toremainstrates thatitisimportant mindful ofthebestinterests ofthegroup asawhole. appreciation for theconcept ofunification. Through thisgroup ofboys, Lattany alsodemon ing theword for unity”(Lattany 83). The boys inthisnovel show aclearunderstandingand among ourselves. That’s our first rule, remember? ‘Umoja.’ ‘Umoja,’ echoed theothers, repeat riors, they calmeachother down by saying, “ ‘Peace, brothers…We can’t afford tobefighting their town’s fightagainst oppression. Aftera verbal argumenttakes placebetween two war the responsibility tocreate asecret group calledthe “warriors” inorder tocontribute be unitedinorder tosave theirtown. Someofthe young boys inthecommunity even took needed touniteasagroup inorder tofightofftheiroppressors. of whomare Black. Becausethesecitizenswere notabletodefend themselves legally, they In hisnovel ofunificationisalsoobserved by theadultsinLakestown.The importance While It isapparent thateven theyoung adultsinLakestown understandthatthey needto The Spook Who Satby theDoor , SamGreenlee oftenalludestothe ------

Sheffer 35 aegis 2009 - - - Sellout: The Politics of The Politics Sellout: Randall Kennedy also shares a similar opinion in his book also shares Randall Kennedy Due to this discontinuity, those from the middle class are out of touch with their out of class are the middle those from Due to this discontinuity, Greenlee also displays the negative impacts that occur within the Black American American occur within the Black impacts that the negative also displays Greenlee replies, “and there sure ain’t no spade experts, are there, Sergeant Dawson? Expertise is a Sergeant Dawson? there, are no spade experts, ain’t sure “and there replies, 242). brainwashed” (Greenlee are sure You a patent on it. got – they monopoly white man’s This is a him. white mentality of those around under the is trapped Dawson In this scene, his fight to continue on his side in order Dawson who needs to have Freeman, for problem people with differ lies the division between At the center of his problem Black equality. for for the Black community. freedom toward which serves to stifle the progress ing mentalities, with Sergeant Dawson about the identity of “Uncle Tom.” “Uncle Tom,” or Freeman’s alter or Freeman’s Tom,” “Uncle Tom.” “Uncle about the identity of with Sergeant Dawson and plans to disrupt the controlling served also devised as the head of the Cobras and ego, During this argument it is apparent the white establishment. by racist mentality displayed when accustomed to the racist ideologies of his white co-workers has grown that Dawson a few other white scene: any party the Communist like know in the States is “you he says, which Freeman to calling the shots,” but whitey spades in the name of integration, showpiece true culture as well as other Black Americans who refuse to fall under the influence of Americans who refuse as other Black as well true culture upon Black people in that is forced control the cultural to suppress In order white ideals. In other this damage. unite under one mentality to reverse the characters must this novel, for the fighting not Americans who are it very the Black clear that makes Greenlee words, of white ideals, or those who accept the standards survival in its entirety, of their culture has an argument Freeman near the end of the book, example, For aided in its division. have fixed on their faces, heads held high to pretend the treadmill did not exist and that their fran the treadmill heads held high to pretend on their faces, fixed dream American in the believers devout white than whites; More tic motion was progress. the cultural control Here, 82). (Greenlee American nightmare” the from because fugitives has the acceptance of the white ideal from within the Black community that has developed the between distance has created in turn, This, led to the deterioration of the Black image. Americans. classes of Black and lower middle state becomes most apparent when Greenlee describes the impact that the white ideal of describes the impact that when Greenlee apparent state becomes most the through themselves who view or on those class, the Black middle normality has had on in this novel Americans class Black of the middle Because many white culture. of the eyes their connection to white cultural ide distorted expectations of themselves, developed have within describes this break Greenlee culture. their own from away break als has led them to class, with the middle involvement explaining Freeman’s when American community the Black smiles ambitious Negroes…the tame, safe, himself, into step with others like “he fell stating, participate. For his purposes, Freeman understands the necessity of utilizing a group that has group of utilizing a the necessity understands Freeman his purposes, For participate. and backgrounds to the men’s in addition which, its core, unification at established already and equality. of freedom is necessary his ultimate objective for beliefs, he establishes a clear novel, the Throughout when unification is not present. community detached This class. lower class and the Black Black middle the sense of distance between derstands the difficulty of this mission, he chooses The Cobras not only for their reputation, reputation, for their not only The Cobras he chooses of this mission, the difficulty derstands gangs Street on. goes gang “the explains, Greenlee As unity. of understanding their for also but 80). ghetto” (Greenlee institutions in the durable social only about the are and churches social and the Cobras to carry is what enables unification on through through This durability is not that Freeman it is obvious however, this passage, In of adversity. layers governmental likely in the ghetto most groups which church in approach the nonviolent in using interested

aegis 2009 36 Sheffer against theinterests ofblacksasawhole”(Kennedy 4). The bookgoes ontodescribesuch is also, “a disparagingtermthatrefers toblackswhoknowingly orwithgross negligenceact is saidtoowe allegiance”(Kennedy 4). InthetermsofBlack American ethnicity, a ‘sellout’ Racial Betrayal consistently usetheterm “Black American” throughout thisessay. 1 Although different isusedthroughout terminology theliterature onthistopic, Iwill Endnotes Morrison, Toni. Lattany, Kristin. Kennedy, Randall. Greenlee, Sam. Writings ofBayard Rustin Carbado, Devon W. andDonald Weise, eds. Works Cited of theentire group, enablesperseverance through adversity. of thesebooks, unitycanbeseenasavitalforce that, whendirected towards thebetterment ofthefoundationAmericans thatunitycontinues ofthecommunity. tobeavitalpart Inall individual aswell asthegroup. Kennedy alsomakes statement, animportant reminding Black Who Satby theDoor group. Furthermore, Morrison andGreenlee depictin idea thatunityispowerful whenitsintentionsare focused ontheadvancementofwhole which increases thechanceofprogression toward civilrights. Lattany alsounderscores the tin, Lattany, andGreenlee explain, unity, whichprovides underlying support, canleadtopower, themes oftheCivilRightsMovement ofunification. istheimportance AswriterssuchasRus progression oftheircommunity. during themovement for civilrights, componentfor thesustainmentand isstillanecessary racial minority”(Kennedy 4). This statementsuggeststhatunity, whichaidedBlack Americans Movement, Kennedy pointsoutthefactthatBlack Americans continue tobea “vulnerable munity. Although the United Stateshasgreatly progressed sincethedays oftheCivilRights recently writtenandacknowledges thecurrent marginalizationoftheBlack American com betrayal, whichcanundermine theunityofBlack Americans attheircore. This bookwas easily; ‘sellouts,’ however, cannot. Kennedy believes thattheirbehavior only serves asracial that enemies, orthosefrom otherethnicgroups, are socially distantandcanberecognized ered tobeeven more dangerous totheethnicgroup thananenemy. This isduetothefact ‘sellout’ whoisthesameethnicity, andtherefore supposedly onthesame ‘team,’ isconsid dangerouspeople asparticularly tothesubordination ofBlack Americans. Inthissensea Throughout all of these literary works,Throughout alloftheseliterary itisapparent thatoneofthemostcommon . Kennedy definesa ‘sellout’as, “apersonwhobetrays somethingtowhichshe The SpookwhoSatby theDoor Song ofSolomon The Lakestown Rebellion Sellout: The Politics ofRacialBetrayal thatthelackofunificationcanproduce negative consequences for the . SanFrancisco: CleisPress Inc., 2003. . New York: Penguin BooksUSAInc., 1987. . New York: CharlesScribner’s Sons, 1978. Time on Two Crosses: The Collected . New York: BantamBooks, 1970. . New York: PantheonBooks, 2008. The SongofSolomon and

The Spook - - -

Sheffer 37 aegis 2009 - - . In Patchett’s novel, novel, In Patchett’s . , while the protagonists’ souls souls protagonists’ while the , will miss the subtle meanings of will miss the subtle , when the natural spring in the novel when the natural spring in the novel , The Patron Saint of Liars The Patron is the Christ Savior. Patchett has read and under Patchett has read is the Christ Savior. The Patron Saint of Liars The Patron itself The Patron Saint of Liars The Patron The Patron Saint of Liars Saint The Patron Whitney Prose Whitney Patchett might have taken her novel’s theme that sinfulness is a lack of water from theme that sinfulness is a lack of water from her novel’s taken Patchett might have Patchett’s novel is steeped with religious references and she is aware of the Biblical is aware and she references is steeped with religious novel Patchett’s Ideas cannot flourish in a void, nor can a soul exist in one. Anne Patchett’s ideas Anne Patchett’s exist in one. nor can a soul void, flourish in a Ideas cannot Psalm 36:9, which directly makes water and life synonymous: “For with you is the fountain is the fountain with you “For synonymous: water and life makes which directly Psalm 36:9, “Then the angel Bible: in the final book of the Holy even seen as life is Water (NIV). of life” God of the throne from flowing as clear as crystal, of the water of life, river me the showed a but here, fountains; water comes from Only 22:1). and of the Lamb” (NIV Revelations In is springing forth life. fountain is life in the Bible, as it is written Just away. and the people go the hotel falls into disarray dies, cannot have dead in their souls, those who are People without life, God. from water flowing nothing created by man could help save Clatterbuck’s livestock or daughter. Additionally, the Additionally, or daughter. livestock Clatterbuck’s man could help save by nothing created too poor to pass through and lame feel ill, the sick, spring dries up when a hotel is built and the living waters, a person is forsaking sin committed The evil the spring. its richness to reach and then being left dry is salvation, forsaking This theme of salvation, away. so the waters go the novel. throughout repeated be working for “the Devil or the Lord” (Patchett 2). The water brings life to those who are to those who are The water brings life 2). (Patchett or the Lord” “the Devil for be working Water as Living of Christ the Savior reference Patchett uses the traditional Christian dying. water Now, and turns it on its head. have they evils; committed two people have my “For 2:13: such as Jeremiah stood scriptures that cisterns, broken them out cisterns, and hewed living waters, of me the fountain forsaken it into her story writing of and brought by this verse She has taken can hold no water” (KJV). and thing that healed, This living spring is the only man. by a living spring that was not created not only refer to things in spiritual manners, but Patchett does herself. For example, a man example, For but Patchett does herself. to things in spiritual manners, refer not only in believing” “slow testifying to the people into the streets “the call to witness” and goes feels about but instead, Christ, is not testifying about Jesus Clatterbuck, Mr. This man, (Patchett 3). An artesian spring bubbled out of the ground a spring of water on his—later the nuns’—land. horses, cattle, Clatterbuck’s The water heals Mr. 1900’s. land in the early on the Clatterbuck’s The spring is said to illness. a mysterious from life his daughter Rose’s saves and eventually with life, and this relation and duality is visible in and this relation with life, and symboli though giving birth, physically religion, through symbolically life water represents of Readers drowning. through cally present of water that are of significance layers do not understand the many if they the novel in it. the nuns mothers where unwed home for is set in a Catholic Her novel meanings of water. flow through the medium of the novel of the novel the medium through flow and utilizing the understanding of water by her ideas Patchett shares water. by enveloped are relate change, Her characters each person. on have surroundings that one’s influence heavy must the reader complex characters, understand the To and also hate their environments. to, most with water being the the characters, surrounding the atmosphere on interpreting rely synonymous Water is often considered aspect of this atmosphere. constant and influential Liquid Influences Liquid

aegis 2009 38 Prose this novel—where watercomesandflows peoplegatherandthrive. Their lives are spentobsessedwithmoney andtherefore thewatergoes away. Water water—such asthearrogant charactersinthenovel whobuildthehotelover thespring. soulless. This child hasshown thereader thatRose isnotreachable. Inthesmallpool, one of there issolittlelife inHabit, what life/water there isstillcannotreach Rose. Sheiswalking but thewaterfell short, makingalittlemuddy spotinthedust” (Patchett43). Even though Rose’s experience inHabit. Rosecontinues: “One ofthemtriedtosplash measIwalked by, tation. Patchettwantsustoremember thechildren andtoseethemasaforeshadowing of life; however, whentakingthechildren intoconsideration, onemay offer adifferent interpre ter” (Patchett43). The reader caninterpret thisscenetomeanthatHabit isonly halffull of She recalls that “three children…sat dully inasmallinflatable swimming poolhalffullofwa crossed andmadeit toHabit, thedesert Kentucky, shestops atagasstationfor directions. to herhusband. Shehas lefttoseekherown new source ofwater andlife. After Rosehas quickly leadshertohave totravel thenerve untilshedoesnotreturn andfarther farther of floodsthehillsare richwithlushgreen life. she feels from Theliberty theday-long trip was thinkingaboutthembecauseayear ago they were blackandcharred, butafterayear in time. ShehadbeendrivingalongthecoastandthinkingaboutCalifornian hills. She to pickupherhusbandafterwork eachday, butoneafternoonshedoesnotmake itback once tookfor granted. water represents life inthisnovel, thereader canalsosurmise thatRosepinesfor alife she Through Rose’s descriptionoftheoceanreader canfeel herlongingfor water. Since swimming inthePacificOceanasshedrives: ofwaterandlifefrom atthespringtoRose’s astory anddeath. ofdryness story Sherecalls assheisdrivingthrough afterhaving adesert story abandonedherfamily. The reader istaken but atthesametimeshefeels unworthy andresentful oflife. Sheassumesnarration ofthe which craves buthateslife andwater. Shedesperately wantstoarrive atthefountain oflife, both are somethingtocelebrate andpraise. However, thisisjuxtaposed by Rose’s narration life ofMr. Clatterbuck’s daughterJune. This narration setsthetonefor waterbeinglife, and creek.a temporary Inthebeginningofnovel, Springisasulfurous miraclethatsaves the the events ofthenovel, buteachevent occurs asaresult ofSpring’s firstdecisiontobecome cation ofthespringandbecausespring. Othercharactersshare theirperspectives on a way thisisthenovel’s only protagonist becausethesubsequentevents occuraround thelo (Patchett 1). This personificationleads ‘Spring,’ thewater, tobethenovel’s first protagonist; in techniques by personifyingthewater: “not alivingsoulsaw it[emerge]. Springdidn’t care” personal limitednarration by thecharacterRose. Patchettdefiestheconventional writing scient descriptionofanunderground river emerginginapasture, butthenshiftsintoavery In away itiswaterthatfirstdraws Rose away from herfamily. Sheissupposed smell ofwater(Patchett18). I tookfor granted: The soundofwater. The lightonthe water, day ornight…The ofeverything thatyouwas somuch apart couldn’t hearitatallthen. This iswhat ing, andwould laterhearthehighway, ortrains, orwomen’s voices. Butthesound where you went you heard water, thesameway you hadalways heard your breath member ityears laterinaplacewithoutanocean, islike apowerful dream. Every It…was like every othernightyou hadseensofar, butanightthatwhenyou re Water hasyet anotherrole inPatchett’s novel. The novel beginswithanomni is - life in ------

Prose 39 aegis 2009 - - - Unwittingly, Unwittingly,

es Habit allude es Habit allude : Son. Water is as painfully sad to Son is as painfully Water Son. : The Patron Saint of Liars The Patron Rose’s and Son’s loathing of water is not passed on to their child, Sissy. Sissy fre Sissy. child, loathing of water is not passed on to their and Son’s Rose’s When Son first drifts to the spring’s downtrodden hotel in Habit, it is now a Catho it is now hotel in Habit, downtrodden When Son first drifts to the spring’s This condition of being neither one thing nor another is what mak one thing nor another of being neither This condition Son does Alice to teach her. asks a girl named and in the novel, swimming asks to go quently the fact yet, home soon; mother’s the unwed because she will be leaving Alice no, not tell of water. avoidance her parents’ as a teenager reflects to swim how that Sissy does not know tells me she I’m from…[Sissy] where down about the lakes ago “I told her awhile Alice says, Both parents to teach her” (Patchett 181). I promise and would to swim how know doesn’t of life, of the wrongs their child has not been exposed to any water—life—but avoided have Since the accident, he has retreated once more to dry land. Now, yet again, water—life—has water—life—has again, yet Now, to dry once more land. he has retreated Since the accident, and Sister Evangeline looks at him squarely he is drowning. like the hands and he feels him by Evangeline snatches fault” (Patchett 211). your accident] wasn’t “that something [the states, and verbally she this, By doing firmly. and grasps them his hands under the water of life boldly Evangeline death. of Cecelia’s the shadow out from he can live tells Son that physically of life. the waves through and states she will hold his hand the line into his life crosses Son’s past while Son is dully and dutifully doing the dishes. Evangeline suggests that Son is doing the dishes. and dutifully past while Son is dully Son’s in water. are realizes his hands and Son suddenly something tragic, fleeing from weren’t in the water but they were “My hands He reminisces, he has stumbled back into life. so familiar that was the feeling and all of a sudden just in the water were They washing dishes. On the somebody” (Patchett 211). Help me, mouth, come up in my those same words I felt When he her but is too late. runs into the water to save Son eventually beach with Cecilia, one he loves. kills the life but not before and its dangers, life he accepts runs into the water, physically swim out into life with Cecilia, but he also lacks the mental and spiritual will to do with Cecilia, out into life swim physically but she dies just as her, Son tries to save she hits her head on a rock; While swimming, so. Son that at the beach convinces This dramatic scene passage. in the above predicts he nearly brings about death. life and experiencing enjoying She hints at is partially psychic. Evangeline, Sisters, One of the mothers. unwed lic home for Cecilia leaves him in anger after a fight to go swim. Since water represents life, it can be un it can be life, represents Since water swim. go to him in anger after a fight Cecilia leaves this point Patchett solidifies while Cecilia remains. stepped out of life derstood that Son has himself Son has removed argue on the beach, the time Son and Cecilia that by explaining by to Cecilia continues public. out into not go to school and does Son no longer goes life. from her whole for out there “she’ll stay thinking that Son recalls and public life. lead a very active Cecilia swimming The image of dry rather than come onto life 200). land with me” (Patchett Son cannot of their dilemmas. with a visual interpretation the reader and Son sitting provides to the second main narrator of main narrator to the second Parris his training base on him to recall the thought of water forces him, For as it is to Rose. Since he is not WWII. it into makes and never he is injured There, North Carolina. Island, being in a Son, returns home. in marrying him when he his fiancée loses interest dispatched, fiancée disinterested on the beach while his stays Island, the accident at Parris leg brace from the children tries to hold another under the water, “but there really wasn’t enough water to enough wasn’t really “but there the water, under hold another tries to the children which means life, in it to end life enough have even does not Habit 45). right” (Patchett do it is and unchanging, Habit is stationary, find death and salvation. will not be able to that Rose be cannot above child mentioned as the last Just as Rose. and death life as stuck between enough but never submersed in life, to be improperly Rose is destined water, the by drowned richly. her live to make

aegis 2009 40 Prose to go outintolife, shewillhave todoitaway from herparents. The funeralsetsintomotion awhile. Rosereplies, “You don’t go swimming afterafuneral”(Patchett217). IfSissywants She hasseendeath, andinherchildishmindfeels theneedtoescape itandenjoy life for and thuslongstoexperienceitherself. After watchingafuneral, Sissyaskstogo swimming. house” (Patchett 225). creek bedisfromThe dry thedays whenthespringthatsaved June’s on andoffata whim. Sonreplies thatifthey hadaghost, “she’d hauntthecreek bed, notthe ing theirhouse, sheisturningtheshower onand off. Itisasifshe toying withlife, turningit washed cleanofoursins”(Patchett 85). Also, whenSissyasks Sonifaghostmightbehaunt recalls thefeeling: “Our immoralitywaspasttense, andinthisbathofforgiveness we were great deedby allowing thesesinfulunwed women backintoachurch for Communion. Rose the mothersfrom St. Elizabeth’s tomass oneSabbathamonth. The church feels itisdoinga acters. For example, Roserecalls beingasinglemotherintheyear 1968. A local church brings based onwater, SaintIsadore follows thesamepatternPatchetthassetfor hernovel’s char back home. Notonly doesthissaintrelate toRose’s story, butby making allmajordecisions and Christtoall(Saint). Isadore’s life ischangedby water, anditseffect iswhatbringshim Saint Isadore issaidtobe towear away“still trying rock withwater”by bringingknowledge when heseeshow watercanslowly erode rocks. This erosion takes timebutisinevitable. (Jones). Heis remembered for runningaway from his home, but findingthecourageto return Saint Isadore. Heisthe patron saintofruralcommunities andrain, amongotherthings acutely aware ofhow waterandlife bringbothdestructionandrenewal. into ‘existence,’ (Sheved andRosenthal3).‘life’” InPatchett’s novel allofthecharactersare from water. Water has “a doublesignificance, of ‘nothingness,’ ‘emptiness’tobetransformed Psychotic World” thatwaterisbothdeathandlife. Many religions say theworld wasformed be nothingnew tothereader. Jorge Sheved andMichalRosenthalwritein “Water andthe friends) forever. The symbolicmeaningofwatertakingtheform ofbothlife anddeathshould died becauseshewillreturn toher oldlife andleave theunwed mother’s home(andher her companionsatSt. Elizabeth’s. The motherdoesnotactually perish, butitisasifshehas of anew life viathebaby andthesymbolicdeathofmother, for shenow hastoleave a woman’s waterbreaks before birth, two events are simultaneously announced: thearrival thereThroughout are thestory numerous accountsofthewomen’s watersbreaking. When formally therichhotelover thehealingspringwater. Pregnancy issteepedinliquidmatters. Liars she isgoing tohave tolearnhow totread thewatersoflife withoutherparents. andastortured by life asherparents.ried Sissywillbeasstationary IfSissyisgoing tolive, that ifSissycannotteachherselftofloatthrough life, tosink. thenshedeserves Roseis wor ett 250). RosedoesnotwanttospendthetimeholdingSissy’s handthrough life. Rosefeels [Sissy] doingiton[her]own that[Sissy]really thoughtshe’d let[her]drown (Patch trying” to stay afloat”(Patchett250). RoseiswillingtoletSissylive life, but “wassoseriousabout her daughterandwould “push [Sissy]away from heragainanduntil[she]found away driveway (Patchett244). Eventually, RosedoesteachSissytoswim, rough butisvery with reason for hertostay. There isn’t…she mightnotever lookany thantheendof farther don’t want[Sissy]tospend herlife planningonstaying here. Sheshouldn’t thinkthere’s any Rose’s own feelings ofmortality. Shebeginstothinkaboutleaving, andexpresses toSon, “I , butalsoliterally. The mainsettingisSt. Elizabeth’s Catholichomefor unwed mothers, Water isalsoportrayed spiritually inthenovel. SisterEvangelinetellsSissyabout Water doesnotjustrepresent life anddeathmetaphorically in The Patron Saintof - - - -

Prose 41 aegis 2009 - - - The . 28 Feb 2006

org> 553-564. 39.4 (1985): Psychotherapy way. 28 Feb 2006 28 Feb way. ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/mwater.html> catholic-forum.com/Saints/indexsnt.htm> mybiblescripture.com> Through the use of water as an important theme and setting, Ann Patchett success Ann Patchett an important use of water as the and setting, theme Through The Holy Bible: New International Version. International New Bible: The Holy The Holy Bible: King James Bible Bible: The Holy Patchett, Ann. Ann. Patchett, Doctor of the Church” of Seville, “Saint Isadore of American Journal World.” and the Psychotic “Water and Michal Rosenthal. Jorge, Schved, (NIV) Schools” Science for “Water (USGS) H. Terry Jones, a void. a void. Cited Works (KJV) Evangeline taking Son’s hands. Patchett embraces the spiritual meanings of water through its through meanings of water embraces the spiritual Patchett hands. taking Son’s Evangeline “washed” to be the women doors for opening its and the church Clatterbuck of June cure her entire the symbolic meanings of water throughout Patchett weaves clean of their sins. themes of the underlying significance, of water’s Without a clear understanding novel. Saint of Liars Patron was once there and meaning where waiting to bubble forthlie under the surface life to bring life flowed. Perhaps June, who eventually died naturally, followed the water, life, as a ghost to as a ghost life, water, the followed naturally, died eventually who June, Perhaps flowed. life disappears. mysteriously it wherever con the religious and applies She considers intricate emotions. her characters’ relays fully to elaborate uses visual examples She life. water symbolize having of water by templations and Sister death, Cecilia’s in the pool, the children such as meanings of water, on the various

aegis 2009 42 Prose Consequence Argument the Lewis,and Revisiting Inwagen, van of theargument istheonewhichclaimsthat thejudgecouldnotha he actually did, and thus, according tovanInwagen, nothave free will. The controversial line being assumed inthepremises thatthejudge(or anyone) isunabletodootherwise than argument hasincompatibilism asoneofitsimplicationsbecauseitisduetodeterminism with free will, while compatibilists claimthatdeterminismis for the view ofincompatibilism, whoseproponents claimthatdeterminismis raised hishand. of theworld before hisbirth); however, sincethisisnotpossible, thejudgecouldnothave he would have hadto have changedthelaws ofphysics (sinceheisunabletochangethestate entails that the judge the world before thejudgewasborninconjunctionwith the laws ofphysics necessarily with respect thisindividualatsomelaterpointintime. Intheabove example, thestateof inconjunctionwiththelawsbirth ofphysics stateoftheworld necessarily entailsaparticular if determinismistrue, thenthestateofworld atsomepointintimebefore someone’s is true, thejudgecould from raisinghishand, vanInwagenproceeds withanargumenttoshow thatifdeterminism or not. Assuming that nounusual circumstances are present that couldprevent thejudge the judgedoes in order for thecriminaltobegrantedclemency, thejudgesimply hastoraisehishand. After impose thedeathpenaltyonacriminalappearing before him. Inthisspecificjudge’s country, nal Consequence ofajudgewhoiscurrentlyArgument follows astory decidingwhetherto the casethat “ person order for arbitrary act otherwisethanthey infactdo”( termine exactly onefuture. Van Inwagendefinesfree willas “the we must attribute to individuals that is either consistent or inconsistent with determinism. bilist and the van Inwagen-style incompatibilist lies in discerning the concept of free will that how original objection by focusing too much on senting everyone’s case, I will argue that Beebee and Huemer have strayed away from Lewis’ between van Inwagen and Lewis, over the validity of the Consequence Argument. After pre the disagreement between Michael Huemer and Helen Beebee, a dispute similar to the one will first introduce this argument and clarify David Lewis’ objection to it, and then explain argument by Peter van Inwagen known as the Consequence Argument for incompatibilism. I minism and free will has been a long one. But there has been some recent work done on one this is possible. Once that is clear, I claim that the work for both the Lewis-style compati Determinism is the theory thatpast eventsDeterminism isthetheory combinedwiththelaws ofnature de The struggle between the compatibilists and the incompatibilists concerning deter S Larsa Ramsini Larsa not 1 This argument, known asthe Consequence Argument, isintendedto argue can render [couldhave rendered] [ raisehishand, thequestion isasked whetherhe not not raise his hand. For the judge to have instead actually raised his hand, have raisedhishand. Ingeneral, theargumentgoes asfollows: S tohave free willwithrespect totheproposition Incompatibility when it is possible to do otherwise, rather than 20). To clarify, further heexplainsthatin p ]…false” ( compatible Incompatibility power could ve rendered thelaws of withfree will. This or have raisedhishand ability incompatible 21). Hisorigi p , ithastobe ofagentsto

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Ramsini 43 aegis 2009 - - - - , which , 0 w that I He argues 2 determined , somewhere, would would somewhere, , L of the laws of of the laws 1 w occurred. Since Lewis Since Lewis occurred. A itself, if such there be, do not enter be, if such there itself, 23). 1 w 30-31). Lewis clarifies what he means Lewis 30-31). , I mean that there is a violation of the I mean that there , 1 Free , is a violation at , raised my hand, then a law would have have would then a law hand, raised my 0 w w had Incompatibility . The laws of The laws . 1 w 31). This is his reasoning: Suppose in the actual world Suppose in the actual world This is his reasoning: 31). raised my hand, then the conjunction of the previous previous then the conjunction of the hand, raised my , relative to relative , had 1 Free w 468-9). , of raising my hand. Since we live in a deterministic world, the in a deterministic world, live Since we hand. of raising my , A Counterfactual laws of nature. But note that the violated laws are not laws of the same world same world of the not laws are But note that the violated laws of nature. laws is at least it be, may else a law whatever That is impossible; violated. are they where differ between a relation ‘miracle’ to express I am using an exceptionless regularity. A miracle at ent worlds. of at best the almost-laws are into it ( When I say that a miracle takes place at that a miracle takes When I say Lewis views determinism in terms of each possible world, and not a set of past determinism in terms of each possible world, views Lewis You are in the actual world and no other, but you have counterparts in several counterparts in several have but you and no other, in the actual world are You in content and context in closely you counterparts resemble Your other worlds. in than do the other things closely more you resemble They important respects. and world, is in his own each of them For you. not really are But they their worlds. in Loux 197). (qtd. world” in the actual here are you only Lewis objects to this assumption of van Inwagen’s argument, which claims that a claims which argument, of van Inwagen’s to this assumption objects Lewis events and the natural laws would have to have been false before been false before to have have would and the natural laws events in counts against closeness less than does a difference of laws “a minor violation claims that (Beebee 237) then some law of the past,” the whole facts throughout hand ( to enable me to raise my been broken have this type of miracle: by we are able to do something such that, if we did it, “a law would be broken,” referring to this referring be broken,” would “a law did it, if we to do something such that, able are we claims we sense that Lewis weak and it is in this miracle,” “divergence as a event law-breaking ( natural laws “control” able to are if I But hand. I did not raise my in which I live, that act, before been broken hand along with the natural laws not raising my that led up to my events But if I hand on the table. my keep worlds. He also claims that each person is determined partly by the laws that are specific to that are the laws that each person is determined partly He also claims by worlds. he/she lives. in which the actual world all possible worlds. as a whole that describe the set of laws and universal events com uphold thereby and sense, verya in albeit weak laws, natural control to able are we that but he does think that a law,” “break able to are we that not believe does Lewis patibilism. The fact that we each have counterparts that exist in various possible worlds is one of the counterparts that exist in various possible worlds each have The fact that we actual able to do otherwise in each of our own are to claim that we notions that leads Lewis from each of the other possible worlds, such that there exist neither interactions nor causal neither interactions exist there such that worlds, of the other possible each from com a is world possible “a Lewis, to According worlds. different in objects between relations gone” have things might total way a complete or been, things might have plete or total way exist in one and the same world ever that each person can only This means (Loux 193). “counterparts.” as an individual’s though, such a thing, is There lifetime. his/her throughout counterparts as such: and your you between explains the relationship Lewis physics to be other than they actually are ( are actually than they to be other physics upon his theory worlds. of possible drawing by natural laws, unable to change the person is real of which is just as each worlds, of possible exists a vast number that there believes Lewis in his/her respec that everyone such world, sense as our actual in the exact same and exists spatiotemporally separated however, are, They the actual one. as that world views world tive

aegis 2009 44 Ramsini exists a counterpart ofusinatleastonetheotherpossibleworldsexists acounterpart thatis, infact, doing ( either previous, present, orsubsequentneither constitute norcausethismiracletooccur thatthismiracleisneithertheact He asserts time, tobringthingsabout needs toholdthatthere wasatime(whenItwelve, say) suchthatIwasable, atthat educationandtraining.all thenecessary SheclaimsthattheLewis-style compatibilist “only time shewastwenty-five, shehadlostthatabilitybecause wasnotbeabletocomplete which shewasableattheage oftwelve tobecomeadoctorby theageofthirty, butby the quently loseastimeprogresses” (239). thisnotionby providing Shesupports anexamplein “the abilitytoperform to perform which statesthatapersonisableat t means thatattwo times soft determinism, which statesthatapersonisabletochangethelaws. More formally, this She claimsthatHuemerdefends theConsequence Argument only from thestrong thesisof look atthepastwithrespect tothe recognize because hedoesnotdistinguishbetween two ways ofviewing thepast—onecan a validobjectiontoeven hisrevised Consequence Argument, whichHuemerhasfailedto Lewis only claimsthatitisthe the pastwould have beendifferent inorder todootherwise; butasHelenBeebeepointsout, possible worlds. The rest ofhisdefense for explainsthatLewis theclaimthat hasnosupport argument thathedoesnotagree withLewis’ view offree willthatrequires theinvocation of ministic stateofeachworld, that happened inoneofthepossibleworlds, thenitisnecessarily true, according tothedeter occurred inany ofthepossibleworlds, andyou really would this statement, becauseif{B then Icannotdo B Based onHuemer’s understandingofLewis, heclaimsthat “if, inorder for metodo mer alsoholdsthathisversion oftheConsequence Argument withstandsLewis’ objections matter what for ourpurposes, isinline(6); theline “J couldnothave rendered modifies itinorder tomake itavalidargument for incompatibilism. have beennopossibleway for you tohave achicken saladin despite thefactthatyou, yourself, were determinedtoeataPB&Jsandwich, andthere would of theotherpossibleworlds peanut butterandjelly sandwich”simply meansthatoneofyour inatleastone counterparts the possibleworlds. Saying that “I couldhave hadchicken saladfor lunchtoday insteadofa person beingabletodosomething, andpossibility entailstheexistenceofthatactinone otherwise atthemomentwe are not. Freedom for Lewis dependsonthepossibilityofa 2 Free 1 , thenthepastrelative to or B 33). What makes usfree, whatmakes usabletodootherwise, isthefactthatthere 2 or…or B Beebee responds toHuemerby arguingthatDavid Lewis’s compatibilismstillholds Michael HuemerclaimsthatvanInwagen’s Consequence Argument isinvalid and A J , alaw would have beenbroken priorto does, A n would have tohave happened, whereas infact noneof{B ” ( J Consequence Argument could nothave rendered A at t 1 and after t 1 t 1 would bedifferent. ButLewis theweak only supports thesis, 2 … B did is anabilitythatonemighthave atearliertimes, butsubse laws t thattime would have resulted in my becomingasurgeon have chicken saladfor lunchtoday; thisfactmakes you free, 2, n A where } didnothappen, thatmeansnoneoftheseevents didhappen inthatworld. Itisclearfrom Huemer’s first that would have beendifferent andnotpastevents. actual t 1 toperform anact t 2 ≥ time, orwithrespect toanother

t 1 543). Lewis, however, would notdisagree with , ifitwere possibleat A L itself, norisitcausedby false” ( t 2 Consequence Argument (Beebee 238). Beebeeexplainsthat A at not this t 2 , suchthatwere thisperson befree todo actualworld. L t 3 false,” changesto “No 1 change,The important toperform anact A ; aperson’s acts 1 possible … B A 540). Hue . But, ifB n } happened, time A , either - A - t at . had - .

Ramsini 45 aegis 2009

- - - ” - - A , to per , 1 t the action doing oth is performing performing is before when we’re actually do when we’re when we’re actually deciding when we’re , gives me freedom now to do now me freedom gives , 4 t is not to deny the fixity of the past, but of the past, the fixity deny is not to (Beebee 240). that t , to do something about what happens after after happens about what to do something , t world. Beebee does not make explicit in her make Beebee does not world. aspect of Lewis’ objection, which diverts both objection, aspect of Lewis’ happen as a result of determinism, and there is and there of determinism, as a result happen this not time will happen; therefore, we are unable, even at even unable, are we therefore, will happen; A , leading to my later doing B at leading to my , 2 t free to do otherwise in the future as long as there exists a exists a as long as there to do otherwise in the future free 413). 415). 415). will necessarily will necessarily , at some time in the future, already have happened. After all, some all, After happened. have already time in the future, at some , 2 always t will at A ends up doing, as a result of the deterministic laws present in both of their present of the deterministic laws as a result ends up doing, . He says, “it is unclear how the existence of the possible world in which a the possible world the existence of “it is unclear how He says, . 2 t ; and we’re never free with respect to our decisions respect with free never and we’re ; . Huemer holds that the existence of the possible world in which you perform perform you in which the possible world Huemer holds that the existence of . actually 2 t Elusive Freedom Elusive . She is not thereby committed to holding that such agents are ever able to do ever agents are to holding that such committed thereby She is not . Both Huemer and Beebee respond very well to each other’s arguments, but they but they arguments, to each other’s very well Both Huemer and Beebee respond ing it ( Huemer responds to Beebee’s objection by holding that the Lewis-style compatibil holding that the Lewis-style objection by to Beebee’s Huemer responds some time to an action with respect freedom often have While we the time of action actually before lose that freedom always we is to be performed, to a particular action with respect free never are We arrives. some deterministic worlds are able, at able, are worlds some deterministic t prior to happens something about what about what about what So to not in the past. and in the future, is now past-relative-to-the-future of what is about can do something that we believe agents in holds that some compatibilist The Lewis-style future. the fixity of the only Elusive Freedom Elusive at ” ( A 4 t , the world where a different law exists that changes the circumstances (over which you, which you, (over circumstances exists that changes the law a different where the world , 2 t happens after a certain time, this individual in the actual world is free to do otherwise in his/ is free this individual in the actual world after a certainhappens time, her actions because his/her counterpart in at least one other possible world the necessary than what the person in our ac steps to be able to do otherwise in the future tual world when she claims that what Beebee means however, It is unclear, actual worlds. respective because certain choices after a certain“lose” the ability to make time period, sometimes we are we view, on Lewis’ devote too much of their efforts on the too much devote will and being able to do of free his fundamental interpretation from of their attentions away this means “do otherwise,” able to are that we say that when we claims Lewis otherwise. that exists a counterpart of ours in at least one other possible world that there doing in are in fact, erwise than what we, when a person is able to do something about what objection to Huemer the meaning that form form at the freedom world, in this actual you, is not sufficient to give no control), have in this world, A at to perform at miracle occurs divergence B at Huemer argues that even if the law that would have to be different is in the future, there is there is in the future, to be different have that would if the law Huemer argues that even for in order to happen have “miracle” that would The us to change that law. for still no way act us to perform us to bring it about that for no way justified because the past with respect to twenty-five year old Beebee is really in the future in the future really year old Beebee is respect to twenty-five past with justified because the at that specific time. argument: of Beebee’s This is his interpretation will is far-fetched. of free view ist’s To claim that twenty-five year old Beebee is still able to be a surgeon by the age of thirty is still able to be a surgeon year old Beebee is claim that twenty-five To to twenty- past with respect things in the because at that point, thesis, to support the strong this is old Beebee to say for twelve-year but to be different; would have year old Beebee five by the age of thirty” (239). To believe in the weak thesis is to believe that a person is able to is able a person that believe is to thesis the weak in believe To age of thirty” the by (239). do something,

aegis 2009 46 Ramsini Huemer iswrong whenhestatesthatwe are never free withrespect tothedecisionwe reason thatwe are free also say thatwe possible world inwhichourcounterpart valuable to know that accepting this theory entails a particular notionoffree entails aparticular will,valuable toknow thatacceptingthistheory anotion because determinism isacceptedby somany, whatever theconclusion turnsouttobe, itis if theseconsequencesturnout tobeunacceptablethegreater population. Nevertheless, itions aboutwhatfree willactually is, thenthere isnopointinmaintainingthelabel “free will” gives anargumentfor compatibilismthat requires gettingridofadecentamount of outintu other claims thatseemtogo againstourintuitions.that individualtoacceptcertain IfLewis point isthatthequestionofwhich campapersonfallsintodependsonthewillingness of Lewis would notsay thatitistheagentsthemselves whoactually perform themiracles, the minism, whereas theincompatibilistwillview thisasunacceptable( are abletoperform miracles”isan “ gen explainshow thecompatibilistthinksthatcounterintuitive claim that “all free agents ments for oragainstcompatibilism, for vanInwagen, are simply notthatclear-cut. Van Inwa premises and deniesanddoesnotaccepttheirconclusionswill not exhibitthe “enviable Nozick: property imaginedby Robert anyone whounderstandstheir they are notstrong arguments, butjust that itispossibletodisagree withthemsincethey do patibilism orcompatibilismisgoing tobea “knock-down” argument. This isnottosay that depend onhow we definefree will. Van Inwagenmakes clearthatnoargument for incom this phrasethatwillbeusedtoeithervalidateorinvalidate theConsequence Argument will to focus onnow iswhat “can render false”actually means; whatever meaningisgiven to to dootherwiseinhis/herown actualworld. individual becausethere existpossible worlds where isbeingdetermined his/hercounterpart Lewis issimply the there doesnotexist people intheirown actualworlds tobreak thedeterministiclaws ofthatworld isbecause world inwhichthis “something” occursorexists. The reason why itisnotpossiblefor world. However, thefactthatsomethingispossiblejustmeansthere existsanactual unique, setofnaturallaws thatcannotpossibly just applies toindividualworlds, sinceeachpossibleworld containsitsown, andsometimes impossible, andthisdistinctioniswhatgives humanbeingsfreedom. For Lewis, determinism of determinismitselfcontrastedwithimpossibility. theweaksupport thesisofsoftdeterminismagainstincompatibilismsolely basedonnotions the ideathatwe are free atsomepointstomake decisionsbutnotatothers; Lewis isableto Inwagen liesnotinthefactthatwe are free withrespect tofuture andnotpastevents, norin sible worlds have conflictingdeterministiclaws ofnature. The key toLewis’ objectiontovan miracle tooccurby actingotherwise, butrather, themiraclesimply describeshow two pos occurring to perform inourworld. The only reason Lewis evokes theideaof “divergence miracle” is make atthetimewe make thedecision, inanotherpossibleworld becauseourcounterpart doingotherwiseattheexactmomentthatwe are performing theactwe were determined What theLewis-style compatibilistandthevanInwagen-styleincompatibilistneed According toLewis, there isadistinctiontobemadebetween determinedand before act A istoemphasizethefactthatitnotindividualpeoplewhocause were possibility free todootherwiseintheactionsalready committedfor thesame any before possibleworld inwhichthisoccurs. However, sincefreedom for ofbeingabletodootherwise, freedom does existfor every theactwe’re determinedtoperform. Onthisinterpretation, acceptably will act otherwise. To go even further, Lewis would counterintuitive consequence”ofsoftdeter

be broken by individuals livinginthatactual die ” ( Freedom Freedom 17). Even though 17). The argu ------

Ramsini 47 aegis 2009

L . . could J . 28 . 22-3). , then , P false. Agency and P . 13.4 (1979): 455- 13.4 (1979): . entails The Philosophical The Philosophical L . could have rendered rendered could have J P Incompatibility The Philosophical 0 Noûs and ( T 0 T T P The Philosophical Review entails L . Ed. Laura Waddell Ekstrom. Ekstrom. Waddell Laura Ed. . false, then false, L and

0 P Midwest Studies in Philosophy Midwest Metaphysics: a contemporary Metaphysics: could have rendered rendered could have J and

, , Agency and Responsibility: Essays on Essays Agency and Responsibility: 0 T P false. L ’s birth ’s J would be false. would P and

0 P . Ed. Laura Waddell Ekstrom. Boulder, Colorado and Boulder, Ekstrom. Waddell Laura Ed. . false. , then , L T false, and if the conjunction of false, P could not have raised his hand at could not have J had raised his hand at J . Ed. Paul K. Moser. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. 176-214. 2002. Routledge, York: London and New Moser. Paul K. Ed. . . 111.2 (2002): 235-41. 111.2 (2002): . 411-16. 113.3 (2004): . could have rendered rendered could have the conjunction of rendered could have had raised his hand at J J J could not have rendered rendered could not have J introduction Freedom of on the Metaphysics Essays Responsibility: the Metaphysics of Freedom the Metaphysics Review Review = some instant of time earlier than = the proposition that expresses the state of the world at the state of the world that expresses = the proposition = the proposition that expresses the state of the world at the state of the world that expresses = the proposition = the conjunction into a single proposition of all laws of physics of all laws = the conjunction into a single proposition 0 0 = the judge (4) If of the conjunction rendered have (5) If false. (6) (7) If determinism is true, L P then the conjunction of (1) If determinism is true, (2) If then if (3) If (2) is true, Endnotes as follows: Argument goes Consequence The entire 1 J T P the Laws.” to Break “Freedom Peter. Inwagen, Van 334-350. (2004): Will and Determinism.” Free “The Incompatibility of Peter. Inwagen, Van 17-29. 2001. Westview, Oxford: Colorado and Boulder, 109.4 (2000): 525-44. 109.4 (2000): the Laws?” to Break Free We “Are David. Lewis, 30-37. 2001. Westview, Oxford: Arrow.” Time’s “Counterfactual Dependence and David. Lewis, 476. necessary“The and the possible.” Michael J. Loux, Works Cited Works Argument.” the Consequence to Huemer on “Reply Helen. Beebee, to Helen Beebee.” A Reply Freedom? “Elusive Michael. Huemer, Argument.” Consequence Inwagen’s “Van Michael. Huemer, that will probably go against some of our strongest intuitions about the actions we perform. perform. we the actions about intuitions our strongest some of against go probably that will our for implications serious have it could out, will is worked of free notion the correct Once behind our the rationale for especially and of one another, with and judgments interactions as a result. restructuring tremendous which could undergo judicial system

aegis 2009 48 Ramsini do notdiverge, matchingperfectly intheirinitialsegmentsbutnotthereafter; neitherdothey they are notexactly alike through any stretch oftime. They are alike always ornever. They both obey thelaws perfectly, theneitherthey are exactly alike throughout alloftime, orelse 2 Hedefinesadeterministicsystemoflaws asonesuchthat, “whenever two possible worlds argument. Argument standsuptothecounterexamples Huemerraisesinobjectiontotheoriginal “no matterwhat that whenapersondoesnothave freedom withrespect toaproposition that result from having thisinterpretation, andchangesthestructure oftheargumentso where that whenapersonisnotfree todothis, theindividualhasnochoice “about thefactthatp,” freedom apersonhasinrendering aproposition false. InvanInwagen’s version, heassumes 3 Huemerdoesthisby makingastronger claimthanvanInwagen, withrespect tothe converge” ( p issomeproposition ( Counterfactual S does, p ” ( 461). Consequence Argument Consequence Argument 538). This version oftheConsequence 526). Huemerexplainstheproblems p , thismeansthat

Ramsini 49 aegis 2009 - -

1 - - all the more all the more Apollo ’s choreography by by choreography ’s It is not known with It is not known 5 possible. This decade possible. Apollo

Apollo 4 Apollo (1928) is an important work in the fields of (1928) is an important work She also sponsored a small hall for the Library small hall for a of She also sponsored 3 makes the simpler instrumentation of makes historical context, and its similarities to artistic and cultural historical context, Apollo’s Apollon Musagète Rite of Spring , as the piece has come to be called, is the first of three neoclassical ballets is the first of three to be called, as the piece has come , Bonnie Shore Bonnie and the Apollo One of Coolidge’s more ambitious projects was her contemporary festi ambitious projects music more One of Coolidge’s The prosperity of the 1920’s made the creation of made the creation of the 1920’s The prosperity Stravinsky was born in Oranienbaum (near St. Petersburg) in 1882. His parents His parents in 1882. Petersburg) was born in Oranienbaum (near St. Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky’s Stravinsky’s Igor Rimsky-Korsakov was Stravinsky’s last teacher, though he admitted the influence of he admitted though last teacher, was Stravinsky’s Rimsky-Korsakov 2 Petrushka a ballet Coolidge wanted the hall was completed. the same year which began in 1928, val, including de Falla and composers, European to open the festival. Washington in premiere no interest. showed contact, with whom she had regular Respighi, and very little survives of the initial was the next composer asked Stravinsky certainty why not to exceed thirty is that in 1927 Coolidge commissioned a ballet, What is known contact. a small ensemble. for minutes, brought a renewed interest in the arts and neoclassicism, as exemplified in the movement in the movement as exemplified in the arts and neoclassicism, interest a renewed brought was of the leaders of this movement One “Mecca of the arts.” a D.C. Washington to make funded many whose foundation (1864-1953), Elizabeth Sprauge Coolidge the philanthropist and commissions. chamber performances with the neoclassi In keeping of such music. the performance was suitable for that Congress than ornate. simple rather aesthetics are the hall’s cal style, not have a very developed compositional style – not to enter the conservatory, but simply but simply compositional style – not to enter the conservatory, a very developed not have in which is apparent and orchestration, of form These lessons consisted to study with him. color in pieces such choice of instrumentation for The careful works. mature Stravinsky’s as striking. on his work. Wagner and Tchaikovsky Glazunov, different artistic movements of classicism and modernism into a neoclassic piece. of classicism and modernism into a neoclassic piece. artistic movements different at the Imperial Opera in St. His father was a famous vocalist lineage. noble Polish of were it was also his father who However, in music. interest and encouraged his son’s Petersburg, began study and in 1902 Stravinsky well, This did not go study law. insisted that Stravinsky – who at the time did Stravinsky This famous composer advised ing with Rimsky-Korsakov. consists of ten movements for string orchestra. Its neoclassical, white-on-white character Its neoclassical, string orchestra. for consists of ten movements those of its contemporaries, and works previous the composer’s from distinguishes the piece for clean lines and modernism. desire society’s while reflecting an examination of Stravin Through point in the classical ballet style. Balanchine was a turning (with its itself the music of the work, and production the commissioning background, sky’s story and choreography), very the two was able to combine Stravinsky one gains an understanding of how movements, music and ballet, representing the modernist ideals of the 1920’s while also using classical while also using classical 1920’s the modernist ideals of the representing and ballet, music techniques. it D.C., Washington in festival a music on commission for Written Stravinsky. composed by Two Worlds Combined: Modernism and Modernism Combined: Worlds Two Stravinsky’s in Classicism

aegis 2009 50 Shore classical eraandtheGreeks andRomans. in1925andhadbeen Hehadvisitedthecountry neoclassical, which, unlike hisriot-causing sion. Hismonochromatic balletwould have beenasurprisefor its American audience. Itwas Both menfavored controlled, avery constructed environment, and saw music andmotionas result wasaproduction inwhichthemusic andchoreography reached ideal. thesameartistic 12, 1928. to thealoofpossibilitiesofthis theme.” four produced thatnight–even Washington’s HelenFetter calledthepiece “flat, insufficient ences felt there was littletoholdtheirattention. Criticscitedthescore asthedullestof However, thework wasnotwell received. Compared to ing withthehighexpectationsfor theevent, theperformance wasbroadcast live over NAA. val, Stravinsky’s first U.S. premiere, andthefirstmajorballet premiered inthe U.S. to thegreater interest reviewers placedinStravinsky’s music. they remained friends. Littledescriptionremains ofBolm’s choreography, dueatleastinpart pour uneInfante Défunte in charge of the other three ballets produced for the festival: for thechoreography. The choreographer for thepremier was Adolph Bolm, memorabilia from thepremiere incomparison tohisotherworks. mances ofhisothercompositions. Healso saved littleintheway very ofclippingsandother to commentonthepremiere, though thathadnotstoppedhimfrom commentingonperfor brief publicstatement, probably writtenby someoneelse, usedhisabsenceas anexcusenot string sectionwhichhedesired. Stravinsky madenoapparent attempttoseethepremiere. A both pianoandharpfrom hisoriginalorchestration inorder toaccommodatetherest ofthe and didnothave wingsfor entrances. The pitwassmallaswell, andStravinsky hadtostrike chestral ensembledown toreasonable size. limits ofthesizeadmittedly smallhallbefore Stravinsky pared boththecastandor responsible for thepremiere. Ittookseveral repetitions from hisassistantCarlEngelofthe contact whilewritingthescore, creating many problems for thechoreographer andothers a way ofcreating awork healready hadinmindfor adifferent setting. Hemaintainedlittle miere. have therighttoperform thework elsewhere immediately following the Washington pre ered himselfwhilebecomingtheleaderofmuses. reflection andincreased inthechurch participation whilewritingabout Apollo, whodiscov of Stravinsky’s life tothatof Apollo. Stravinsky wasattemptingtorediscover himselfthrough to hiswife, whowasconfined toahospitalwithtuberculosis. Charles Joseph likens thisstage crossroads inhisown life. Hewasinlove with Vera deBosset, butstillwantedtobefaithful as well known asthe Winds. ably. Heusedjazzidioms inseveral ofhis compositions, for Pianoand suchashisConcerto exposed toalargequantityof American popularmusic, towhichheresponded quitefavor 8 This stipulationproved significant. Stravinsky seemsto have usedthiscommissionas 6 While hehadwrittenanumber ofneoclassicalworks prior to Stravinsky waswell known andappreciated intheU.S. by thetimeofcommis The Parispremiere, whichisbetterknown, tookplacejustsixweeks later onJune Critics focused on The American premiere on April 27, 1928 wasalsohampered by conflictingvisions When Stravinsky agreed tothecommissionhetookcare toensure thathewould 16

Apollo wasthefirstballetinwhich Stravinsky worked withBalanchine, andthe Rite ofSpring . 12 HeandStravinsky disagreements, hadanumber ofartistic though Apollo becauseitwastobetheonly score premiered atthefesti . Duringthetimehewaswriting 15 Rite ofSpring 9 The stagecouldnot holdmore thansixdancers, 7 , drew onclassicalideasfrom boththe Petrushka Alt-Wien 13

andthe 10 Apollo , Arlecchinata, Apollo, , Stravinsky wasata Rite ofSpring 11 whowasalso they were not 14 and Inkeep Pevane , audi ------

Shore 51 aegis 2009 ------

19 In the same In the 17 Similar dotted rhythms Similar dotted rhythms 18 This form uses twelve syllables, syllables, uses twelve This form 22 is based on the typical common practice era the typical common is based on Apollo - dotted eighth figure, which clearly harkens back harkens clearly which - dotted eighth figure, is at the top of the score. Stravinsky uses the meter Stravinsky is at the top of the score. th 21 The text: “Que toujours dans vos vers, le sens, coupant les mots / Suspende le sens, vers, “Que toujours dans vos The text: 20 After the variations of Polymny and Terpsichore is another “Variation D’Apollon,” D’Apollon,” “Variation is another Terpsichore and After the variations of Polymny The following three sections consist of variations for each muse as she presents as she presents each muse sections consist of variations for three The following The ballet begins with a prologue, entitled the “Birth of Apollo.” Following the intro the Following Apollo.” “Birth of entitled the a prologue, The ballet begins with By examining the technical aspects of the music itself, we can see how Stravinsky Stravinsky can see how we itself, of the music the technical aspects By examining The other two muses come in for the Coda. In the Apothéose the dancers return to return dancers the Apothéose the In Coda. the in for come muses two other The 23 a break in the middle for the primary melody throughout. These applications of classical form of classical form These applications the primary for in the middle melody throughout. a break struc inspired classically still lend symmetrical, they yet classical era, used in music’s not were neoclassic a convincing making for modern harmonies, his more adds this Stravinsky To ture. work. Apollo because she is the best dances with Terpsichore the Pas De Deux. by followed dancer. Nicolas Boileau (1636-1711), who adhered to and promoted strict, classical restraint and classical restraint strict, to and promoted who adhered Nicolas Boileau (1636-1711), organization. the words, syncopate always verse the intent of your (May le repos” l’hémistiche en marque enhance its repose) Suspend the pause, rhythms. the melody’s shape Alexandrian – to – classical pitches with uses sets of twelve Stravinsky in-between. a breath with divided into six and six, “Variation D’Apollon,” begins the second tableau. This is followed by the Pas d’Action, in the Pas d’Action, by This is followed begins the second tableau. D’Apollon,” “Variation her art. giving each an object that represents muses, Apollo dances with the three which a combina that use Variation) use very exposed lines (solos in the Both of these movements familiar sound unique to neoclas an edgy yet create tion of modern and classic harmonies to sic works. poet a couplet by its inspiration from De Calliope” draws “Variation The Apollo. her art to form, with the A theme based on the 16 with the form, of neoclassicism. another element adding Overture, to the French and not neoclassic, work this Another element that makes the work. used throughout are that marks the actual birth is the use of an octatonic chord style, in the classical just a work consisting of alternating This chord, to the B section. Apollo and begins the transition of The next movement, been used in the classical era. not have would whole and half steps, the dancers. There are also few directions for changes in tempo, with most of the perceived with most of the perceived changes in tempo, for directions also few are There the dancers. changes in meter. changes coming from decided that but to be born onstage, Apollo intended for had originally Stravinsky duction, depict literally instead of more Thus, American audience. to the be inappropriate this would Leto attending goddesses birth of the two with a dance Apollo’s implies the work ing its title, binaryThe piece is in rounded Apollo. of the appearance by mother - followed Apollo’s – which are divided into two tableaus. Most of the parts are through-composed, which means through-composed, Most of the parts are tableaus. into two divided which are There material. is new measure – every form for materials on repeated do not rely that they melodic idea af instead placing an emphasis on one of themes, little development is relatively medi often based on tonic, – melodies are limited The pitch material is relatively ter another. and special effects Ornamentation conservative. and the range is relatively and dominant, ant, chosen beats to aid with clear emphasis on distinct, typically are Rhythms used sparingly. are elements powerful enough on their own, not conveyers of emotion and story. emotion and of not conveyers their own, on enough powerful elements Balanchine unity, and timbrel meter with poetic his music rationalized that Stravinsky way in the dances. a modern simplicity clean lines and achieved composition. this neoclassical approached short It consists of ten parts, tonal. it is mostly and accompaniment, over of melody formula

aegis 2009 52 Shore exemplifying thedecaying imageof Apollo andthemuses intheirascent: thesamemelodic entire work. this timeresolving theoctatonicchord toabminorchord –theonly minorsectioninthe Parnassus, having beencalledtoreturn by Zeus. ics (halfsteps) create theirown dramaticlines. contrast ofcolors anddirect representation, hisdisjunctive melodies anduseofchromat that thegeometricshapes are thefocus ofthe Decopieces.Art While Stravinsky avoided the in texture andlackofspecialeffects allow thebasicelementstocutthrough inthesameway stylesofthepast.florid art Thesecleaner, bolder linesare also found in including fashion. style, itquickly becamepopular –especially intheU.S. -inalargevarietyofeveryday objects, andnature andwastypicallygeometry brightly colored in 1925. the that canalsobeconsidered to visualcounterparts fresh effects. These valuesandcharacteristicsare prevalent inStravinsky’s work. period canberelated backtoindustry, efficiency, andprosperity –cleanlines, geometry, and rated ideasthatwere new very inorder tomake itselforiginal. be applied toneoclassicism, whichsimultaneously embracedaspects ofthepastandincorpo doning basicstructures thathadbeeninplacefor alongperiodoftime, theterm canalso above all, soughttobedifferent from anything inthepast. While thisgenerally meantaban them similarto wouldart reflect that. creased fascinationwithindustry. Societyknew itwaschangingfast, anditmakes sensethat with popularmusic. The largerrole ofmanufacturing ineveryday lives alsomeantanin of African-American culture tosociety asawhole, andthevariousjazzforms begantoblend long hair, andcorsets, begantopermeate society. same asbefore World War I, theimageofself-defined women, freed from full-lengthskirts, care-related classes. While women’s roles intheworking environment remained largely the treatment. Many collegesbecameco-ed, thoughwomen typically remained indomesticor lenged. After feminists gainedtherighttovote in1920, they continued topushfor equal became available tomiddle-class households. a largeincrease ingoods available toconsumers. For thefirsttimeradioandcar one another. Improvements inmanufacturing combinedwiththegrowing economy brought ing 20’s.” The economy wasgrowing, and technologicalinnovations were comingfastupon had justreturned toFrancefrom theUnitedStatesinmiddle oftheprosperous “Roar new, societyitselfwasinatimeoftransformation. purely classical. symptomatic ofStravinsky’s era, todraw linetowhichit istrying attentionis butthestory the bminorchord, whichendsthepiece. This freedom inform andharmonicmaterialis figure is repeated four times, lengthening by abeateachtime, thefinalaugmentationbeing Exposition Internationaledes Décoratifs Modernes etIndustriels Arts 29 Like othermodernistmovements, DecowasaprogressionArt away from themore DecoandtheInternationalStyleareArt two popular movements ofthe1920’s Several andcultural movements artistic arose inthiscontextofchange, many of Just as It sought to combine industry withart. Itsoughttocombineindustry The resulting styleusedelementsofboth 25 Stravinsky, inkeeping withstrictdancerhythms, avoids aritardando whilestill Apollo Apollo 30

combinedclassicalandmodernmusical elementstocreate something . Modernismisusedtodefinethemovement across thearts, which, 26 Oldcustomsandparadigmswere beingchal 31 24 The “Variation of Terpsichore” shows how 27 The themeheard intheprologue returns, The HarlemRenaissancebrought awave Apollo Apollo . Although itbeganasanarchitectural wasfinishedin1928. Stravinsky . The term DecoisderivedArt from 28 Most of the arts from Mostofthearts this , whichwasheldinParis Apollo. The similarity ------

Shore 53 aegis 2009

- - 36 - - is - - - Apollo . He sought . Stravinsky Stravinsky 39 Apollo In the same way, In the same way, 35 , which sought to create a “pure” “pure” a which sought to create , Apollo similarly avoids extra materials. It creates It creates extra materials. avoids similarly

37 Apollo

33

32 Like the International Style, his work emphasized buildings that were practical. practical. emphasized buildings that were his work the International Style, Like 34 Clean lines are extremely important to Stravinsky’s expression of neoclassic re expression important to Stravinsky’s extremely Clean lines are Stravinsky used many neoclassic elements in neoclassic elements used many Stravinsky The neoclassicism of this era was largely an attempt to find order in what had to find order an attempt The neoclassicism of this era was largely The closing section of Pas d’Action shows the simplicity which Stravinsky was able the simplicity which Stravinsky The closing section of Pas d’Action shows Cleanliness and simplicity were also common traits in the work of Frank Lloyd of Frank Lloyd also common traits in the work were Cleanliness and simplicity The International Style was strictly architectural, and most easily applied to sky applied easily and most architectural, Style was strictly The International Stravinsky also follows the classical ideals through structure and symmetry, espe and symmetry, structure ideals through the classical also follows Stravinsky 38 cially in his use of classical Alexandrine poetic meter to organize his rhythms. Alexandrine poetic meter to organize in his use of classical cially in contrast to tunes and rhythms, the use of folk and avoids the abstract in this work, favors ballets. his previous the Originally, contrast of timbre. avoiding orchestra, string for calls only The score straint. was com the work which the pit for he realized before also included piano and harp, score first and like sections, divide the cellos into two however, He does, missioned was too small. and expression. Artists fell back on familiar sources of reason: classical themes with familiar classical themes with of reason: Artists back on familiar sources fell and expression. settings and classical structure. mythological range on subject him free His commission gave material. programmatic untainted by work, with purity and re associated of music, god Apollo – the Greek and he chose material, straint. The subtle entrances and trading of voices and pizzicato at the end – which create a clever a clever end – which create and pizzicato at the The subtle entrances and trading of voices and Water” “Falling Wright’s to de Calliope” – can also be likened “Variation transition to the union with its surroundings. its natural and unpretentious up lives I had turned European War World chaotic and complex society. become a seemingly and understandable forms. of order source wanted a and the artistic avant-garde side down, in emotion its extremes with era, against the romantic was also a reaction The movement not contrived – Stravinsky uses basic harmonic and timbrel techniques to create a unique, a unique, techniques to create and timbrel uses basic harmonic – Stravinsky not contrived natural sound. that seemed structures creating Wright avoided that In the same way in his work. to achieve in tonalities found and contrived the complex polyrhythms avoided Stravinsky contrived, straightforward. content are and harmonic rhythms, texture, The of his time. other works to be related that can work with his own a movement who created Wright, buildings Although he did not seek to design architecture.” “organic what he called to create that complement structures he did want their environment, from indistinguishable that were ed the site. Wright also tried to use materials other. and function to complement each He wanted form steel was not. often bent; – soft materials were in a natural way practical one, which emphasized clean lines and functionality. It typically used materials that used It typically and functionality. clean lines which emphasized practical one, to be and sought as steel and concrete, such building large structures, practical in were decorative. purely functional rather than to audience the allow that construction straightforward and lines unadorned through interest but lets use a plethora of instruments and effects, does not Stravinsky its basic form. admire themselves. speak for the basic materials Stravinsky creates a striking melody line with chromatics in the violin lines, while still using while still lines, in the violin with chromatics line striking melody a creates Stravinsky the second outlined in being as the chords such accompaniments, and harmonies traditional bass lines. cello and with steel construction accomplishment, new a relatively were These tall buildings scrapers. was a very International Style The scope. vertical greater a much for allowing and elevators

aegis 2009 54 Shore for themissingharpandpiano. mentation, bothinhiscreation texture ofthesix-part andinhisuseofdivisitocompensate second violin. innovative works. Apollo growing trend ofcomposerstolookoutsidemusical materialfor structure andinspiration. structure to determinerhythms in themusic itself-reflects –withoutusingthepoetry the what music andballetexpress, andhow they shouldbeapproached. Stravinsky’s useofpoetic ballet. The views ofbothcomposerandchoreographer challengeconventional conceptsof raphy -inspired by Stravinsky’s score –setnew standards inwhatwould become modern of thedecadewithcleanlinesinmusic, choreography, andproduction. Balanchine’s choreog as well asincorporating new ideasinharmony andtimbre. 1920s. Itdraws onmaterialfrom mythology, 17 tant, influential work. Inmany ways itcaptures –anddefinestheneoclassicalidealof given toStravinsky’s three famous ballets, recognition stilldeserves itcertainly asanimpor the conductorhadcompletecontrol over whatthemusicians were doing. rate. Hisdemandsonhisplayers were alsoindicative ofanothergrowing phenomenon–that pianola insteadofanaccompanistduringrehearsals sothatthetempowould bemore accu expressive withhismusic; liberties itwastobeplayed aswritten. Hewent sofarastousea sible. Stravinsky alsoexpectedprecision. Hedidnotallow dancersormusicians totake any so thatevery movement thedancermadewould bedoneperfectly andasefficiently aspos already setthepaceofdance. Balanchinesaw itashisduty toexplainevery taskindetail his dancerstotake hisorders withoutquestion. Healsoacceptedthatthecomposerhad hierarchy ofcomposerfollowed by choreographer andfollowed by thedancer. Heexpected the ballet. impersonalview Balanchinetookavery of thedancers, keeping withaworking with Stravinsky, such as He continued todevelop inhislatercollaborations theseideas ofmodernefficiencyfurther the bodytomove more asawhole, whilestillmaintainingmany elementsofclassicalballet. sion. mimic the point, behindit. insteadofthestory The neoclassicalelementisfound inthegestures that efficiency ofmovement intheater. of actionledtogreater clarity. Balanchine wasinspired by Vsevolod Meyerhold, whoused actions.sary This philosophy quickly found application inthevisualarts, where thesimplicity scientific approach toseparationoftasksandefficiency movement, eliminatingallunneces through Taylorism. assembly Originallylines, intendedfor useinfactory Taylorism isthe 43 proves thatclassical forms ground andsimplicityinmaterialcanindeedbefertile for Healsosoftenedthetraditionaldanceforms by allowing thetorsotobelessstiffand The modernist, industrial-inspired idealofthe1920’s wasalsoexemplified in While Taylorism isalsoseenin theway thatStravinsky andBalanchineworked toproduce ballet comique 40 Despitethehomogeneoustexture onecanstillseeStravinsky’s skillininstru Apollo didnotcauseany riotsorcapture thepress andattentionthatwere Agon ; overall, however, hischoreography emphasizedspeedandpreci . 41

42 Balanchine, like Stravinsky, madethedanceitselffocal th -century dance forms,-century andpoeticstructure, Apollo reflects the modernistviews 45

Apollo - - 44 - - - - -

Shore 55 aegis 2009 . Lincoln: Lincoln: . Frank Lloyd Lloyd Frank Balanchine Frank Lloyd Wright: Wright: Lloyd Frank (accessed May 4, 4, (accessed May 1439-1452.

stand out. stand out. . New York: W.W. Norton W.W. York: New . . New Haven: Yale University University Yale Haven: New . Apollo ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Prentice River: Saddle Upper ed. nd . 2 . 48, no. 11 (2005): 11 (2005): no. 48, . New York: Phaidon Press, 1997. Phaidon Press, York: New . . Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. 2004. Press, Greenwood Westport: . The International Style Robert Craft, London Symphony Orchestra. Orchestra. London Symphony Robert Craft, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 39. 2001), Press, University Yale Haven: (New A Classical Theme in the Twentieth Century.” Masters Masters Century.” Twentieth the in Theme A Classical . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. Press, University Yale Haven: New . The 1920’s The Art Deco Style The . New York: Boosey & Hawks, 1949. & Hawks, Boosey York: New . . PBS. http://www.pbs.org/flw/legacy/index.html (accessed May May (accessed http://www.pbs.org/flw/legacy/index.html PBS. . , 37. , is a “white ballet,” which focuses on pure dance forms, without dance forms, on pure which focuses “white ballet,” is a ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1978. Press, University Oxford London: ed. . London: Phaidon Press, 1997. Phaidon Press, London: . American Behavioral Scientist American Behavioral rd . PBS. http://www.pbs.org/flw/legacy/index.html http://www.pbs.org/flw/legacy/index.html PBS. . Apollo . 3 . Stravinsky Inside Out Stravinsky Apollon Musagète: Apollon Stravinsky & Balanchine: A Journey of Invention & Balanchine: Stravinsky Inside Out Stravinsky A History of Music in Western Culture Western A History of Music in Multiple Masks: Neoclassicism in Stravinsky’s Works on Greek Subjects Greek on Works Neoclassicism in Stravinsky’s Multiple Masks: Stravinsky: Three Greek Ballets Greek Three Stravinsky: Apollon Musagète Stravinsky Neoclassicism Stravinsky Inside Out Stravinsky Press, 2002. Press, 1992. 8.557502, Naxos CD: London: Wright: Life and Legacy Life Wright: 2008) 4, 1966. and Company, University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Nebraska Press, of University and LegacyLife 2008) and Stravinsky.” thesis, Ohio State University, 1975. 1975. State University, Ohio thesis, 2006. Hall, Ibid., 40. Ibid., Apollo. the part of Bolm was also the first to play Ibid., 46. Ibid., Joseph, 38. Ibid., 47. Ibid., 45. Ibid., The different timbres (sounds) of various orchestral instruments give the same musical the same musical instruments give orchestral (sounds) of various timbres The different Joseph, Charles M. 42. Ibid., “White on white” – 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 with subtlety rather than the obvious. with subtlety rather than the obvious. 2 use of this and thorough his innovative is famous for Stravinsky character. line a very different the very conservative instrumentation of which makes effect 3 4 Stravinsky, Igor. Igor. Stravinsky, Roman. Vlad, Endnotes 1 also mimics music Stravinsky’s costumes. story sets and uses monochromatic or elaborate the listener and draws contrasts, elements and timbrel programmatic avoiding this character, Irwin, David. David. Irwin, Charles M. Joseph, Charles M. Joseph, Igor. Stravinsky, Drowne, Kathleen and Patrick Huber. Huber. Kathleen and Patrick Drowne, Architecture” of Organic Wright and the Principles “Frank Lloyd Kimberly. Elman, and Stephen Escritt. Bevis Hillier, Henry-Russell and Philip Johnson. Hitchcock, Cronon, William. “Inconsistent Unity: The Passion of Frank Lloyd Wright” Wright” of Frank Lloyd The Passion Unity: “Inconsistent William. Cronon, and the Ballets of Strategies, Managerial Control “Taylorism Jean. Van Delinder, Bibliography “ Gin. Hung Susan Au, Mark Evan. Bonds, A. Maureen Carr,

aegis 2009 56 Shore 14 13 (Masters thesis, OhioStateUniversity, 1975)38. 12 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 Wright: Life and Legacy 35 Lloyd Wright: Life andLegacy 34 33 to create unusual melodies. were used, they were carefully regulated. Stravinsky usedpitchesthat broke those regulations 32 melodic shapes, asopposedtosoundcharacter(timbre). somewhere inthework for ittobeworthwhile, andhecreates thisthrough distinctive 31 30 29 Prentice Hall, 2006), 518. 28 27 26 25 and Stravinsky,” 24 23 22 21 20 19 Press, 2002), 99. 18 17 16 15 Joseph, Ibid., 39. SusanHungGin Au, “ Delinder, “Taylorism,” 1442. Delinder, “Taylorism,” 1445-1446. Joseph, Delinder, “Taylorism,” 1443. Ibid., 49-50. Joseph, Ibid., 101. Mauren A. Carr, Au, “ David Irwin, William Cronon, “Inconsistent Unity: The PassionofFrank Lloyd Wright” Kimberly Elman, “Frank Lloyd Wright andthePrinciplesofOrganic Architecture” Drowne, Musicoftheclassicalerawasbuiltonmajorandminorscales. This isnottosay thathefailedinavoiding contrastingcolors. Interest hastobecreated Ibid., 74. Drowne, EvanBonds, Drowne, KathleenDrowne andPatrickHuber, Carr, Van Jean Delinder, “Taylorism ManagerialControl Strategies, andtheBalletsofBalanchine Au, “ Maureen A. Carr, Joseph, Joseph, Au, “ CharlesJoseph, Joseph, Ibid., 39. Ibid., 60. Apollon Musagète Apollon Musagète, Apollon Musagète, Multiple Masks Stravinsky &Balanchine Stravinsky &Balanchine Stravinsky &Balanchine, Stravinsky InsideOut Stravinsky &Balanchine, Stravinsky InsideOut The 1920’s, The 1920’s, The 1920’s, American BehavioralAmerican Scientist A History ofMusicin A History Western Culture, Neoclassicism Stravinsky &Balanchine: A JourneyofInvention Multiple Masks Multiple Masks , http://www.pbs.org/flw/legacy/index.html , 126. 75. 73. 19. Apollon Musagète , 159. ” 21. ” 21. , http://www.pbs.org/flw/legacy/index.html. (London: PhaidonPress, 1997), 405. , 49. , 39. , 101. , 100. 99. 4. (London: University ofNebraskaPress, 2002), 96. (London: University ofNebraskaPress, 2002), 101. The 1920’s : A Classical Theme inthe Twentieth Century” 48, no11(2005): 1444. (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004), 3. 2nd ed. (UpperSaddle River, NJ: (New Haven: Yale University While additional pitches Frank Lloyd Frank

Shore 57 aegis 2009

th - begins with a description of begins with a description Leni Will Ferrall Will , Steven Bach creates a revealing biography biography revealing a creates Bach Steven , , and the two films that chronicled the 1936 films that chronicled and the two , Day of Freedom , , Leni: The Life and Work of Work and Life The Leni: Riefenstahl Leni 432 pp. 2007. House, Random York: New Steven. Bach, Book Review Book Triumph of the Will of the Triumph Leni: The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl of Leni Work and The Life Leni: Unlike her Nazi sponsors, most of whom committed suicide or were executed, Leni executed, most of whom committed suicide or were her Nazi sponsors, Unlike Despite her contentions to the contrary later in life, Leni Riefenstahl had a very Leni Riefenstahl Despite her contentions to the contrary later in life, Bach spends much time describing Leni’s aspirations to be a dancer, which, due to a which, aspirations to be a dancer, time describing Leni’s Bach spends much In films) they were carefully-staged pieces of propaganda. Bach also describes Leni’s life after the life Bach also describes Leni’s pieces of propaganda. carefully-staged were films) they Riefenstahl that recognized Allied powers The Reich. Year Thousand (Twelve) demise of the over, world famous the were collaborated with the Nazis and Hitler (her films had obviously a trial at Nuremburg. following and placed her under house arrest after all), a involved notes Bach, This reinvention, had ended. after her house arrest herself reinvented Leni contended that the Nazis. the part especially involving of her past, complete recreation close relationship with the most powerful men of Nazi Germany, including Joseph Goebbels including Joseph men of Nazi Germany, the most powerful with close relationship and often with the Nazi leadership, Leni caroused Bach describes, As Adolf Hitler himself. and her most (in)famous films. Reich to make Third of the and patronage used the vast wealth These included documentaries, pure were Although Leni contended that these films Games. Berlin Olympic the Olympic for perhaps, that (except, the opposite, commentary proves and analysis Bach’s also includes a wealth of historical information and background where necessary. While this necessary. where and background of historical information also includes a wealth depth and it does add life-story, Leni’s at points detract from might information additional a career led to directing, Leni eventually Acting for in which she lived. context to the world quite successful early Bach, notes She was, embraced. and quickly that she seemed suited for as a cer as well the German and international public, earning the praise and attention of on, Adolf Hitler. tain man named slight lack of talent, were only partly realized. The publicity of dancing would, however, prove prove however, of dancing would, The publicity partly only realized. were slight lack of talent, is one point of This in various German films. roles as it led to acting quite fortuitous Leni, for dance at the time, and enters into a long account of German a bit, that veers the biography where Alpine genre, and a description of the popular of a then-contemporary German film, but work, on Leni in his focus Bach does not merely direct. Leni learned to act and eventually the director’s childhood. Born into the tenements of a Berlin sprawling headlong into the 20 headlong of a Berlin sprawling Born into the tenements childhood. the director’s Her adolescent father. domineering and an obstinate, deal with poverty Leni had to century, rarity independent woman—a molded Leni into a stubborn, Alfred, battles with her father, along with her obstinate that would, other characteristics She had two Germany. in pre-war active and an extremely to weep ability an impressive future: in the serve her well behavior, sexual partners). sexuality (she had at least twenty-five of Riefenstahl, one of the most celebrated and—due to her close relationship with the Nazi to her close relationship one of the most celebrated and—due of Riefenstahl, century. of the twentieth directors leadership—notorious

aegis 2009 58 Ferrall community hadadifficulttimebelieving herlies, Leniwasabletocontinue herdirecting with andassistancetotheNazis. DespitethefactthatmostGermansandinternational was stubborntotheendonthispoint, andnever admittedany regret for herinvolvement she wasjustan about afascinatingperson. andfilmhistory,enjoys immersinghim/herselfinmilitary orjustwantsa good bookto read oftheirinnercircle,(she wasapart afterall). Iwould recommend thiswork toanyone who but themostgulliblewould believe thatshewasunaware ofwhattheNaziswere doing Nazi-denial. Shewas, ofcourse, anextremely persuasive woman, butIamnotsure anyone had seenseveral ofher(in)famousworks before reading Bach’s work, Iwasnotaware ofher Leni created inorder tohidehertrueselfandpast. While Iknew ofLeniRiefenstahl and of LeniRiefenstahl andsuccessfully (andoftensardonically) removes themany layers oflies death attheageof101in2003. career. Shewasinvolved inmany projects, withthe particularly African Nubatribe, untilher Bach craftsLeni’s biography brilliantly andaccessibly. describesthelife Heexpertly artist , andwasnever aware ofany wrongdoings committedby theNazis. She

Ferrall 59 aegis 2009 ------Stephanie Freas Stephanie is about the unwritten aspects of war—the is about the unwritten , the constant changing of the characters’ fates inflicts , Suite Française is set in the early 1940’s in France during the beginning of German 1940’s is set in the early Suite Française Suite Française Française Suite pp. 448 2007. Random House, York: New Irène. Némirovsky, Book Review Book Throughout Throughout Suite Française By depicting how different humans may seem from one another, then throw one another, seem from humans may different By depicting how Irene Némirovsky’s Némirovsky’s Irene that are so integral to their everyday survival, though many of their loved ones are missing ones are of their loved though many survival, so integral to their everyday that are novella, Némirovsky writes about the relations between the German and the French cap the German and the French between writes about the relations Némirovsky novella, and the German soldier, Bruno, in one small village and hones in on the bond between tives depar “Dolce” ends with Bruno’s prisoner of war. of an adulterous wife the French Lucille, to another station in the war. ture small things in these characters’ lives The text brings light to the and empathy. both horror they to each of their towns, coming learn that the Germans are After the French occupation. each July,” “Storm in novella, In the first for safety. grab their most valuable items and flee chang deal with their dramatically its members must and haven safe for searches family home to find return many invasion, After the initial short weeks. a few within only ing lives “Dolce,” book, The second themselves. identities for new create while others must comfort, complex In this in July.” “Storm in one of which is introduced families, concentrates on two unfinished by her capture and eventual death in the German concentration camp, Auschwitz. Auschwitz. death in the German concentration camp, eventual and by her capture unfinished between ends in the midst of the German occupation and a romance The manuscript ask how must we Here, and her German captor. Lucile, protagonist, the second novella’s struggle the speculate from One can only end the story would had she lived. Némirovsky ended with a saddening and the beautiful that the story have the grotesque would between ends in an occupied nation. in which war truly the ways would mirror finale that qualities that tie humans illustrates the core Némirovsky of war, ing them in the torrents a man to murder, causes a good War seem. may their lives diverse together no matter how than to value one another more and a family with her captor, to fall in love woman married the subject of the Holocaust from refrains Némirovsky enough, Ironically material luxury. any and left is interrupted characters when this very novel Jewish including any from and refrains tion of even the most respected of classes, and the violence between civilians—rather than civilians—rather and the violence between of classes, the most respected tion of even the expected military fiction. attribute to historical usually and political history that one may this of war and Holocaust fiction, genre sprung an entire have events II’s War World Although of a Holocaust the expected reading from is far novellas, of two collection or rather, novel, cast of characters a diverse with readers surprises Némirovsky Instead, traumatic experience. in the most difficult experi of humanity left shred who fight to survive and hold on to any ences. the dehumaniza survival the struggle between and image, the romance, moments, everyday

aegis 2009 60 Freas Stephanie Freas room…He waspurring like akettle ontheboil. A few secondslaterthearsenalexploded” has escaped his basket: “The cat gnawed on a sprig of grass, then slipped back into Jacqueline’s longer exist. Oneofthemoststrikingmomentsfocuses onthecatofonefamiliesthat or dead, money hasnovalue, foods, andtheluxuriesofcertain weapons, andeven privacyno battle of survival duringthemosthorrendousbattle ofsurvival events inworld history. a must-read. Ittranscends historicalfictionintoagenre thatcomplicateshumanityandthe Française violence intherelationships between thecharacters andtheirinnerturmoil. Although inthemostpatheticandtriumphantwaystheme ofsurvival whileintroducing thetraumasof of humanityamongstthetoilswarandviolence. Moreover, theauthor addresses the Française unfinished manuscript. Sheisuncomfortably honest; shewritescandidly andbeautifully. torn between andtheir own survival. fighting for theircountry now andforever tobeenemies?”(307). The reputedly evil, soldiersare heartless intruth fear folk…they were“these peacefulcountry nothing butagroup ofenemies…were they they are stillenemies. When asoldierismurdered by acivilianfarmer, otherGermansoldiers Even though they are passionatefriends, thatlevel oftrustisnever achieved becauseatheart, enough becauseofthedifferences thatthey overcome inorder toappreciate oneanother. within thoseofany role. For instance, theromance between LucileandBrunoisenticing changes even thetiniestelementsofourexistence. Additionally, warinflictsdistrustand fear and difficult. toseehow Itiscompellingbutuncomfortable war, ormore specifically, violence, The ways inwhichwe are forced tochangeourmindsaboutwarandhumanityisunsettling about warandhumanity, whilenotinvoking thestereotypical horrors thatwe may expect. mature intellectshouldatonepointintheirlives read between civiliansandtheinnerthoughtsofseemingly cruelGermansoldiers. they may notunderstand. Némirovsky’s ing otherhumansasone’s superiorsorder, andleaving theiryouth behindtofight for acause deal withmany issuesthatare leftunseen: leaving theirfamilieswiththefear ofdeath, treat to bemere humansthatstruggle inways similartotheFrench. Infact, theGermansmust on children. When theciviliansexpectGermaninvaders tobeinhumane, they find them scene soviolentthatreaders must rethink theiroriginalbeliefsabouttheeffects ofwar, even derness toshelter, they rebel andmurder thepriestinamuddy lake. Némirovsky creates a these situations. When FatherPèricandleadsagroup oforphanchildren through thewil riences insurprisingways. Sadly enough, theroles ofgood andevil are extremely altered in and highsocialclass, andforces themtocopewiththemany violentanddehumanizingexpe the violencebegins. most trivialevents, like watchingone’s petcat, stilloccurduringwarandare overlooked as suddenly endsitwiththeexplosionofabomb. Momentslike theseremind ushow even the (98). Inthisinstance, Némirovsky incorporatesgreat detailaboutthecat’s actionsandthen Irene Némirovsky’s Because oftheraw approach totraumathatNémirovsky addresses, readers ofa Némirovsky introduces predictable characters, suchasthosethatvaluetheirwealth is publishedasaninterrupted manuscriptyears forty afteritscreation, thetextis surprises uswiththestrugglingbalancebetween the beautiful andthegrotesque

Suite Française Suite Française is aworthwhileandcompellingtext, even asan grapples withtheunseenviolence Suite Française . Shespeakshonestly

Suite Suite - - -

Freas 61 aegis 2009 - - - - , while simultane , The White Tiger White The Zachary Hopper , Aravind Adiga’s debut novel and winner of the Man Booker Prize, fo Prize, and winner of the Man Booker debut novel Adiga’s Aravind , The White Tiger White The pp. 304 2008. Press, Free York: New Aravind. Adiga, Book Review Book Adiga reinvents the familiar rags to riches tale in the familiar rags to riches Adiga reinvents The White Tiger White The His India. of modern-day on the social and economic problems casting his satirical eye ously one of a kind reading a truly for make dark humor and brilliant—at times poetic—prose serious issues address it also manages to and funny, is playful the novel While experience. Some of the major themes of the over. people the world but by Indians, faced not just by faced by the problems traditions and modernity, the clash between globalization, are novel and the position corruption, education as emancipation, countries, world third developing the people of Laxmangarh. Shortly after his employment, Balram accompanies Mr. Ashok and Balram accompanies Mr. Shortly after his employment, the people of Laxmangarh. until he is mattress to sleep on a roach-infested forced he is where Delhi, to New his wife castes in India—“Men with two about the mainly Much of his time is spent thinking, needed. the latter to the former from move he can how Big Bellies and Men with Small Bellies”—and a plan that will all, darkness once and for the a plan to escape he devises Eventually, (54). the first time in his life. master for Balram his own make to help pay off money that his family borrowed from their landlord, a fat man known as the a fat man known their landlord, from borrowed family that his off money to help pay where in a tea shop, to work city of Dhanbad with his brother to the nearby He goes Stork. one of From his education. to continue in an attempt on the conversations he eavesdrops so businessman; a wealthy for become a driver Balram gets the idea to these conversations, the one This is the turning point of his life, a driving class. for and pays up his money he saves Balram be and murder. corruption a path to success and happiness, that leads him down that bully the landlords to who is related Ashok, man named Mr. a wealthy for comes a driver ing up in the “Darkness” with a terminally ill father, too many relatives to remember, and to remember, relatives too many father, ill a terminally “Darkness” with ing up in the from Balram experienced the India that is hidden around, to go or money not enough food Tiger”—“the creature “White the nickname of He earned the Premier. important visitors like ambition his intelligence and where school, once in a generation”—at that comes along only a visiting by a scholarship After being promised (30). children the other separated him from out of school and he has to drop tuberculosis father dies of Balram’s education inspector, of Laxmangarh to the bustling streets of Bangalore. The story unfolds over the span of seven the span of seven The story over unfolds of Bangalore. bustling streets of Laxmangarh to the who Jiabao, Wen Chinese Premier, of letters that Balram writes to the a series nights through stories of success from and hear India to learn about entrepreneurship is scheduled to visit as the son of up in a rural town who grew Balram, Indians who started businesses. own their Jiabao He explains to Mr. poverty. best: he knows begins his tale with what puller, a rickshaw Grow (12). an India of Light and an India of Darkness” countries in one: “is two that India the poor village from his journey and Halwai, named Balram cuses on an Indian entrepreneur

aegis 2009 62 Hopper reveals whenhesays, “I simply wrote abouttheIndiathatIknow, andtheoneIlive in”(287). is awholly fictitiousaccount, much ofwhatoccursinthenovel isbasedon real life, as Adiga Adiga says that of thepost-colonialsubject. intheSimonandSchustereditionoftext, Inaninterview and frightening, andultimately somethingnottobemissed. clear toreaders that Adiga’s novel isawhitetiger—somethingpowerful andmoving, graceful bully thepeople ofLaxmangarh?Regardless ofhow thesequestionsare answered, itwillbe perpetuating cycleofpoverty? Orisheevery bitascorrupt andcruelasthelandlords who answers. IsBalramavictimofcircumstance, anambitiousmaneagertobreak outoftheself- probe thepsycheofthisuniquecharacter, thoughthismightraisemore questionsthanit is notmore mainstream. Perhaps oneof the bestfeatures ofthetextisgettingachanceto ing andpsychopathic, presents aproblematic notionofentrepreneurship, onethatwe hope and aboutthenew way oflife inIndiabrought aboutby outsourcing. Balram, atonceendear we are meanttothink about themillionsofpoorIndianswhodieevery year oftuberculosis So whenwe read aboutBalram’s fatherdyingoftuberculosis orBangalore’s rapid expansion, The White Tiger is “built onasubstratumofIndianreality” (285). Although it -

Hopper 63 aegis 2009 time. time. long , Junot Díaz creates a heartbreaking a heartbreaking Díaz creates Junot , Christine Horvath . His new interests affect his biggest affect interests His new . Lord of the Rings Lord and Akira The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao of Oscar Life Wondrous The Brief The Brief Wondrous Life of Life Wondrous Brief The Wao Oscar 352 pp. 2007. Group, Penguin York: New Junot. Díaz, Book Review Book Thus begins Oscar’s ascent into the life of dorkdom. He becomes enthralled with of dorkdom. ascent into the life Thus begins Oscar’s older and actually works as a prostitute, but she and Oscar have a connection that he has but she and Oscar have as a prostitute, works older and actually and as the title of to be with her, out of his way He goes other person. had with any never his life. even this woman- up all he has for he gives the book insinuates, written a beautifully not only about this book is that it is feature One wonderful one As one reads, history of the Dominican Republic. but it is also an informative story, of the a native in fact, Diaz is, the author. written by footnotes notices various lengthy about the country has a lot of knowledge and it is obvious He therefore Dominican Republic. and 1961. Meanwhile, the reader is learning about his family history and the reasons for his history for is learning about his family and the reasons the reader Meanwhile, and 1961. Because of emphasized. is greatly impact on his life and his sister’s mental instability, mother’s something from suffered he is said to have lack of social graces and morbid obesity, Oscar’s doing him from that kept depression just a severe was really which “The Darkness,” called and back to the Dominican Republic, his mother goes however, One summer, (268). anything is This woman Oscar falls in love. series of events, After a he decides to join her on the trip. the science-fiction novels the science-fiction novels Tolkien. to become the Dominican J.R.R. He aspires writing. hobby: passion and favorite including of obstacles, with a number Oscar is faced Whilst battling his adolescence, the frustrations of love in fact), life, his entire (for place he goes encountering bullies every a worst of them all, the and finally, “friend zone,” and being placed in the ever-disappointing the Dominican Republic during over Fukú is a curse that was established Dominican curse. of 1930 the years dictator who ruled between tyrannical an extremely Trujillo, of the reign magic touch. He attempts to date two girls simultaneously, and as one could predict, this did as one could predict, and girls simultaneously, to date two He attempts magic touch. days with the other and a few up with one girl to stay breaks Oscar anyone. for not end well for a long “Oscar did not kiss another girl his heart: his chosen flame breaks later, he had in the girl department As though almost everything had burned up in that one fucking (17). week” yet awe-inspiring tale of a young Dominican man. Oscar is a boy who grows up in New Jersey, Jersey, up in New who grows Oscar is a boy Dominican man. tale of a young awe-inspiring yet occasionally he visits there his life and throughout Santo Domingo, from but his mother hails partsThe story of the characters’ is segmented into different to get back to his roots. and sister, his mother, included in this story: members are family of Oscar’s Many lives. he is somewhat When Oscar is young, in its creation. roles distinctive grandmother all play some of the smoothest Dominicans are novel, in the as presented of a Dominican player; Oscar loses his however, in elementary week After a course of one school, are. there lovers In his novel In his novel

aegis 2009 64 Horvath also anew understandingofwhatitislike tolive insuchanimpoverished placethatmost useful andgreatly appreciated. Onewilltake away notonly anappreciation but for thestory attention from thestory, especially toward theclimaxandending; however, theinformation is that hehasdonehisresearch. At timesthefootnotes canbeabitlonganddivert one’s minds to. Itistruly agreat work ofmodernfiction. redemptive power oflove. ofOscar The story Wao isonethatallpeopleshouldopentheir and collectively saves him/herself, ofhardship, Diazcreates abeautifulstory lossandthe is easytoempathizewiththecharacters—especially Oscar. As eachcharacterseparately the hard timesthatdefinehumanexperience. Inthisway, thetextis relatable andit very of love, strugglesandmisfortune, going from having everything tohaving nothing—affirms family goes through somuch together(andseparately) thatitreally feels like thisfamily— full Finally, tonotethe level itisimportant ofreality thatthisbooktakes on. Oscar’s propels thetextontoawholedifferent level ofexcitablereadability. easyread.a very ItisalsoelectrifyingbecauseDiaztakes riskswithlanguageandform that employs throughout thenovel. Despitethisshortcoming, however, thebookisotherwise slightly murky because Yunior’s voice soundsexactly like theomniscientnarrator thatDiaz attends Rutgerstothetimeofhisdeath. Employing Yunior asanarrator renders thereading a characternamed “Yunior” whonarrates Oscar’s entire adultexperience, from thetimehe Díaz couldhave improved tomake thenovel read more smoothly. Toward theendwe meet Diaz’s own voice. actually becomessomewhatThis part confusingandissomethingthat going tobeoneofakind. The omniscientnarrator’s voice issocasualthatitseemstobe voice: rightfrom thebeginningreaders know thatthework they are abouttoread is the stopsinhisgutsydepictionofeveryday lives ofhischaracters. strong Heusesavery Another excellentaspectofthetextisthat itissodaring. Diazreally pullsoutallof people merely consideravacationdestination.

Horvath 65 aegis 2009 - - - - Jessica Ramey Jessica A Mercy A 176 pp. 2008. House, Random York: New Toni. Morrison, Book Review Book , Toni Morrison writes about how diverse characters are struggling to to struggling are characters diverse how about writes Morrison Toni , A Mercy A I would not consider this book a page-turner, but it is one that is worth reading be reading is worth but it is one that book a page-turner, not consider this I would Although Morrison’s novel is one to definitely read and examine, the story can read and examine, is one to definitely novel Although Morrison’s In In table: how all of these characters—no matter what their stories are—withstand a place that all of these characters—no matter what their stories are—withstand how table: her writing deals with complex issues, Because and isolation. disease, slavery, is consumed by and understand the important themes that it is easy to examine this story piece, piece by wants us to recognize. Morrison a place that was so long ago, and gives us a different perspective on the institution of slavery. slavery. on the institution of perspective us a different and gives a place that was so long ago, gone have to people who may story be related can easily The heart of each character’s who may women story to many relates Rebekkah’s example, For similar situations. through can see her account that we it is through and a husband, come to the United States for have insight as Lina also brings new herself. like much and psyche of women the innermost feelings expressed commonly not of her tribe that are accounts and gives woman, American a Native to the larger picture brings a much Morrison these stories, Through on slavery. in works tion—the story does describe the journeys of Florens, Rebekkah, and Lina. By having such a such By having and Lina. Rebekkah, tion—the story of Florens, does describe the journeys well-rounded accurate and more a much is able to give Morrison of characters, group diverse in the 1690s. account of slavery the storyAlthough is writ canonical writer. as a modern-day presence cause of Morrison’s of transporting our minds back to still has a way Morrison a contemporaryten for audience, and she describes her account of finding medicines to help her community with the disease disease the with community her help to medicines finding of account her describes she and out. broken has that on moving before time to absorb the information as it takes follow, sometimes be difficult to and Mor is not an obstacle, however, The language used, to the next section of the book. Although the book choice and description. with her word rison again astonishes the reader a resolu by a building point to a climax followed have is not traditional in style—it does not survive in a society full of slavery, disease, and misery. Each character brings a diverse element element diverse a brings character Each misery. and disease, slavery, of full society a in survive never has she man a marry to America to coming of account her gives Rebekkah story. the to storytakes the which on plantation the of master the is he and Vaark named is man This met. her in people many killed that disease the about tells woman, American Native a Lina, place. Florens, named is characters other the with property the on lives who woman Another tribe.

aegis 2009 66 Ramey in fact, begreeted asliberators”(26). and HelpUs”to DickCheney remarking on she compares theMassachusettsBay Colony’s sealofaNative American saying “Come Over muffins” (186-7). And returning toherthemeofpastandpresent Americanexceptionalism, that “severed are bodyparts” the “seventeenth-century equivalentofagiftbasket ofmini- In explainingthePequot War between theEnglishandPequot Indiantribe, sheclaims of church andstate, as “Bob DylanplugginginatNewport, makinghisown noise”(128-9). shared folk songs,” andRoger Williams, theindependentthinker adheringtotheseparation scribes Winthrop as “Peter Seeger, gatheringagenerationaround thecampfire tosingtheir Puritans isindrawing connectionsbetween thetwo seemingly divergent cultures. Shede them worthgettingtoknow” (53). image ofbeingmembersthesamebodywassoagreed upon tothepointofcliché, makes she writes, “despite theirunruly theology, theirsometimeshair-trigger hate, thefactthat Winthrop’s goal ofcreating aunifiedcommunity working togethertowards acommon goal, resonate with thevalueswe holdtoday. Inoneespecially moving part, as Vowell describes to beknown assuchaboringgroup of people. She doessucceed, however, inmakingthem tans, asmost Americans would probably hesitatetoread anentire bookonwhathascome Anne Hutchinsonandtherepresentatives oftheMassachusettsBay Colony (225-6). vard inresponse toanembarrassing lossofwitsduetoatheologicaldisagreement between (13). As anexampleoftheirdevotion study, toliterary sheexplainstheirfounding ofHar the Bible, madewords thecenteroftheirlives—not land, notmoney, notpower, notfun” the Puritanspossessed. Vowell explainsthat “their single-mindedobsessionwithone book, “American exceptionalism”(6). tique againstourcountry’s present arrogance and self-adoration, orwhat Vowell refers toas in 1630, tenyears aftertheSeparatistsPuritansarrived onthe separatist Puritanswhoarrived inNew Englandonthe points ofhumorfound throughout thework, most ofherexplorationthelife oftheNon between theseventeenth PuritansandourmodernUnitedStates. century Despitethemany of themany comparisonscomedian Sarah Vowell makes inherbook The mosteffective way Vowell helpsthemodernreader toconnectwiththe Throughout thebook, Vowell defends herinterest group inthisparticular ofPuri The titleofthework refers tothecompleteobsessionwithreading andwritingthat Anne Hutchinsonis “the PuritanOprah—aleader, aguru, astar”(208). This isone Vowell, Sarah. New York: Penguin Group, 2008. 272pp. The Wordy Shipmates Book Review Meet thePress Larsa Ramsini Larsa Arbella in2003, “My belief isthatwe will, withReverend John Winthrop Mayflower The Wordy Shipmates , isusedasacri Arbella -

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Ramsini 67 aegis 2009 - - - - is an incredibly interesting work of historical nonfiction that work interesting is an incredibly As I write this, the United States of America is still a city on a hill; and it’s still shin and it’s America is still a city on a hill; the United States of As I write this, we how That’s prisons. turn off the lights in our torture never ing—because we carry out the sleep deprivation (72). inherited the idea that America is blessed and ordained by God above all nations, all nations, God above by ordained America is blessed and inherited the idea that (71-2). of wrath and retribution but lost the fear Shipmates Wordy The The thing that appeals to me…is that at least the arrogant ballyhoo that New Eng that New ballyhoo at least the arrogant to me…is that The thing that appeals Puritans’ sense the self-loathing by God is tempered by land is special and chosen grandeur in their delusions of was what kept this fear, humility, of reckoning…this Puritans we England’s New From lost. what subsequent generations That’s check. The strong theme of exceptionalism begins in Vowell’s introduction of John Win John of introduction Vowell’s in begins of exceptionalism theme The strong in the middle of the Atlantic in 1630 (35). He tells them that their colony is to be “as to be is colony tells them that their He in 1630 (35). Atlantic of the in the middle anyone interested in the history of the United States and some reasons for how we ended we how in the history for interested States and some reasons of the United anyone sentence with to write the following free a country are in which we today, are we up where it speak the truth: while at the same time having of banishment, out fear imperialism, charged with drama pertaining and emotionally to European is well-researched for granted like we take that and basic freedoms and the state, the church conflicts between some instances of over-sentimentality, Despite and assembly. speech, of religion, freedom for this book is an easy read War, of the Pequot and over-description phrases, worded poorly so much self-hatred that they labored their entire life so as to appear as if they were already already were as if they to appear so as life their entire labored they that self-hatred so much explains, Vowell As predestination. in believed Calvinists who were as they saved, of the passengers to the presumably, given, Charity,” Christian Model of “A sermon throp’s Arbella What (35). before heard probably have Americans most an expression a hill,” a city upon on the subject, time spending so much for reason Vowell’s and however, to forget, most seem who possessed people God-fearing were to this sermon Puritans who listened is that the

aegis 2009 68 Ramsini The reader isalsointroduced tovariousideas related toprobability, including theprevalence ings, andtheauthor usesthesestatisticsto make oncedifficult theorieseasiertounderstand. ematicians. The reader isgiven uniquestatisticsrangingfrom BlackPlaguedeathstowinerat The authorcovers many areas from Pascal’s triangletotheBernoullifamily legacyofmath buttoalsogaintheextensivethrough knowledge history thatMlodinow offers alongwithit. research andinnovation ofmathematicians inthe17 ways inwhichitcanoccur. ofrandomnessbuiltofftheinitial elseinthehistory Everything Scientific Revolution. Galileodeclared thatthechancesofan event dependonthe number of were notfully appreciated untilGalileoGalileibecameintriguedwithprobability duringthe mathematical relationships incard games, dice, backgammonandastragali. Cardano’s ideas Chance chance—gambling. The firstbook ever writtenonrandomnesswas ity theory. Early theoriesonprobability arose tounderstandthegameof from mentrying the war—theauthorofthisthoughtfulbookwould neversurviving have beenborn. concentration camp, thelossofhisentire family, thechancejoboffering, andremarrying after ofLeonard Mlodinow.birth Haditnotbeenfor alloftherandom events—World War II, the war, hisfatherimmigratedtoNew York andmarried afellow refugee, whichresulted inthe the theftandinsteadofbeingshot, wasoffered ajobatthebakery for hishonesty. After the one-by-one lesssomeoneconfessed. Inorder tospare lives, Mlodinow’s fatherconfessed to ery, alineupofpossiblesuspectswasformed by theGestapo whothreatened toshootthem World War II, losthiswife andtwo children. After stealingaloafofbread from thelocalbak in probability. Hisfather, whileimprisonedinaconcentrationcampNaziGermany during answered. faced withallofthesethought-provoking questionsandMlodinow explainshow they canbe your way ticket itself? toorfrom gettingalottery thanwinningthelottery The reader is door number one?Didyou know thatyou are more likely tobekilledinacaraccidenton ing andacceptanceofone’s future? What are thechancesthatred Porsche isbehind corruption? How dotherandomincidentsandone’s choicesleadtoadeeperunderstand Willis? When are seemingly randomevents nolongerrandomandinsteadreveal apatternof rences affect his/herdaily life. What are thechancesofbecoming Tiger Woods orBruce (1576), by Gerolamo Cardano—a gamblerdrawn tounderstandingtheunderlying The reader isabletonotonly follow theevolution ofthetheoriesrandomness Mlodinow leadsreaders through thehistoricaltimelineandevolution ofprobabil The Drunkard’s Walk In The Drunkard’s Walk Mlodinow, Leonard. New York: Pantheon Books, 2008. 272 pp. Randomness Rules Our Lives The Drunkard’s Walk: How Book Review begins with the story ofhow Mlodinow cametobeinterested beginswiththestory , Leonard Mlodinow shows thereader how randomoccur th and18 Jennifer Scarbrough th centuries. The BookonGamesof ------

Scarbrough 69 aegis 2009 - - - is a captivating read with touches of unexpected humor. It touches of unexpected humor. with read is a captivating The Drunkard’s Walk The Drunkard’s ability to predict them, on qualities like flexibility, confidence, courage, and courage, confidence, flexibility, like on qualities them, ability to predict impres importance on our direct can place more we And perseverance. In past accomplishments. on their well-trumpeted sions of people than deterministic judgments in our automatic forming can resist we these ways (203). framework The final chapter titled “The Drunkard’s Walk” discusses the real-life applications applications real-life the discusses Walk” “The Drunkard’s titled chapter The final on the relying rather than events to react on the ability to can focus We development, and the lives they led. It can be easily read by those who lack a solid math by read It can be easily led. they and the lives development, data, is able to explain the theories in his book using real-life as Mlodinow ematic background anyone for read This book is a great experiences. life his own and stories from experiments, of in the words and also how, the questions posed above from the answers curious to know rules our lives.” “randomness Mlodinow, times one fails, there is still a good chance of success. In the final pages of the book, Mlodi In the final pages of the book, chance of success. is still a good there times one fails, people are failures of life’s “many Thomas Edison: of words of the great readers reminds now are Readers up” (216). gave to success when they were close they how who did not realize success is in this way, chances of success; their it will increase risks because urged to take partly under our control. to its those that contributed of randomness, history an extensive of the evolution provides Just as a drunkard’s walk sways to the left and right in random fancy, no matter how many many no matter how and right in random fancy, to the left walk sways as a drunkard’s Just of errors in data and ways to compensate for them. For example, Mlodinow explains how how explains Mlodinow example, For them. for compensate to and ways in data of errors no patterns. are in fact there where of patterns realization to the can lead perception human is the future well known: is confirms what Mlodinow in the book. presented of the theories fact he states that, recognizing this After by experts. even predict, difficult to

aegis 2009 70 Scarbrough Contributors the bestyears ofherlife. influencing herpassion for academics, andherfriendssisters for makingthese sor. Stephaniethanks herfamily for shaping her, herprofessors atOtterbeinfor in 2010. Stephaniehopestoattendgraduateschoolandbecome anEnglishprofes Kappa PhiOmega. Shewillstudyabroad Ireland inNorthern inthefalland graduate working early morningsinthelibrary, QuizandQuill, andherbeloved sorority researching Holocaustliterature, community service, CampusProgramming Board, at OtterbeinCollege. Herpassioniswritingaboutherlife, especially herfamily, FreasStephanie couldn’t have doneitwithoutthem. supportive throughvery thisexcitingandsometimesstressful timeinherlife. wedding inJuly. return. traveled toRwandafor herSYEandishopingthatoneday shewillbeableto Ashley Fox Thursday evenings. The booksandadmirationare nodoubtforthcoming. ever since. Helikes todrum, find music, avoid wheatproducts, andwatch Ferrall. Will wasconceived andraisedinHilliard, Ohio, andhasbeenchainedthere als andlaypeople across theglobe. andlife of Suchwasthecasewithbirth Will the authorshipofseveral majorworks andthetimelessadmirationofintellectu Will Ferrall for fun! evenings free ofhomework andstudying, andremembering whatit’s like toread just (whom shemarried inJuly 2008), andisenjoying regular work hourswithrelaxing dros College, in Westerville. Sheisnow livingin Westerville withherhusband, Casey is now aneditoratHondros Learning, apublishingcompany associatedwithHon 2008 withabachelor’s studies. degree inEnglishwithaconcentrationliterary She BoydMeghan As ofnow sheisjustlookingfor ajobfor aftergraduation andplanningher Shealsowantstothankherfamily, friendsandfiancewhohave been isinherSenioryear andislooking forward tograduating. There are unprecedented timesinEarth’s thatwarrant history (formerly MeghanJohnson) graduatedfrom Otterbeinin isadoubleEnglishmajorwithphilosophy minor The Office She She - - -

Contributors 71 aegis 2009 - - - She currently She currently Oh how I miss your purple exclamation I miss your purple Oh how She would like to thank Dr. Glenna to thank Dr. like She would

Hailing from Poland, OH, Christine is a sopho OH, Poland, Hailing from is a 2008 graduate, having majored in creative writing in creative majored having is a 2008 graduate, is a literary studies, creative writing, and philoso and writing, creative is a literary studies, sical stylings of the great singer/songwriter of the 70’s, of the 70’s, singer/songwriter great sical stylings of the is a Junior English Education major from Hilliard, OH. OH. Hilliard, English Education major from is a Junior is a senior at Otterbein and will be graduating this year this year is a senior at Otterbein and will be graduating After graduation she moved to Salt Lake City as part of a to Salt Lake After graduation she moved to Otterbein for all of the wonderful experiences and is excited about what comes experiences all of the wonderful to Otterbein for next! all of their love and support. all of their love RamsiniLarsa she will Next year and French. Philosophy, with a triple-major in Mathematics, She is thankful America. For Teach school or participating in either be attending law Jessica Ramey Columbus Vineyard spending time with her friends at Outside of class she enjoys you will find her Over the summer fighting against human trafficking. and actively on a lemonade on her new and sipping camp counselor, at the zoo as a working and amazing friends for Daniel, boyfriend to thank her mom, like She would porch. and minored in religion. and minored Church. with the United Methodist program leadership development she works where Urban Center, at Crossroads serves as a social justice advocate people. issues with low-income on poverty changed her life. a true rabbi who Jackson, papers.points in the margins of my sketch comedy and the mu sketch Epsilon Mu for Tau of a shout out to her sisters to give like She would Taylor. James Steig to thank Karen like she would Also, and inspirational sisters. being incredible Aegis adviser. a fantastic academic and being man for Sarah Martindell learn to scuba dive, and own a Porsche (not necessarily in that order). order). in that necessarily (not a Porsche and own dive, learn to scuba Horvath Christine Aegis but is her first experience with This English Lit major at Otterbein. more include Her interests years. her next two over her involvement hopes to continue Zachary Hopper and traveling Netherlands in the fall studying next He will spend major. triple phy Zachary to continue plans Otterbein in 2010, from After graduating Europe. around Among his graduate school. attending by and philosophy in literature his education ultimate Frisbee playing reading, videogames, he particularly enjoys pursuits, many a novel, write Zachary to become a professor, hopes martialand practicing arts.

aegis 2009 72 Contributors Otterbein Collegewhohave helpedherthroughout theyears. found thenovel usefulfor years. Shethanksallofhersurrogate momsanddadsat Whitney despisedtheclassthatrequired reading /ThePatron SaintofLiars/but her honorsnovel. This proves senseofhumor, wry toherthatGodhasavery for ning inthefallof2009. Whitney’s paper in/Aegis/covers abookthatinfluenced State University asaresearch begin assistantfor aMSandPhDinRuralSociology minors inEnvironmental StudiesandJapanese. Sheplanstoattend The Pennsylvania Whitney L.Prose ward tograduationand gradschool. friends (human, animal, andthoseindenialbetween thetwo), sheisnow lookingfor reading, Ukrainianeggdecorating, anddaydreaming. ofher Thanks tothesupport her skillsonGuitarHero andrepeatedly topplingoffher Wii fitboard, sheenjoys time atOtterbeinlivingandbreathing allthingsviolin-related. Inaddition tohoning Bonnie Shore thank herboyfriend for hiscontinued encouragementandsupport. tohavefor givinghertheopportunity suchafineeducation. She would alsolike to ing togood music, drinkingcoffee, andreading. Shewould like tothankherfamily for herfuture. When notconsumedby schoolwork, Jessica enjoys traveling, listen graduation andtake ayear offfrom herstudies. Oneday, sheplanstohave aplan English. Although bornandraisedinOhio, shewillmove toGermany soonafter Jessica Sheffer She would like tothankherfamily andguidanceover for alltheirsupport theyears. double majorinSpanishandBusinesswithaconcentrationInternationalBusiness. College. Shegraduatedfrom OtterbeinCollegewithaB.S. inJune 2009witha Jennifer Scarbrough isaseniormajoringinMusicPerformance, spendingher is a senior with a major in Psychology andaminor in isaseniorwithmajorinPsychology isaseniorEnglishCreative Writing majorwith is in the MBA Businessprogram isintheMBA atOtterbein - - -

Contributors 73 aegis 2009

In this edition…

Gibson Got It Wrong, South Park Got It Right: How one animated episode effectively critiques The Passion of the Christ

Wuthering Heights: A Psychoanalytical and Masculine Study

Perseverance through Adversity: The Importance of Unification

Liquid Influences

Revisiting van Inwagen, Lewis, and the Consequence Argument

Two Worlds Combined: Modernism and Classicism in Stravinsky’s Apollo

…and more